Insulin is released from stopping blood sugar levels from rising too high.

Beta cells in the pancreas produce insulin.

Approx. 10% of people in Canada with diabetes have Type 1.

The immune system attacks the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas and destroys them.

Idiopathic beta cells are destroyed but there is no evidence of autoimmunity.

(Usually inherited among people of African & Asian descent.)

Only a seen in a relatively small number of people.

Causes an absolute insulin deficiency.

Exact cause is unknown but likely due to a viral/environmental trigger in people that are genetically susceptible.

The most common form of diabetes.

Occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or when the body does not effectively use the insulin that is produced.

Usually develops over the age of 40.

There are an increasing number of children being diagnosed with ______________ diabetes in Canada.

Fat, liver, and muscle cell receptors do not respond normally to insulin and glucose is unable to enter cells to be stored as energy.

Occurs due to:

↓ beta cell mass

↓ regeneration of beta cells

↑ apoptosis

beta cell exhaustion

_____________ creates further ______________

Positive family history, obesity, free fatty acids are risk factors for:

Free fatty acids ___ glucose uptake in peripheral tissue.

Free fatty acids can cause beta cell dysfuction.

When people with Type 2 diabetes have three or more additional health issues (CAD, hypertension, abdominal obesity, etc.) it is called:

Arises suddenly.

Gradual onset.

Due to a large amount of water loss and intracellular dehydration.

Polydipsia may be overlooked in people with ____________ diabets.

Polyphagia is not present in people with Type 1 diabetes.

What level of glucose indicated diabetes in a fasting plasma glucose test (FPG)?

What level of glucose indicated diabetes in a oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)?

In a glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) test, which percentage is considered normal?

This test can be done anytime, without regard for time of last meal.

Uses an externally worn glucose sensor with a small filament inserted under the skin of a person’s upper arm.

Done before meal, blood glucose level target: 4-7; 2 hours after meal: 5-10

Done before meal, blood glucose level target: 4-7; 2 hours after meal: 5-10

People with _______ diabetes, should eat specific amounts of food at specific times in order to maintain normal BG levels.

People with _______ diabetes, should focus on weight reduction, decreased fat and triglyceride intake, decrease simple carb intake

Glucophage (metformin)

Amaryl (glimepiride)

Diabeta (glyburide)

Avandia (rosiglitazone)

- These medications would be prescribed to people with ____________ diabetes.

Insulin is primarily used with Type 1 diabetes, unless people with Type 2 have an uncontrolled glucose level.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication usually occurring in people with Type 1 diabetes and ...

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) can be brought on by:

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) can manifest as:

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) can manifest as:

Kussmaul breathing: increase rate and depth of respiration to compensate for decreased blood pH (acidic).

Hyperglycemia: BG (blood glucose) levels of 13.8 mmol/L or greater

A condition in which the blood has a higher than normal concentration of salt.

Which three factors contribute to a hyperglycemic state (HHS)?

The main manifestations of a hyperglycemic state are weakness and excess thirst.

HYPOGLYCEMIA manifests with:

What are some treatment options for cases of hypoglycemia?

↑SNS → anxiety, tachycardia, vasoconstriction of skin blood vessels = cool, clammy skin would occur i ________________ is left untreated.

A possible complication of gestational diabetes can be macrosomia, this means _________________.

Gestational diabetes is a glucose intolerance that develops during pregnancy.

People with diabetic foot ulcers should use hot hydrotherapy like hot water bottles.

Vasculopathy leads to nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy.