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WorksheetsBioChem 1360: Unit 1
Total questions: 155
Worksheet time: 2hrs 56mins
What are the 6 major biological molecules?
H, C, N, O, P, S
H, C, N, O, Br, Na
He, C, F, O, I, Na
H, Ca, N, Cu, Mn, S
What is the "Octet Rule?"
Atoms will lose electrons to attain an outer shell electron configuration of the nearest noble gas
Atoms will gain electrons to attain an outer shell electron configuration of the nearest noble gas
4 electron pairs
8 valence electrons
(a) forms a 180º angle and has 2 bonds.
(a) forms a 120º angle and has 3 bonds (same plane)
(a) has 2 bonds and 2 lone pairs
(a) has 3 bonds and 1 lone pair (107.5º)
(a) has a 109.5º and 4 bonds
What is electronegativity?
The process of things being negatively charged
The measure of electrons
The measure of how strongly atoms attract bonding electrons to themselves
What is this
The (a) in electronegativity causes bond polarity.
What are polar bonds?
net dipoles
electrons and energy
idk
the unequal sharing of electrons
In order to have a (a) , you need to have a polar bond that does not cancel out.
What is intramolecular interactions?
the strong force outside molecules
the strong force within molecules
the weak force outside molecules
the weak force within molecules
What is intermolecular interactions?
the force of molecules
the weak force of molecules
the strong force between molecules
the weak force between molecules
What do inter and intra molecular interactions do?
determines HOW molecules take particular shapes and interact with each other
determines WHY molecules interact with each other
determines WHEN and WHERE molecules interact and takes particular shapes
determines HOW molecules can divide
What is London Dispersion?
deals with all molecules and atoms
deals only with ions
temporary charges
temporary polarity
What is Dipole-Dipole interactoin
deals only with polar molecules
permanent charges
longer lasting
short interactions
What is hydrogen bonding?
can be inter- or intra- interactions
H atoms only
molecules containing H atoms bonded to N, O, F
Ex. H2O
What is Electrostatic Force (Ion-Dipole)?
Cations attracts to partial negative
Ion and neutral molecules with a dipole
Ions and polar molecules with a dipole
Anions attracts to partial positive
Organic chemistry is (a) based
All biological molecules are built on a (a) skeleton.
Why carbon?
Forms 4 covalent bonds
Forms long chains, ring structures, and branches
Because its carbon
Compatible with other highly abundant non-metal atoms (H, N, O, S, P)
(a) is any atom that isn't carbon or hydrogen
What is this structure?
Further Simplified Structure
Complete Lewis Structure
Condensed Structure
Skeletal Structure
What is a Condensed Structure?
2 electron bond lines are omitted
Each vertex is 1 carbon atom
Use parentheses to show multiple groups on 1 carbon atom
Lone pairs on heteroatoms are omitted
______ uses parentheses to show multiple groups on 1 carbon atom
Lewis Structures
Skeletal Structures
Further Simplified Structures
Condensed Structures
What are Functional Groups?
An atom or group of atoms with characteristic chemical and physical properties
Contains a heteroatom, a multiple bond, or sometimes both
Groups
Idk
What do functional groups determine?
How a molecule can react
what other molecules it can interact with
Where reactions happen
How soluable it is in water
What are the 3 types of functional groups?
Hydrocarbons
Compounds that have a ring
Compounds containing a single bond to a heteroatom
Compounds containing a double-bonded group
What are hydrocarbons?
Aromatic Compounds
Alkanes
Alkynes
Alkenes
What is this structure?
Alkyne
Alkane
Alkene
Aromatic Compound
(a) has a triple bond as their functional group
(a) has a C--C double bond as their functional group
What compounds contain a single bond to a heteroatom?
Alkyl Halide
Alcohol
Ether
Amine
Thiol
(a) belongs to the sufhydryl functional group
(a) belongs to the amino functional group
(a) belongs to the alkoxy functional group
(a) belongs to the hydroxl group
(a) belongs to the halo functional group
What compounds contain a double-bonded C to O group?
Aldehydes
Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
Amides
Acetates
What is this structure?
Aldehyde
Halide
Amide
Ketone
What is this structure?
Ester
Carboxylic Acid
Ketone
Amide
What is this group?
Alkoxy Group
Hydroxyl Group
Carboxyl Group
Carbonyl Group
How many Carbon atoms does a Beneze Ring have?
6
4
5
8
A covalent bond is nonpolar when...
2 atoms share the same number of electrons
2 atoms are in the same row of the periodic table
2 atoms of identical or similar electronegativity are joined together
2 atoms of different electronegativity are joined together
A covalent bond is polar when...
2 atoms of different electronegativity are joined together
2 atoms have the same number of valence electrons
2 atoms of the same electronegativity are joined together
2 atoms are in the same group on the periodic table
What is the general rule of solubility?
"Ions are not soluble"
"Water dissolves everything"
"Like dissolves like"
"Only organic compounds are soluble"
____ and ____ are NOT soluble in water
Hydrocarbons
Small Polar Compounds
Polar Organic Compounds
Nonpolar Organic Compounds
Polar organic compounds are water soluble only if...
They have H atoms
Contains N or O atoms that can hydrogen bond with H2O
Small molecules
Ions
TRUE or FALSE: Most organic compounds are soluble in organic solvents
FALSE
TRUE
(a) molecules is a molecule that is NOT superimposable on its mirror image
(a) (2 words) is a carbon atom surrounded by 4 different groups
Hydrogen Bonding explains...
the properties of water and its functions
the way water is able to interact
the chemical and physical properties of water
the chemical abilities of water
Since hydrogen bonding is the strongest IMF, it has...
high BP and high MP
low BP and high MP
low BP and low MP
high MP and low MP
Surface molecules are pulled down toward the interior and creates a (a) (3 words)
Hydrophilic molecules...
polar and ionic solutes
nonpolar solutes
loves water
acids and bases
Hydrophobic molecules...
hates water
acids and bases
"hydrophobic effect"
nonpolar solutes
Water is (a)
TRUE or FALSE: Water can act as an acid or base depending on what is present.
TRUE
FALSE
ACIDS
accepts a proton
donates a proton
[OH-]
[H3O+]
BASES
[OH-]
accepts a proton
[H3O+]
donates a proton
H2O as an ACID = ___
OH-
H3O+
H2O as a BASE
H3O+
OH-
What is the ONLY difference between acids and bases and their conjugates?
Acids accept, Bases donate
the name
1 proton
N atom
Hydrogen bond donors (acids) will (a) a proton
Hydrogen bond acceptors (bases) will (a) a proton
What type of relationship does a acids/bases have with their conjugates?
Different
Inverse
Proportional
Similar
Strong Acids and Bases in aqueous solutions...
reaction favors products
small dissociation
100% dissociates
reaction favors reactants
Weak acids and bases...
only acid or base present depending on which one is more relevant
does not dissociate
both acids and bases are present in product
reaches an equilibrium
In biological systems, what is the strongest acid and base?
[NaCo4] and [P-]
[Na-] and [O2]
[H3O+] and [OH-]
[K+] and [Na]
What does the pH scale describe?
how weak a molecule is
how strong a molecule is
molecules in an aqueous solution
acid and base content
TRUE or FALSE: pH is a measure of H3O+ in an aqueous solution
FALSE
TRUE
What is the equation for pH?
pH = -log [H3O+]
pH = [H3O+] / [OH-]
pH = log [OH-]
pH = -log [OH-] / [H3O+]
What solution has the highest pH?
5.1 x 10-2 M H3O+
1.9 x 10-8 M H3O+
1.0 x 10-7 M H3O+
4.3 x 10-8 M H3O+
When protons are added...
pH decreases
pH increases
When protons are removed...
pH increases
pH decreases
Which molecule is protonated?
RCOO-
RCOOH
Which molecule is deprotonated?
RNH2
RNH3+
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
Polygamousaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
TRUE or FALSE: carbohydrates are the storehouses for chemical energy, plant structure, cell markers, part of nucleic acid backbone
FALSE
TRUE
Monosaccharides are...
"simple sugars"
Ex. Glucose and Fructose
6 carbon chains
cannot be converted to simpler compounds by hydrolysis
What cyclical structure is this?
Sucrose
Galactose
Fructose
Glucose
The part of the cyclic structure that connects the first and last prime is called the _______
1'
Hemiacetal
Chiral Carbon
5'
Monosaccharides with a carbonyl group at C1 are aldehydes called (a)
Monosaccharides with a carbonyl group at C2 are ketones called (a)
(a) are 3-6 carbon atoms in a chain with a carbonyl group at either the terminal carbon (C1) or C2
Isomers are...
carbon atoms in the center of the cross
used to depict the chilarity centers in monosaccharides
non-superimposable mirror images
same chemical formula but different chemical structure
Why is chirality important?
chiral compounds are not able to interact with the same object in the same way
determines its physical properties
explains why the structures are the way it is
the configuration of the chirality center farthest from the carbonyl group determines whether a monosaccharide is D or L
TRUE or FALSE: glucose and all other natural occurring sugars are L sugars
FALSE
TRUE
Prefix 'D' precedes the name of the molecule... the OH group is on the (a)
Prefix 'L' precedes the name of the molecule... the OH group is on the (a)
Alpha and Beta anomers are able to freely interconvert into one another... the Alpha anomer has the OH group ____
down
up
Alpha and Beta anomers are able to freely interconvert into one another... the Beta anomer has the OH group ____
up
down
OXIDATION
Loss of electrons
Gain of hydrogen
Loss of hydrogen
Gain of oxygen
REDUCTION
Loss of oxygen
Gain of oxygen
Gain of electrons
Gain of hydrogen
The Order of Saccharide Reactions:
1. Cyclization
2. Condensation and Hydrolysis (di- & poly- saccharides)
3. Oxidation and Reduction
Which step allows functional groups to undergo additional chemical reactions?
1
2
3
TRUE or FALSE: All aldoses and ketoses are reducing sugars
TRUE
FALSE
Disaccharides...
are carbohydrates containing 2 monosaccharides
have peptide bonds
Ex. Lactose and Sucrose
have glycosidic linkages
Lactose contains:
1 galactose and 1 glucose
1 sucrose and 1 glucose
1 fructose and 1 glucose
1 galactose and 1 fructose
Sucrose contains...
1 glucose and 1 lactose
1 fructose and 1 galactose
1 glucose and 1 fructose
1 galactose and 1 lactose
Glycosidic Bonds...
joins the 1' and 4' of 2 monosaccharides
the linkage that joins 2 monosaccharides in a disaccharides
the linkage that joins 2 disaccharides in a polysaccharide
can be Alpha or Beta
Polysaccharides...
3 or more monosaccharides together
3 types: cellulose, starch, glycogen
have the same structure
2 or more disaccharides together
Which statement best describes what happens to a protein when it biologically activity due to denaturation?
New amino acids are joined to the peptide backbone
Peptide bonds are broken
Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of structure are disrupted
The N-terminal and C-terminal ends of the protein are hydrolyzed by enzymes
TRUE or FALSE: Proteins are biomolecules that contain many amide bonds, formed by joining amino acids together
TRUE
FALSE
Amino acids contain:
2 functional groups:
- amino group NH2
- carboxyl group COOH
Beta amino acids
Alpha amino acids
R group (side chains)
(a) are short chains
(a) are long chains
The amino acid with the free -NH3+ group on the alpha carbon is called the (a)
The N-terminal is on the ___
left end
right end
The amino acid with the free - COO- group on the alpha carbon is called the (a)
The C-terminal is on the ___
right end
left end
What type of reaction is this?
Isomerization reaction
Peptide reaction
Hydrolysis reaction
Condensation reaction
Hydrolysis Reaction involves...
breaking amide bonds by adding in elements of H2O
adding H ions between bonds
removing water by restoring bonds
adding O atoms to molecules
(a) transmits chemical signals from one neuron to another
Dopamine and Norepinephrine
control movement
proper levels of each are required for good mental health
control emotions
low levels lead to depression
Serotonin
helps to regulate mood, sleep, temperature, and activity levels
deals with the somatic cells
low levels lead to depression
released by the presynaptic neuron
(a) are local signals released by mast cells, and are a part of immune response to bacteria, parasites, and allergies
(a) is a substance produced by the endocrine system that affects other tissues far away and is responsible for the "flight or fight" response
Oxytocin and Vasopressin...
Oxytocin: stimulates contraction of uterine muscles, and signals for milk production (used to induce labor)
dont click this
Vasopressin: helps maintain electrolytes in body fluids during dehydration and causes the kidneys to retain fluid (decreases the volume of urine)
Cyclic nonapeptides
Protein Structure
All protein chains have unique shape describe by up to 4 structural levels
Each level stages for the next level structure
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structure
dont click this or you'll get it wrong
Primary Structure
the particular sequence of amino acids that is joined together by peptide bonds
LOL I give up on this
the partial double-bond character of peptide bond limits rotation
can be Alpha or Beta
Secondary Structure
Because you can click this one to be correct
results from hydrogen bonding between the carboxyl oxygen of one amino acid residue and the amino hydrogen of another
can be Alpha helix
can be Beta sheets
Alpha helix
right-handed
3 1/2 residues per turn
every 4 amino acids there is a hydrogen bond
R groups point outward
Beta sheets
pleated
H-bonds between strands
R groups point up and down
Tertiary Structure
involves the 3D spatial arrangement of secondary structural elements
most protein structures include: Alpha helices, Beta sheets, areas of irregular structures
looks like a blob
a polypeptide chain
(a) is multiple tertiary structures
(a) is required to have a properly functioning proteins
In protein folding, ____ groups are found inside
polar atoms
hydrophobic
hydrophilic
ions
In protein folding, ____ groups are found outside
hydrophilic
polar groups
ionic groups
tails
(a) (2 words) are the folded shape of active proteins
(a) is the loss of Native Conformation (& function)
(a) (2 words) are coiled into compact shapes with hydrophilic outer surfaces that make them water soluble
(a) (2 words) are long linear polypeptide chains that are bundled together to form rods or sheets
- insoluble in water and serve structural roles giving strength and protection to tissues and cells
-made of globular proteins, actin, or of extended chains that form extended structures, collagen
Nucleic Acids are unbranched polymers composed of repeating monomers called ____
RNA
nucleotides
nucleosides
DNA
Nucleotides consists of:
Phosphate group
Disaccharide
Monosaccharide
Nitrogen containing base
Nucleosides are...
Formed by joining the anomeric carbon of the monosaccharide with a nitrogen atom of the base
Forms RNA
N-glycosidic bond links sugar and base
Forms DNA
Nitrogenous Bases (Nucleobases) can form single rings called ____ and double rings called ____
Single Rings: Purine
Single Rings: Pyrimidines
Double Rings: Purine
Double Rings: Pyrimidines
Which of the 4 are DNA ONLY nucleobases?
A
G
C
U
T
Which of the 4 are RNA ONLY nucleobases?
A
C
T
U
G
Which of the 5 nucleobases are purines (2 only)
A
T
U
G
C
Where on the monosaccharide are phosphate groups attached to?
5'
1'
Where on the monosaccharide is the nucleobases attached to?
1'
5'
Where on the monosaccharide is the next (below) phosphate group attached to?
1'
3'
5'
TRUE or FALSE: Polynucleotide chains has a backbone consisting of alternating sugar and phosphate groups
TRUE
FALSE
(a) is the complete set of genetic molecules in a cell or organism
DNA Double Helix are (a) of each other
DNA Double Helix form (a) pairs
What type of bond, bonds complementary bases?
Ionic
Static
Hydrogen
(a) are biomolecules that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water
Lipids...
identified by their physical properties
C--C and C--H bonds
nonpolar
OH groups
Hydrolyzable Lipids...
contains ester functional groups
waxes, triacylglycerols, phospholipids
derived from fatty acids
can be converted into smaller molecules by hydrolysis
Nonhydrolyzable lipids...
do not contain an ester group
steroids, fat-souble vitamins, elcosanoids
not able to be broken down into smaller molecules
are cool
Fatty Acids...
have hydrophilic heads
have hydrophilic tails
have hydrophobic tails
have hydrophobic heads
TRUE or FALSE: Saturated fatty acids have double bonds
TRUE
FALSE
Unsaturated Fatty Acids...
have one or more double bonds
double bonds in naturally occurring fatty acids are 'cis'
have only 1 H atom
as the number of double bonds increase, the melting point decreases
Fatty acids are made up of:
Waxes
- hydrophobic
- esters
Triacylglycerol
- abundant lipid
- stored in adipose
- formed from glycerol and 3 molecules of fatty acids
Phospholipids
- polar (hydrophilic) head
- nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails
