The paired ovaries are a crucial component in this process, as they produce both sperm and androgens, the hormones that support male reproductive physiology.

What is the most important male androgen in humans?

Several accessory organs and ducts aid the process of sperm maturation and transport the sperm and other seminal components to the penis, which delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract.

What male structure produces testosterone?

The sac of skin that surrounds and covers the testes.

The structure that divides the testes.

The male body has to maintain the right temperature for sperm production, if too hot, this process will be halted.

The dartos muscle makes up the subcutaneous muscle layer of the scrotum & continues internally to make up the scrotal septum, a wall that divides the scrotum into two compartments, each housing one testis.

The raised medial thickening on the surface of the scrotum.

The male gonads

The testes are surrounded by two distinct layers of protective connective tissue: the outer tunica vaginalis and the tunica albuginea.

Sperm develops in structures called seminiferous tubules.

The functions of the male gonads (testes) stay the same throughout life.

Men are viable throughout life (the ability to produce sperm and make babies), whereas women are not.

About what length are the testes?

The ductus deferens is AKA the vas deferens.

What are the 2 protective layers of the testes?

Cells that secrete signaling molecules that promote sperm production and can control whether germ cells live or die.

The order of the germ cells (5) goes from spermatogonia -> primary spermatocytes -> secondary spermatocytes -> spermatids -> sperm

Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules.

Identify the 1st step in spermatogenesis.

Identify the 2nd step in spermatogenesis.

Identify the 3rd step in spermatogenesis.

Identify the 4th step in spermatogenesis.

Identify the 5th step in spermatogenesis.

Identify the 6th step in spermatogenesis (the end result).

Men constantly make sperm in a day even without ejaculation.

Sperm have a distinctive head, mid-piece, and tail region.

The structure that covers most of the head of the sperm cell as a "cap".

Tightly packed mitochondria fill the mid-piece of the sperm.

The Acrosome cap that covers the head of the sperm contains enzymes that protect it from being destroyed by the female reproductive system.

The mitochondria in the mid-piece of the sperm provides energy for the tail movement.

The female body has normal/natural defenses to prevent ongoing pregnancy.

What structures make up the duct system?

The ductus deferens (vas deferens) is what gets snipped in a vasectomy.

Secretes milky fluid that helps thicken materials (semen).

The prostate gland in males doubles in size after puberty.

Only 5% of ejaculate is sperm.

By age 60 about 40% of men will have prostate cancer.

By age 80, there's an 80% chance of a male having prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is the 2nd most common cancer in men.

The seminal vesicles make up about 60% of fluid and contains fructose that is used to make energy.

About what size is the prostate gland?

Releases thick salty fluid; lubricates the end of the urethra for males; helps clean penile urethra of any remaining urine; lubricates the end of urethra for males; releases semen as men get aroused, prior to ejaculation.

The erectile tissue of the penis causes it to fill with blood which then causes an erection.

The shaft of the penis surrounds the urethra.

The shaft of the penis is composed of three column-like chambers of erectile tissue that span the length of the shaft, what are they?

The end of the penis, called the glans penis, has a high concentration of nerve endings.

The skin from the shaft extends down over the glans and forms a collar called the prepuce (or foreskin).

Erections are the result of vasocongestion.

Viagra only works for those who need it, it is ineffective for those who don't.

A steroid hormone produced by Leydig cells.

Testosterone is not necessary to keep the male reproductive system working properly.

The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland in the brain integrate external and internal signals to control testosterone synthesis and secretion.

Once puberty occurs, testosterone levels fall.

The female reproductive system functions to produce gametes and reproductive hormones, just like the male reproductive system.

Has the additional task of supporting the developing fetus and delivering it to the outside world.

The female reproductive system is located primarily inside the pelvic cavity.

The female gonads

Female sex cells

All the external female reproductive structures.

The pad of fat that covers the pubic bone.

The Folds that surround the external genitalia of the vagina.

The thinner and more pigmented part of the vagina that protects the urethra and is the opening to the vagina.

Comes from the same cells as the glans penis, and is a huge congregation of nerve endings (75%).

The piece of tissue in a female that is partially torn from birth.

Part of the vagina found between the urethra and anus.

A muscular canal (approximately 10 cm long) that serves as the entrance to the reproductive tract.

The vagina serves as the exit from the uterus during menses and childbirth.

The vagina is home to a normal population of microorganisms that help to protect against infection by pathogenic bacteria, yeast, or other organisms that can enter the vagina.

Female douching isn't good because it kills microorganisms and destroys acidity.

The ovaries are the female gonads.

Oocytes develop within the outer layer of the ovaries, each surrounded by supporting cells.

The ovarian cycle is a set of predictable changes in a female’s oocytes and ovarian follicles.

Identify the 1st step in oogenesis

Identify the 2nd step in oogenesis

Identify the 3rd step in oogenesis

Identify the 4th step in oogenesis

Identify the 5th step in oogenesis

Identify the 6th step in oogenesis

Identify the 7th step in oogenesis

A process in which ovarian follicles (oocytes) and their supporting cells grow and develop.

In the process of folliculogenesis, follicles progress from primordial, to primary, to secondary and tertiary stages prior to ovulation—with the oocyte inside the follicle remaining as a primary oocyte until right before ovulation.

As in men, the hypothalamus produces GnRH, a hormone that signals the anterior pituitary gland to produce the gonadotropins FSH and LH.

The hormone that stimulates the follicles to grow.

A large burst of LH (called the LH surge) leads to ovulation of the dominant follicle.

The uterine tubes (also called fallopian tubes or oviducts) serve as the conduit of the oocyte from the ovary to the uterus.

Following ovulation, the secondary oocyte surrounded by a few granulosa cells is released into the peritoneal cavity.

If the oocyte is successfully fertilized, the resulting zygote will begin to divide into two cells, then four, and so on, as it makes its way through the uterine tube and into the uterus.

The muscular organ that nourishes and supports the growing embryo.

The wall of the cervix is made up of 3 layers, what are they?

the series of changes in which the uterine lining is shed, rebuilds, and prepares for implantation.

There are 3 phases of the menstrual cycle.

The lining is shed

Once menstrual flow ceases, the endometrium begins to proliferate again.

The endometrial lining prepares for implantation.

Functions to supply milk to infants in a process called lactation.

The external features of the breast include a nipple surrounded by a pigmented circular areola.

Produced by the mammary glands (which are modified sweat glands).

The lactiferous ducts each extend to a lactiferous sinus that connects to a glandular lobe within the breast itself that contains groups of milk-secreting cells in clusters called alveoli.

They work by providing a constant level of both estrogen and progesterone, which negatively feeds back onto the hypothalamus and pituitary, thus preventing the release of FSH and LH.

Without FSH, the follicles do not mature, and without the LH surge, ovulation does not occur.

Although the estrogen in birth control pills does stimulate some thickening of the endometrial wall, it is reduced compared with a normal cycle and is less likely to support implantation.

To become a male, an individual must be exposed to the cascade of factors initiated by a single gene on the male Y chromosome. This is called the SRY (Sexdetermining Region of the Y chromosome). Because females do not have a Y chromosome, they do not have the SRY gene. Without a functional SRYgene, an individual will be female.

The SRY gene actively recruits other genes that begin to develop the testes, and suppresses genes that are important in female development.

A concerted release of hormones from the hypothalamus (GnRH), the anterior pituitary (LH and FSH), and the gonads (either testosterone or estrogen) is responsible for the maturation of the reproductive systems and the development of secondary sex characteristics, which are physical changes that serve auxiliary roles in reproduction.

In addition to age, multiple factors can affect the age of onset of puberty, including genetics, environment, and psychological stress.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are also known as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or general diseases (VDs).

The single most important cause of reproductive disorders.

Bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts.

Identify the signs/symptoms of gonorrhea in males

Identify the signs/symptoms of gonorrhea in females

Gonorrhea can be treated with antibiotics, however, resistant strains are becoming prevalent.

Bacterial infection transmitted sexually or contracted congenitally.

When a person has syphilis, symptoms are asymptomatic for 2-3 weeks.

If untreated, secondary signs appear several weeks later for 3–12 weeks, and then disappear: pink skin rash, fever, and joint pain.

The latent period of syphilis may or may not progress to tertiary syphilis, characterized by gummas (lesions of the CNS, blood vessels, bones, and skin).

A rash is a symptom of secondary syphilis. The skin rash in secondary syphilis can form on the trunk, arms, and even plans or soles. The rash does not hurt or itch, and can persist for months.

The pathology of latent or tertiary syphilis is a ring-shaped erosive gumma that appears on the nose of patients. Other gummas can be internal.

The most common bacterial STI in the united states.

Responsible for 25–50% of all diagnosed cases of pelvic inflammatory disease.

Chlamydia can cause arthritis and urinary tract infections in men, and sterility in women.

Caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)

The second most common STI in the united states.

Caused by human herpes virus type 2

Sex disease characterized by latent periods and flare-ups

Congenital herpes can cause malformations in a fetus.

Vesicles start out separate but become confluent and ulcerate into painful red erosions so tender that inspection can be difficult.

Caused by infections with the herpes simplex virus (the cold sore virus), these painful deep-set vesicles can become inflamed and necrotic and are difficult to treat. They occur most frequently in dental and medical personnel or people who carelessly touch lesions on themselves or others.