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WorksheetsAnatomy and physiology
Total questions: 150
Worksheet time: 25mins
Name
Class
Date
1.
1) The urinary system does all of the following except
a)
A) regulating plasma concentrations of electrolytes.
b)
B) helping to stabilize blood pH.
c)
C) excreting excess albumin hormones.
d)
D) regulating blood volume.
e)
E) eliminating organic waste products.
2.
2) A glomerulus is
a)
A) the source of erythropoietin.
b)
B) the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron.
c)
C) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.
d)
D) the expanded end of a nephron.
e)
E) attached to the collecting duct.
3.
3) The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the
a)
A) renal sinus.
b)
B) renal papilla.
c)
C) renal pelvis.
d)
D) renal medulla.
e)
E) renal cortex.
4.
4) What is the proper order for the structures of the renal corpuscle through which a substance travels during filtration?<br />1. filtration slit (slit pore)<br />2. capsular space<br />3. basement membrane<br />4. fenestrated endothelium
a)
A) 3, 1, 4,
b)
B) 2, 4, 3, 1
c)
C) 4, 3, 2, 1
d)
D) 4, 3, 1,2
e)
E) 4, 1, 2, 3
5.
5) Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the
a)
A) collecting duct.
b)
B) proximal convoluted tubule.
c)
C) distal convoluted tubule.
d)
D) nephron loop (loop of Henle).
e)
E) minor calyx.
6.
6) Eighty percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the nephron loops.
a)
A) pelvis
b)
B) cortex
c)
C) medulla and have short
d)
D) capsule
e)
E) pyramids
7.
7) The functional units of kidneys where blood is filtered and urine produced are called
a)
A) calyces.
b)
B) pyramids.
c)
C) lobules.
d)
D) lobes.
e)
E) nephrons.
8.
8) The process of filtration is driven mainly by
a)
A) active transport
b)
B) blood osmotic pressure.
c)
C) renal pumping.
d)
D) solvent drag
e)
E) blood hydrostatic pret
9.
9) Under normal conditions, glomerular below, filtration depends on three main pressures. From the list what are these three main pressures?<br />1. glomerular hydrostatic pressure<br />2. capsular hydrostatic pressure<br />3. capsular colloid osmotic pressure<br />4. blood colloid osmotic pressure<br />5. urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure
a)
A) 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
b)
B) 2, 3, and 4 are correct.
c)
C) 1, 2, and 4 are correct.
d)
D) 2, 4, and 5 are correct.
e)
E) 3, 4, and 5 are correct.
10.
10) The concentration at which all of the carriers in renal tubules for a given substance are saturated is t
a)
A) blood colloid maximum.
b)
B) renal threshold.
c)
C) hydrostatic threshold.
d)
D) osmotic pressure.
e)
E) tubular maximum.
11.
11) Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of
a)
A) countertransport.
b)
B) active transport.
c)
C) diffusion.
d)
D) cotransport.
e)
E) facilitated diffusion.
12.
12) Antidiuretic hormone
a)
A) release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid, X
b)
B) causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine.
c)
C) is secreted by the anterior pituitary.
d)
D) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
e)
E) is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood.
13.
13) In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce
a)
A) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions.
b)
B) a larger volume of urine.
c)
C) urine with less glucose.
d)
D) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions.
e)
E) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions
14.
14) Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found only within
a)
A) lymph.
b)
B) blood vessels.
c)
C) the ceils of the body.
d)
D) the interstitial space.
e)
E) the cerebrospinal fluid.
15.
15) Substances that can carry electrical current across cell membranes are called
a)
A) electrons.
b)
B) osmoregulators.
c)
C) nonelectrolytes.
d)
D) electrolytes.
e)
E) buffers.
16.
16) Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the fluid.
a)
A) extracellular
b)
B) intracellular
c)
C) plasma
d)
D) lymphatic
e)
E) cerebrospinal
17.
17) Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?
a)
A) ADH
b)
B) aldosterone
c)
C) ANP
d)
D) BNP
e)
E) epinephrine
18.
18) Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?
a)
A) aldosterone
b)
B) natriuretic peptides
c)
C) ADH
d)
D) PTH
e)
E) acetylcholine
19.
19) The two major subdivisions of the ECF are the
a)
A) lymph and plasma.
b)
B) interstitial fluid and CSF.
c)
C) ICF and plasma.
d)
D) interstitial fluid and plasma,
e)
E) serous fluids and lymph.
20.
20) Water molecules move across cells by
a)
A) phagocytosis.
b)
B) osmosis.
c)
C) activity of the sodium-potassium pump.
d)
D) primary active transport.
e)
E) secondary active transport.
21.
21) When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,
a)
A) osmosis moves Water from the ICF to the ECF.
b)
B) there is an increase in the volume of the ICF.
c)
C) aldosterone is secreted.
d)
D) both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute
e)
E) the osmolarity of the ECF falls.
22.
22) The most dangerous problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of
a)
A) calcium ions.
b)
B) sodium ions.
c)
C) chlorine ions.
d)
D) electrons.
e)
E) potassium ions
23.
23) A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion
a)
A) alkali.
b)
B) acid.
c)
C) compensation.
d)
D) electrolyte.
e)
E) buffer.
24.
24) The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to
a)
A) increase ventilation.
b)
B) limit pH changes caused by metabolic and fixed acids.
c)
C) buffer the urine.
d)
D) buffer stomach acid.
e)
E) buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide.
25.
25) When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of
a)
A) apotheosis
b)
B) hydrosis
c)
C) acidosis
d)
D) alkalosis
e)
E) ptosis
26.
26) Administration of a medication in the elderly can result in a much higher dosage than the clinician might intend because
a)
A) the elderly have less water content in the body.
b)
B) they cannot regulate pH well.
c)
C) the kidneys of the elderly do not work well.
d)
D) the metabolic rate in the elderly is so high.
e)
E) other medications they take might enhance the concentration of another drug.
27.
27) The reproductive organ that produces gametes is called a
a)
A) womb.
b)
B) gland.
c)
C) girdle.
d)
D) gonads
e)
E) duct.
28.
28) Sperm production occurs in the
a)
A) seminal glands (seminal vesicles).
b)
B) epididymis.
c)
C) ductus deferens.
d)
D) rete testis.
e)
E) seminiferous tubules.
29.
29) The organ that surrounds the urethra and produces an alkaline secretion is the
a)
A) prostate gland.
b)
B) bulbo-urethral gland.
c)
C) Bartholin's gland.
d)
D) seminal gland (seminal vesicle).
e)
E) preputial gland.
30.
30) Which of the following glands contributes the most volume to semen?
a)
A) rete testis
b)
B) bulbo-urethral gland
c)
C) foreskin
d)
D) prostate gland
e)
E) Seminal gland (seminal vesicle)
31.
31) The carries fluid from the seminal gland (seminal vesicle) through the prostate.
a)
A) epididymis
b)
B) ductus deferens
c)
C) vas deferens
d)
D) ejaculatory duct
e)
E) rete
32.
32) The spermatic cord is
a)
A) a dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the testis.
b)
B) a layer of smooth muscle in the skin of the scrotal sac.
c)
C) the external marking of the boundary between the two chambers of the scrotum.
d)
D) a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis.
e)
E) a narrow opening that links the scrotal chamber with the peritoneal cavity.
33.
33) Sperm develop from stem cells called
a)
A) spermatids.
b)
B) sperm.
c)
C) spermatogonia,
d)
D) secondary spermatocytes.
e)
E) primary spermatocytes.
34.
34) A primary spermatocyte matures into__________ spermatids having _____chromosomes.
a)
A) four; 23
b)
B) millions of; 46
c)
C) one; 46
d)
D) millions of; 23
e)
E) four; 46
35.
35) The special type of cell division required to produce gametes is called
a)
A) fertilization.
b)
B) meiosis.
c)
C) mitosis.
d)
D) maturation.
e)
E) capacitation.
36.
36) The _____of a sperm contains the enzymes essential for fertilization.
a)
A) flagellum
b)
By acrosome
c)
C) nucleus
d)
D) neck
e)
E) nucleosome
37.
37) The organ that transports the ovum to the uterus is the
a)
A) uterosacral ligament.
b)
B) uterine (Fallopian) tube,
c)
C) vagina.
d)
D) infundibulum.
e)
E) myometrium.
38.
38) The inferior one-third portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina is the
a)
A) vaginal fornix.
b)
B) fundus.
c)
C) cervix.
d)
D) isthmus.
e)
E) body.
39.
39) The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers
a)
A) menstruation.
b)
B) follicle maturation.
c)
Crovulation.
d)
D) atresia.
e)
E) menopause.
40.
40) During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, the
a)
A) functional zone of the endometrium is restored
b)
B) fertilized ovum implants.
c)
C) corpus luteum is forming.
d)
D) old functional layer is sloughed off.
e)
E) endometrium finalizes the preparation for implantation.
41.
41) The formation of different types of cells required in development, or______ occurs through selective changes in genetic activity.
a)
A) phylogeny
b)
B) gametogenesis
c)
C) cupellation
d)
D) differentiation,
e)
E) deployment
42.
42) During amphimixis,
a)
A) the male and female pronuciei fuse,
b)
B) sperm become haploid.
c)
C) gametes are formed.
d)
D) the ovum finishes meiosis Il.
e)
E) meiosis occurs.
43.
43) After fertilization, the first cell division is completed
a)
A) about 6 hours later.
b)
B) within a few seconds.
c)
C) about 30 hours later
d)
D) within the hour.
e)
E) in 12 hours.
44.
44) The penetration of the endometrium by the blastocyst is referred to as
a)
A) embryogenesis.
b)
B) placentation.
c)
C) cleavage.
d)
D) fertilization.
e)
E) implantation.
45.
45) The mesoderm and the trophoblast combine to form the
a)
A) amnion.
b)
B) allantois.
c)
C) amniotic sac.
d)
D) inner cell mass.
e)
E) chorion.
46.
46) Which of the following is not one of the extraembryonic membranes?
a)
A) volk sac
b)
B) umbilical cord
c)
C) amnion
d)
D) allantois
e)
E) chorion
47.
47) The full set of genetic information in an individual's chromosomes is called
a)
A) allotype.
b)
B) isotype.
c)
C) pleiotype.
d)
D) genome.
e)
E) phenotype.
48.
48) The ABO blood type is an example of which type of inheritance?
a)
A) sex-linked
b)
B) polygenic inheritance
c)
C) strict dominance
d)
D) codominance
e)
E) incomplete dominance
49.
49) The entire set of chromosomes of an individual can be visualized on a
a)
A) Punnett square.
b)
B) locus.
c)
C) map.
d)
D) genotype.
e)
E) karyotype
50.
50) A _____ allele will always be expressed regardless of what the other allele happens to be
a)
A) homologous
b)
B) dominant
c)
C) recessive
d)
D) maternal
e)
E) homocentric
51.
1) The lymphatic system does all of the following except
a)
A) fights infection.
b)
B) transports gases to and away from lymph nodes:
c)
C) helps maintain normal blood volume.
d)
D) eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial Aluid.
e)
E) transports lipids from the digestive tract.
52.
2) Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the
a)
A) right lymphatic duct.
b)
B) hepatic portal vein.
c)
C) dural sinus.
d)
D) cisterna chyli.
e)
E) thoracic duct.
53.
3)_______ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.
a)
A) Lymph nodes
b)
B) Peyer's patches
c)
C) Spleens
d)
D) Tonsils
e)
E) Immune complexes
54.
4) _______are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.
a)
A) Adenoids
b)
B) Lymph glands
c)
C) Tonsils
d)
D) Peyer's patches
e)
E) Immune complexes
55.
5) T cells develop from stem cells in the
a)
A) spleen.
b)
B) bone marrow.
c)
C) kidneys.
d)
D) liver.
e)
E) thymus.
56.
6) The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the
a)
A) cytotoxic T
b)
B) helper T
c)
C) suppressor T
d)
D) B
e)
E) NK cells.
57.
7) The body’s innate defenses include all of the following except
a)
A) interferon.
b)
B) the skin.
c)
C) antibodies.
d)
D) inflammation.
e)
E) complement.
58.
8) The following are steps in cell- mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps? 1. Several cycles of mitosis occur.<br />2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage.<br />3: Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection,<br />4. I cells Ivith specific receptors recognize the antigen.<br />5. T celIs diferentiate into cytotoxic T cells or I memory cells.<br />6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin.
a)
A) 4, 1, 5, 3, 6, 2
b)
B) 3, 6, 4, 5, 1, 2
c)
C 2,4,1,5,3.61
d)
D) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 6
e)
E) 1, 2, 4, 5, 3, 6
59.
9) Which of the following is not a property of an 1gG heavy chain
a)
A) has one variable segment
b)
B) has one constant segment
c)
C) binds antigen at both ends
d)
D) binds one light chain
e)
E) binds complement in the constant region
60.
10) When the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues, a(n) ____ develops.
a)
A) immunodeficiency disease
b)
B) cross-reaction
c)
C) autoimmune disease
d)
D) allergic response
e)
E) agglutination reaction
61.
11) Stress can affect the immune response in all of the following ways except by
a)
A) inhibiting interleukin secretion.
b)
By increasing the level of cortisol.
c)
C) reducing the number of phagocytes.
d)
D) depressing the inflammatory response.
e)
E) inhibiting glucocorticoid release.
62.
12) Frank was bitten by a rattlesnake and received anti-venom containing neutralizing antibodies. Frank received______ immunity and he _______ long-term immunity as a result.
a)
A) naturally acquired passive immunity; will have
b)
B) artificially acquired passive immunity: will not have
c)
C) naturally acquired active immunity; will not have
d)
D) artificially acquired passive immunity; will have
e)
E) naturally acquired active immunity; will have
63.
13) The nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx constitute the _______ portion of the airway.
a)
A) exchange
b)
B) primary
c)
C) conducting
d)
D) sinus
e)
E) respiratory
64.
14) The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of
a)
A) moist cuboidal epithelium.
b)
B) simple squamous epithelium.
c)
C) ciliated squamous epithelium.
d)
D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium;
e)
E) stratified squamous epithelium.
65.
15) inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over he mouth because
a)
A) there is less resistance to air flow.
b)
B) it dries out the mouth.
c)
C)it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air
d)
D) bacteria won't be inhaled from the oral cavity.
e)
E) it combines olfaction with respiration.
66.
16) The respiratory portion of the respiratory tract includes the
a)
A) trachea.
b)
B) bronchi.
c)
C) larynx
d)
D) nose.
e)
E) alveoli.
67.
17) The following is a list of some airways. What is the order in which air passes through them? 1. lobar bronchus<br />2. bronchioles<br />3. alveolar ducts<br />4. primary bronchus<br />5. respiratory bronchiole<br />6. alveoli<br />7. terminal bronchiole
a)
A) 1, 4, 2, 5,7, 3, 6
b)
B) 2, 4, 1,7,5,3,6
c)
C) 4,1,2,7,5,3,6
d)
D) 1,4,2,7,5,3,6
e)
E) 4,1,2,5,7,3,6
68.
18) Surfactant is produced by what cell type in the alveolus?
a)
A) alveolar macrophages
b)
B) pneumocytes Type Il
c)
C) pneumocytes Type I and Type II
d)
D) smooth muscle cells
e)
E) pneumocytes Type I
69.
19) Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is
a)
A) inversely proportional to the volume of its container.
b)
B) directly proportional to the volume of its container.
c)
C) directly proportional to temperature.
d)
D) inversely proportional to temperature.
e)
E) always higher in the atmosphere than in the lungs.
70.
20) ____ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.
a)
A) Residual volume
b)
B) Inspiratory capacity
c)
C) Tidal volume
d)
D) Expiratory reserve volume
e)
E) Inspiratory reserve volume
71.
21) A condition that increases lung compliance is
a)
A) pneumothorax.
b)
B) loss of surfactant.
c)
C) respiratory distress syndrome.
d)
D) emphysema.
e)
E) lung cancer.
72.
22) The chloride shift occurs in order to
a)
A) produce carbonic acid.
b)
B) force oxygen out of the blood and into tissues.
c)
C) transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma,
d)
D) pump hydrochloric acid out of gastric cells.
e)
E) produce salt for the cytosol of blood cells.
73.
23) Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
a)
A) bicarbonate ions.
b)
B) solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells.
c)
C) carbonic acid.
d)
D) solute dissolved in the plasma.
e)
E) carbaminohemoglobin.
74.
24) The apneustic centers of the pons
a)
A) monitor blood gas levels.
b)
B) provide stimulation to the inspiratory center.
c)
C) alter chemoreceptor sensitivity.
d)
D) inhibit the pneumotaxic and inspiratory centers.
e)
E) generate the gasp reflex.
75.
25) The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the
a)
A) spaces between the parietal and visceral pleura.
b)
B) blood air barrier of the alveoli.
c)
C) interlobular septa.
d)
D) terminal bronchioles.
e)
E) bronchioles.
76.
26) Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?
a)
A) esophagus
b)
B) spleen
c)
C) appendix
d)
D) pancreas
e)
E) colon
77.
27) Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?
a)
A) ingestion
b)
B) mechanical processing
c)
C) secretion
d)
D) absorption
e)
E) filtration
78.
28) Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called
a)
A) peristalsis.
b)
B) pendular movements.
c)
C) churning movements.
d)
D) segmentation.
e)
E) mastication.
79.
29) The ____ supports all but 25 cm of the small intestine and provides stability and limited movement.
a)
A) mesentery proper
b)
B) lesser omentum
c)
C) falciform ligament
d)
D) diaphragm
e)
E) greater omentum
80.
30) Large blood vessels and lymphatics are found in the
a)
A) adventitia.
b)
B) serosa.
c)
C) submucosa.
d)
D) mucosa.
e)
E) muscularis.
81.
31) The movement of nutrients from the digestive tract lumen across the epithelium is called
a)
A) reabsorption.
b)
B) secretion.
c)
C) chemical digestion.
d)
D) absorption.
e)
E) ingestion.
82.
32) ____ are blade-shaped teeth that function in cutting or clipping.
a)
A) Incisors
b)
B) Canines
c)
C) Premolars
d)
D) Molars
e)
E) Cuspids
83.
33) During deglutition, which of the following phases is first?
a)
A) gastric
b)
B) pharyngeal
c)
C) enteric
d)
D) buccal
e)
E) esophageal
84.
34) Parietal cells secrete
a)
A) mucus.
b)
B) gastrin.
c)
C) enteropeptidase.
d)
D) hydrochloric acid.
e)
E) pepsinogen.
85.
35) Match the gastric phase on the left (1-3) with the correct description on the right (4-6) 1. intestinal phase<br />2. gastric phase<br />3. cephalic phase<br />4. prepares stomach for arrival of food<br />5. stomach empties and decreases secretions<br />6 stomach secretes juice and mixes food into chyme
a)
A) 1 and 6; 2 and 5; 3 and 4
b)
B) 1 and 6; 2 and 4; 3 and 5
c)
C) 1 and 5; 2 and 4; 3 and 6
d)
D) 1 and 5; 2 and 6; 3 and 4
e)
E) 1 and 4; 2 and 5; 3 and 6
86.
36)____are arranged within a lobule of the liver into a series of irregular plates converging toward a central vein.
a)
A) Portal areas
b)
B) Bile canaliculi
c)
C) Hepatic ducts
d)
D) Stellate macrophages
e)
E) Hepatocytes
87.
37) A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would affect all of the following except
a)
A) absorption of water in the large intestines.
b)
B) the composition of pancreatic secretions.
c)
E) the delivery of bile.
d)
D) relaxation of the hepatopancreatic sphincter.
e)
E) digestion of lipids and proteins.
88.
38) In response to the hormone secretin, the pancreas secretes a fluid
a)
A) rich in enzymes.
b)
B) that contains only amylase.
c)
E) rich in bile.
d)
D) rich in mucus.
e)
E) rich in bicarbonate ion.
89.
39) The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called
a)
A) oxidative phosphorylation.
b)
B) metabolism,
c)
C) glycolysis.
d)
D) anabolism.
e)
E) catabolism.
90.
40, What is the role of NADH in metabolism?
a)
A) phosphorylate ADP into ATp
b)
C) produce carbon dioxide
c)
B) transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes
d)
D) convert pyruvic acid into acety|-coA
e)
E) produce bicarbonate ions for a pH buffer
91.
41) When NAD+ is ___ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ___ it becomes NAD+.
a)
A) phosphorylated; deaminated
b)
B) phosphorylated; dephosphorylated
c)
C) reduced; oxidized
d)
D) oxidized; reduced
e)
E) made; recycled
92.
42) in order glycolysis to proceed, which of the flowing need no be present?
a)
A) NAD
b)
B) acetyl-CoA
c)
C) ATP
d)
D) glucose
e)
E) ADP
93.
43) The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during
a)
A) the citric acid cycle.
b)
B) the formation of water.
c)
C) the formation of pyruvic acid.
d)
D) glycolysis.
e)
E) electron transport.
94.
44) The first steps of catabolism generally take place in the
a)
A) mitochondria.
b)
B) cytosol.
c)
C) plasma membrane.
d)
D) endoplasmic reticulum.
e)
E) nucleus.
95.
45) How many net ATP molecules are produced by the complete metabolism (all pathways) of one glucose molecule?
a)
A) 2-4 ATP
b)
B) 100-120 ATP
c)
C) 150 ATP
d)
D) 30-32 ATP
e)
E) 6 ATP
96.
46) Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ____ yields energy the quickest.
a)
A) fat
b)
B) an amino acid
c)
C) glycogen
d)
D) protein
e)
E) glucose
97.
47) The major steps in oxidative phosphorylation include all of the following except
a)
A) the breaking of carbon-Carbon covalent bonds
b)
B) the acceptance of electrons by oxygen atoms
c)
C) removal of hydrogen atoms from a substrate molecule by coenzymes
d)
D) ionization of hydrogen atoms.
e)
E) decreasing the energy level of electrons passing through the electron transport chain
98.
48) The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to
a)
A) produce proteins for energy storage.
b)
B) produce AcetyI COA so that the citric acid ayale can continue.
c)
C) supply hydrogen atoms to the Electron abspon System"
d)
D) produce citric acid to make vitamin C in the mitochondria
e)
E) phosphorylate glucose molecules.
99.
49) Cyanide gas is lethal because it
a)
A) blocks substrate-level phosphorylation.
b)
B) inhibits the kinase that phosphorylates ATP.
c)
C) blocks the final electron acceptor in the ETS.
d)
D) binds NAD preventing it from being reduced.
e)
E) inhibits the ATP synthase.
100.
50) All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that
a)
A) levels of blood glucose are elevated above normal.
b)
B) gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver.
c)
C) glycogenolysis occurs in the liver.
d)
D) fat mobilization occurs.
e)
E) ketone bodies may be formed.
101.
1) ______are chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissue
a)
A) Neuropeptides
b)
B) Neurotransmitters
c)
C) Humoral antibodies
d)
D) Hormones
e)
E) Antigens
102.
2) Peptide hormones ate
a)
A) composed of amino acids
b)
B) chemically related to cholesterol
c)
C) derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
d)
D) lipids.
e)
E) produced by the adrenal glands
103.
3) Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger
a)
A) cyclic AMP
b)
B) TSH
c)
C) insulin
d)
D) epinephrine
e)
E) ACTH
104.
4) The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds ta peptide hormones is usually
a)
A) adenyl cyclase.
b)
B) calcium ion levels
c)
C) cAMP.
d)
D) a G protein.
e)
E) GMP.
105.
5) Steroid hormones
a)
A) act on target cells by activating second messenger cascades.
b)
B) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells,
c)
C) are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma.
d)
D) are proteins.
e)
E) cannot diffuse through cell membranes.
106.
6) A hormone might
a)
A) inactivate glucose so it cannot be used by a cell.
b)
B) alter a membrane channel by changing its shape, thereby affecting what can go through It
c)
C) depolarize a skeletal muscle cell.
d)
D) block the production of a cell membrane.
e)
E) interfere with norepinephrine at a neuronal synapse.
107.
7) If the hypophyseal portal system is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones?
a)
A) ACTH
b)
B) TSH, ACTH, PRL
c)
C) TSH
d)
D ADH and OXT
e)
E) PRL
108.
8) A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is
a)
A) glucagon.
b)
B) parathyroid hormone.
c)
C) calcitonin.
d)
D) oxytocin.
e)
E) thyroxine
109.
9) Parathyroid hormone does all of the following except
a)
A) stimulate osteoclast activity.
b)
B) enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys.
c)
C) stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys.
d)
D) inhibit osteoblast activity.
e)
E) build up bone
110.
10) Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Nat is the action of
a)
A) cortisone.
b)
B) oxytocin.
c)
C) calcitonin.
d)
D) antidiuretic hormone.
e)
E) aldosterone.
111.
11) In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus all of the following are true, except
a)
A) intracellular and tissue levels of glucose is very high,
b)
B) glucose is present in the urine in large amounts.
c)
C) excessive thirst is shown.
d)
D) a large excretion of urine occurs.
e)
E) blood glucose levels are very high.
112.
12) Why might someone want to take erythropoietin in a non-medical situation?
a)
A) to increase the chance of getting pregnant
b)
B) to increase muscle mass
c)
C) to sleep
d)
D) to increase sex drive
e)
E) to increase oxygen-carrying capacity and increase stamina
113.
13) Which of the following hormones stimulates skeletal muscle fibers to take in glucose from the blood?
a)
A) parathyroid hormone
b)
B) insulin
c)
C) glucagon
d)
D) calcitonin
e)
E) cortisol
114.
14) The % fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is the
a)
A) packed volume.
b)
B) hemiatocrit.
c)
C) differential cell count.
d)
D) viscosity.
e)
E) specific gravity.
115.
15) Which of the following is not one of the formed elements of blood?
a)
A) antibodies
b)
B) platelets
c)
C) lymphocytes
d)
D) RBCs
e)
E) basophils
116.
16) All of the following are functions of blood except
a)
A) generating action potentials.
b)
B) defending against pathogens.
c)
C) regulating ion concentration.
d)
D) transporting gases and hormones.
e)
E) regulating pH.
117.
17) The function of hemoglobin is to
a)
A) produce antibodies.
b)
B) carry dissolved blood gases.
c)
C) aid in the process of blood clotting.
d)
D) carry bicarbonate ion.
e)
E) stimulate erythropoiesis.
118.
18) A person's blood type is determined by the
a)
A) chemical composition of the hemoglobin.
b)
B) volume of the RBCs.
c)
C) presence of specific glycoproteins on the cell membrane.
d)
D) size of the RBCs.
e)
E) shape of the RBCs
119.
19) Erythropoiesis is stimulated when
a)
A) carbon dioxide levels in the blood decrease.
b)
B) oxygen levels in the blood increase.
c)
C) coagulation begins.
d)
D) blood pressure increases.
e)
E) blood flow to the kidney declines.
120.
20) People with type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions because
a)
A) their blood is plentiful in A and B agglutinins.
b)
B) they usually have very strong immune systems. X
c)
C) their blood cells lack A and B antigens.
d)
D) they are usually Rh negative. X
e)
E) their blood lacks A or B agglutinins.
121.
21) Type A blood has ____ antibodies in the blood plasma.
a)
A) anti-Rh
b)
B) anti-O
c)
C) anti-D
d)
D) anti-A
e)
E) anti-B
122.
22 White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are
a)
A) lymphocytes.
b)
B) basophils.
c)
C) neutrophils
d)
D) eosinophils.
e)
E) monocytes.
123.
23) The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the
a)
A) sticking of platelets to damaged tissue.
b)
B) release of heparin from the liver.
c)
C) activation of Factor VII exposed to collagen.
d)
D) conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
e)
E) release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium.
124.
24) People who suffer from hemophilia A fail to produce a functional Factor VIll; as a result,
a)
A) their coagulation times are much longer than normal.
b)
B) they lack a functional extrinsic pathway.
c)
C) they lack a functional common pathway.
d)
D) they lack a functional intrinsic pathway
e)
E) their coagulation times are too quick.
125.
25) Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the
a)
A) mitral valve.
b)
B) pulmonary valve.
c)
C) bicuspid valve.
d)
D) aortic valve.
e)
E) tricuspid valve.
126.
26) The cusps (leaflets) of atrioventricular valves attach directly to
a)
A) chordae tendineae.
b)
B) trabeculae carneae.
c)
C) coronary sulci.
d)
D) interatrial septa.
e)
E) papillary muscles.
127.
27) The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation?<br />1. right atrium<br />2. left atrium alast<br />3. right ventricle<br />4. left ventricle<br />5, venae cavae<br />6. aorta Last<br />7. pulmonary trunk<br />8. pulmonary veins
a)
A) 5, 3, 1, 7, 8, 4, 2. 6
b)
B) 1, 7, 3, 8, 2, 4, 6, 5
c)
C) 5, 1, 3, 7,8, 2, 4,6
d)
D) 5, 1, 3, 8, 7, 2, 4, 6
e)
E) 1, 2, 7, 8, 3, 4, 6, 5
128.
28) Cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells differ in a few ways. Which of the following is not one of them?
a)
A) Skeletal muscle cells lack intercalated discs.
b)
B) Cardiac muscle cells branch.
c)
C) Cardiac muscle cells lack transverse tubules:
d)
D) Cardiac muscle cells are smaller in size.
e)
E) Cardiac muscle cells have a single, centered nucleus.
129.
29) The following are structural components of the conducting system of the heart. 1. Purkinje fibers<br />2. AV bundle<br />3. AV node<br />4. SA node<br />5. bundle branches. The sequence in which excitation would move through this system is
a)
A) 4, 2, 3, 5, 1.
b)
B) 3, 2, 4, 5, 1.
c)
C) 3, 5, 4, 2, 1.
d)
D) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5.
e)
E) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1.
130.
30) The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle is called
a)
A) depolarization.
b)
B) asystole.
c)
C) diastole
d)
D) hyperpolarization
e)
E) systole.
131.
31) Blood is supplied to the muscular wall of the left atrium by the
a)
A) left coronary artery
b)
B) phrenic arteries.
c)
C) pulmonary arteries.
d)
D) brachiocephalic artery.
e)
E) right coronary artery.
132.
32) The ____ is the volume of blood in a ventricle at the beginning of systole.
a)
A) end-diastole volume
b)
B) stroke volume
c)
C) systolic volume
d)
D) end-systolic volume
e)
E) ejection fraction
133.
33) Each of the following factors will increase cardiac output except increased
a)
A) venous return.
b)
B) force of contraction.
c)
C) sympathetic stimulation.
d)
D) parasympathetic stimulation.
e)
E) heart rate.
134.
34) Which factor directly influences preload?
a)
A) heart rate
b)
B) stroke volume
c)
C) contractility
d)
D) parasympathetic tone
e)
E) venous retum
135.
35) Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue?
a)
A) external elastic membrane
b)
B) tunica externa
c)
C) tunica media
d)
D) tunica intima
e)
E) internal elastic membrane
136.
36) Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following except
a)
A) valves in the veins preventing the backward flow of blood
b)
B) muscular compression.
c)
C) the pressure in the veins is lower than in the arteries.
d)
D) pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein
e)
E) the respiratory pump.
137.
37) Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except the
a)
A) length of a blood vessel.
b)
B)osmolarity of interstitial fluids.
c)
C) blood viscositv.
d)
D) blood vessel diameter.
e)
E) turbulence.
138.
38) The force that moves fluid out of capillaries is ____ pressure whereas the opposing force that moves fluid into capillaries is ____ pressure.
a)
A) blood; interstitial
b)
B) plasma; extracellular
c)
C) hydrostatic; colloid osmotic
d)
D) colloid osmotic; hydrostatic
e)
E) systolic; diastolic
139.
39) Baroreceptors are located in the
a)
A) carotid and aortic sinuses.
b)
B) carotid and aortic sinuses and the right atrial wall
c)
C) aortic sinuses.
d)
D) right atrial wall
e)
E) carotid sinuses.
140.
40) As blood travels from arteries to veins,
a)
A) flow becomes turbulent.
b)
B) diameter of the blood vessels gets progressively smaller.
c)
C) viscosity of blood changes.
d)
D) pressure decreases.
e)
E) pressure increases.
141.
41) In comparison to a vessel with a large diameter, a vessel with a small diameter has
a)
A) a greater blood flow.
b)
B) a greater resistance to blood flow
c)
C) a higher blood pressure.
d)
D) less resistance to blood flow.
e)
E) the same amount of pressure as resistance.
142.
42) Blood colloid osmotic pressure is produced by
a)
A) osmosis of water.
b)
B) a greater salt concentration in blood cells.
c)
C) hypertonic solutions separated by a cell membrane
d)
D) large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma.
e)
E) the force of blood pushing against the vessel wall.
143.
43) Edema may occur when
a)
A) capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated.
b)
B) capillary endothelium permeability goes up.
c)
C) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced & capillary endothelium permeability goes up.
d)
D) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced.
e)
E) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced, capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated, and the capillary endothelium permeability goes up.
144.
44) Which part of the vascular system functions as a blood reservoir and contains over 60% of the body's blood?
a)
A) pulmonary arteries
b)
B) arteries
c)
C) systemic arterioles
d)
D) veins
e)
E) capillaries
145.
45) Coronary veins empty into the
a)
A) left ventricle.
b)
B) left atrium.
c)
C) right atrium,
d)
D) conus arteriosus
e)
E) right ventricle.
146.
46) Branches off the aortic arch include the
a)
A) left common carotid artery.
b)
B) left subclavian artery.
c)
C) brachiocephalic trunk.
d)
D) left subclavian artery and left common carotid artery.
e)
E) brachiocephalic trunk, left subclavian artery, and left common carotid artery
147.
47) You have spent 24 hours traveling from the U.S to New Zealand, on quite a few airplanes with many stops. Because of the stress, changes in time zones, and short blocks of time between planes,<br />you find yourself tired with a headache when you arrive. You are severely dehydrated. A hematocrit value of your blood would be ____ than normal because_____
a)
A) lower; more red blood cells are being made by the bone marrow
b)
B) lower; you have less blood plasma volume
c)
C) lower; the bone marrow is making fewer red blood cells due to the latitude of the airplanes
d)
D) higher; more plasma proteins are made by the liver
e)
E) higher; you have less blood plasma volume
148.
48) Which of the following veins empty directly into the inferior vena cava?
a)
A) left gonadal
b)
B) left adrenal
c)
C) azygos
d)
D) renal
e)
E) hepatic portal
149.
49) The blood vessel that supplies blood to the head and neck is the ____ artery.
a)
A) cervical
b)
B) vertebral
c)
C) common carotid
d)
D) brachiocephalic
e)
E) subclavian
150.
50) Cross-sectional area is highest in
a)
A) venules.
b)
B) capillaries
c)
C) veins.
d)
D) arteries.
e)
E) arterioles.
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