For which virus was the first deliberately attenuated viral vaccine developed?

Influenza virus was discovered before the first oncogenic virus was discovered

Prolate is a viral shape variant found in

The ability of viruses to grow and replicate outside of their host cells is a characteristic that makes them highly infectious and is important for transmission.

A virus that is integrated into the host genome is called a ________

Which DNA genome, upon entry into the cell, can be immediately copied into mRNA?

There are some viruses that only encode 1 viral protein.

Which of the following are a known viral genome structure?  Check all that apply

A resistant cell has a viral receptor but will not support viral replication.

Which statement about viral RNA genomes is correct?

Only a few enveloped viruses have viral proteins protruding from the envelope.

The lowering of internal pH is a major difference between endosomes and caveosomes.

Which of the following must occur in order for viral envelopes to fuse with cellular membrane during entry? Check all that apply.

Both carbohydrate and protein receptors on host cells can be used by viruses as attachment receptors.

Correct!

Once in the lysogenic cycle, bacteriophage can never switch back to the lytic cycle.

The initial adherence of viruses to host cells are guided by electrostatic forces and are extremely specific.

For ss (+) RNA viruses, which protein is responsible for copying the genome?

Which of the following contribute to antibody dependent enhancement of Dengue infections?  Check all that apply.

Which of the following are characteristic of the persistent phase of norovirus infection?

Which of the following statements is TRUE.

The term for the one long protein that results from the translation of the picornavirus genome is...

Of the emergent Coronaviruses, which one is primarily transmitted by camels? 

Which of the following characteristics of Measles do NOT contribute to the highly contagious nature of the virus? 

Of the choices below, how does translation of VSV differ from translation of Poliovirus? 

What molecule on the host cell does Influenza virus bind to?

Which characteristic of Measles infection is linked to development of immune amnesia?

Which ss(-) RNA virus has a 100% mortality rate?

Which of the following is a unique characteristic of Influenza replication in comparison to other RNA viruses?

Which of the following are unique characteristics of Reovirus replication compared to the replication of other RNA viruses?

Which of the following is a unique characteristic of Reoviruseses compared to other RNA viruses discussed in this course? 

Which Bluetongue virus proteins form a complex found at regular intervals along the inside of the viral core?

One day you find yourself sick with both diarrhea and vomiting. Since you've taken Virology, you know that you are likely infected with either Norovirus or Rotavirus.  Which aspect of your illness or symptoms would give a good indication of which virus you were infected with? 

Which Bluetongue virus protein it primarily involved in cellular attachment?

Correct!

Why must dsRNA viruses package an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inside their viral capsid?

Which of the following is a distinct step in the reverse transcription of retroviral RNA? Check all that apply.

What is the most common mode of transmission for HIV?

In which way is the retrovirus HIV, unlike other single stranded (+) RNA viruses

Which activity of the polymerase is responsible for degrading the pre-genomic RNA during Hepatitis B DNA replication?

Which of the following are signs of viral hepatitis? Check all that apply.

Which HIV protein is used to bind to the CD4 receptor?

AAV uses sialic acid as its cellular receptor.

Inverted terminal repeats form which important structures of linear ssDNA molecules?

During rolling circle replication cellular enzymes will repeatedly sit down on the newly synthesized strand of DNA to make the second strand of the dsDNA genome. This process is termed.....

All herpes virus tegument proteins remain in the cytoplasm after uncoating of the virus.

Why are parvovirus infections in animals commonly lethal? 

The coordinated regulation of herpes virus infection is controlled by host proteins in response to the production of VP16.

In general, HSV 2 tends to infect and cause symptoms below the waist.

Correct!

The primary infection of oral herpes often results in disease symptoms that are more severe than the symptoms of recurrent infections.

Correct!

Shingles is an example of which type of infection?

Which of the choices best describes the course of a chronic infection?

Herpes simplex virus can only be spread by symptomatic patients.

During chicken pox infection, skin lesions result from the primary viremia. 

A cancer's spread is called

A(n) _______ is a type of cancer-causing gene that promotes cancer by activating cell division at an inappropriate time or place

All types of HPV are equally capable of resulting in cancer formation.

Which of the following stimulates cell cycle events?

Infection by certain viruses can lead to cancer but don't directly cause cancer.

Which of the following are a human oncogenic virus? Check all that apply.

Which of the following are disadvantages to retroviruses as gene therapy vectors? Check all that apply.

Of the viruses used in gene therapy discussed in the lecture, which can be easily grown in cell culture?

Which of the following characteristics of gene therapy viruses, allows scientists to overcome the issue of immune responses developed against a virus? 

What property of cells, particularly stem cells, makes cell based delivery possible for viral vectors?

Which of the following viruses are used as vectors for gene therapy treatments?  Check all that apply.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is being explored as a vector for gene therapy in part because of it's large genome capacity.

Which Hepatitis C genotype had the lowest response rate to interferon and Ribovirin?

Waning of herd immunity has resulted in a resurgence of which of the following viruses?

Why are adjuvants sometimes added to vaccines?

The T cell arm of protective immunity is the easiest for viral vaccines to activate. 

Which of the following viral functions (i.e. steps of viral infection) can be targeted by HIV antiviral drugs?  Check all that apply.

Which of the following Influenza components are targeted by anti-viral drugs? Check all that apply.

To date, there have been no associations between the virome and human disease.

Eukaryotic viruses are the first viruses to establish the human virome.

16s rRNA sequencing can be used to:

Which of the following has the greatest impact on the microbiome?

You Answered

Which of the following are a mode of infection for bacteriophage?

One of the most straightforward aspects of studying the virome is separating viruses from other microbes in the sample. 

Chronic or latent viral infection is linked to which of the following disorders. Check all that apply.

Correct!

Intestinal bacteria can control infection for which of the following viruses? 

Which Herpesvirus is thought to induce Alzheimer's Disease because it reduces expression of amyloid-beta peptide degrading enzymes?

Commensal bacteria alter norovirus infection by ____________.

Aggregation of which of the following proteins causes Parkinson's Disease?

Chronic infection with which of the following RNA viruses is linked to development of Alzheimer's disease?