air flows in one direction

alveoli

gases diffuse across a moist membrane

lungs

left: invertebrates with gills; right: vertebrates with lungs

left: annelids with two hearts; right: amphibians with four hearts

left: fish with gills; right: mammals with lungs

left: reptiles with an open circulatory system; right: mammals with a closed circulatory system

The model would show an open circulatory system that enables blood to flow to all tissues of the panther’s body.

The model would show a closed circulatory system that enables blood to flow under higher pressure.

The model would show a three-chamber heart that enables oxygen-poor blood to mix with oxygen-rich blood in the ventricle.

The model would show a single-loop circulatory system than enables blood to flow throughout the panther’s body in one direction.

Wastes are removed from the blood in the lungs and exhaled.

Wastes are removed from the blood in the kidneys and excreted.

Wastes are digested by symbiotic microorganisms in the gut.

Wastes are converted to amino acids.

The animal is a carnivore.

The animal is a herbivore.

The animal has a small or absent stomach.

The animal digests food mechanically but not chemically.

The gill filaments must spin rapidly, like tiny rotors or wheels.

The gills must be in contact with stationary water.

Air must be pumped so it flows over the gill filaments.

Water must be pumped so it flows over the gill filaments.

In a closed circulatory system, the blood contains a variety of cells and dissolved substances.

In a closed circulatory system, the heart has two or more chambers.

In a closed circulatory system, the heart must pump blood through capillary beds.

In a closed circulatory system, the blood pools in spaces called sinuses.

Blood flows in one direction only through each chamber.

Blood may flow in either direction through each chamber.

Oxygen-rich blood mixes with oxygen-poor blood in some of the chambers.

The heart receives and pumps oxygen-rich blood separately from oxygen-poor blood.

Kidneys filter the nitrogenous wastes from the blood.

Uric acid is mixed together and excreted with digestive wastes from the gut.

Uric acid is exhaled from the lungs along with carbon dioxide

Malpighian tubules filter the nitrogenous wastes from the blood.

Both are experimental groups, and each individually shows the effect of the direction of light.

One is the experimental group and one is the control group, and together they show the effect of the direction of light.

Both are control groups, but only Test Group 1 shows the effect of the direction of light.

Both are experimental groups, but only Test Group 1 shows the effect of the direction of light.

Yes, because her data support the hypothesis.

Yes, but only if additional experiments show similar results.

No, because the experiment did not provide enough data to support the hypothesis.

No, because a theory is a highly reliable explanation that incorporates many well-tested hypotheses.

Yes, if scientists decide that enough evidence supports the theory.

Yes, if the theory is shown to predict future events.

No, because a theory is a complex explanation that does not become a law.

No, because a theory can be proven correct while a law cannot be proven.

The griffin could be the subject of an investigation of animals.

The griffin could be cited as evidence to evaluate a hypothesis or theory.

The griffin could be used to test new ideas about animal structures or behaviors.

The griffin has no role in biology, because it is not real.

to evaluate the methods and test the results of the investigation

to guarantee that the conclusions of the investigation are correct

to make sure the investigation has practical, economic benefits

to improve the appeal of the article to the general public

The scientist aimed for precision and accuracy by using a small sample size.

The scientist followed strict standards of investigation and scientific methodology throughout the research.

The scientist assured that the experiment was broad in scope by testing many variables in each trial.

No other scientists replicated the experiment to avoid the legal issues of patent infringement.

the behavior of animals

the meaning of existence

the beauty of nature

the rules of language

Missions should be run by only one facility.

All personnel and missions should use the metric system.

Another office should oversee every aspect of missions.

NASA should coordinate all missions with the European Space Agency.

A scientist who studies viruses reports ways to prevent viral infections.

A scientist who developed a new strain of cotton reports on the benefits of cotton.

A scientist who studies wildlife in Australia reports on the native species of Australia.

A physician who works for a hospital reports on the effectiveness of a new medicine.

Viruses satisfy all of the properties of living things, but are too small to be alive.

Viruses satisfy all of the properties of nonliving things, such as not moving and not using energy.

Viruses fail to satisfy each of the properties of living things, including the use of DNA and universal genetic code.

Viruses fail to satisfy many of the properties of living things, including obtaining and using energy, and responding to the environment.

DNA fingerprinting can be used to treat criminals that have a genetic disease or disorder.

DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify persons that were wrongly convicted of a crime.

DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify which genes are active in persons that commit crimes.

DNA fingerprinting can allow persons that commit crimes to be used as animal models in medical research studies.

chromosomes

active DNA fragments

clones

DNA fragments of different lengths

clones

transgenic plants

increased genetic variation

increased hybridization

Farming with GM plants that are resistant to chemical herbicides may lead to overuse of weed-killing compounds.

Farming with GM plants requires less land and energy, which may lead to lower food costs and an economic crisis for farmers.

GM plants require more insecticide use, which may increase the chance of chemical residues in the food supply.

Scientific studies on GM plants are not available so the effects of GM plants are unknown.

CRISPR

cloning

gel electrophoresis

DNA fingerprinting

Gene therapy introduces a new gene to the patient and temporarily improves the symptoms of the disorder.

Gene therapy deactivates the defective gene and permanently improves the symptoms of the disorder.

Gene therapy removes the defective gene and permanently improves the symptoms of the disorder.

Gene therapy replaces the defective gene and cures the patient of the disorder.

Families will have the choice of cloning a favorite pet.

Chimera animals will be possible, such as an eagle with the head of a lion.

Diabetics will have ample supplies of insulin that are produced by bacteria.

Human genetic disorders that involve extra chromosomes in cells can be cured.

issues of animal rights that arise when an animal’s genome is changed for a human purpose

privacy issues that arise when a donor’s DNA is identified without his or her consent

environmental issues that arise when recombinant DNA is introduced, on purpose or by accident, into an ecosystem

economic issues that arise because of the high expense of DNA fingerprinting

number of stamens

location of the style

color and shape of the petals

location and size of the ovary

The flower cannot form seeds because it cannot be pollinated.

The flower cannot form seeds because it cannot produce male gametophytes.

The flower may form seeds because the stigma can produce pollen.

The flower may form seeds if it receives pollen made by another flower.

All plants use vascular tissue to transport water.

Most plants, but not mosses and green algae, use vascular tissue to transport water.

Only woody plants, such as trees and shrubs, use vascular tissue to transport water.

Only herbaceous plants, such as grasses and garden vegetables, use vascular tissue to transport water.

The haploid phase became larger.

The diploid phase became larger.

The two phases became more alike.

The two phases each became smaller.

Seed plants are larger in size.

Seed plants reproduce with flowers.

Seed plants transport water against gravity.

Seed plants reproduce without standing water.

It has a rounded shape.

It develops from the sepals of a flower.

It has a fleshy, edible center.

It contains the seeds of the plant.

tissues for drawing water from the soil

chemicals for resisting insect attacks

structures for reproducing in standing water

enzymes for converting oxygen to carbon dioxide

The differences affect only specific plant parts, and not the entire plant.

The differences develop over time during the life of the plant, and are not apparent during the early stages.

The differences affect the growth, development, and structures of the plant throughout its life cycle.

The differences are determined by environmental factors, and not the genes of the plant

in all plant organs, as a result of cellular respiration

in the stems, to provide the energy for lifting water

in the roots, to allow mineral absorption

in the leaves, as a result of photosynthesis

A flower can produce many seeds at the same time.

The same plant can produce many flowers.

Flowers can be pollinated without the involvement of animals.

Flowers produce seeds that are encased in protective fruits.

The lacewings had eaten all of the aphids in the field.

The lacewing population had reached the carrying capacity of the field.

New predators of lacewings had arrived in the field.

The birthrate of lacewings had increased, while the death rate remained constant.

Maple trees are introduced to the land, where they grow well.

Human activities drain about half of the water that the land generally receives.

A beetle that infects ash trees is introduced to the land.

About one third of the ash trees are cut down and hauled away.

a 20 percent increase in the population of one of the native fish species

the arrival of migrating birds that prey on the native fishes

the introduction of a nonnative fish species that has no natural enemies in the lake

a storm that temporarily swells the lake and floods the surrounding land

The death rate from hunting was much greater than the maximum birthrate of the bison.

The death rate from hunting was much greater than the natural death rate of the bison.

The hunting removed individuals of all ages, including very young bison.

Human hunters had replaced the natural predators of the bison.

a severe storm that kills about 100 adult and young arctic hares

a 25 percent decrease in the populations of foxes, wolves, or other predators of arctic hares

the arrival in the ecosystem of a species that competes with the arctic hare for its food

a temporary increase in the arctic hare population to more than 425 individuals

The rate of bacterial reproduction will decrease gradually over time in any growth medium.

The amount of agar in the Petri dish will act as a limiting factor on the bacterial colony.

A random mutation will produce bacteria that cannot reproduce, and so they die off quickly.

As the bacteria population increases, the sizes of individual bacteria will become smaller.

The immigration and emigration rates of the countries are insignificantly small or approximately equal.

The immigration rates of the countries are much higher than the emigration rates.

The immigration rates of the countries are much smaller than the emigration rates.

The population is evenly distributed between rural, suburban, and urban areas.

The population of each country is increasing at approximately the same rate.

The population of each country is increasing at different rates.

Italy has passed through the demographic transition, while the other countries have not yet passed through it.

All of the countries except Italy have passed through the demographic transition.

Habitat loss continues to such an extent that the carrying capacity for black-footed ferrets becomes zero.

Disease continues to kill a constant percentage of all black-footed ferrets during the first year of life.

The black-footed ferret population decreases until the birthrate equals the death rate.

The black-footed ferret population decreases low enough for other limiting factors to affect it.

The population of the country is increasing at a rapid rate.

The population of the country is relatively stable, and neither increasing nor decreasing significantly.

In 50 years, about 20 percent of the population will be ages 0 to 4.

In 50 years, about 20 percent of the population will be ages 50 to 54.

how genetic information is inherited

changes in species over time

human effects on biodiversity

the age of Earth

An organism passes many of its traits to its offspring.

All organisms fill a niche, or role in their environment.

Variations within a species are necessary for evolutionary change.

Organisms are able to produce many more offspring than will survive.

With enough evidence, scientific theories will become laws.

Scientific theories are a culmination of many pieces of evidence.

Scientific theories should not be trusted because the evidence for them changes over time.

Scientific theories are hypotheses that scientists investigate.

greater genetic variation

more abundant food supply

a better ability to survive and reproduce in the lake

a better ability to withstand seasonal changes in the lake

analogous structures

vestigial structures

homologous structures

convergent structures

Any mutations in the population do not affect the fitness of a mouse.

The meadow provides unlimited resources to support the mice.

Traits that affect the survival of the mice vary among individual mice.

The environment of the meadow remains about the same from year to year.

The finch populations were very numerous, and different species often bred with one another.

The finch species lived in different habitats on different islands, which isolated them from one another.

The finch species were distributed evenly among all of the islands, but did not interbreed.

The beaks of the finches were identical, allowing them to eat the same foods on any of the islands.

The hip bones are vestigial structures that show evolutionary descent from an ancestor that had legs.

The hip bones are analogous structures with the leg bones of other animals, and show how they all evolved from a common ancestor.

The hip bones are vestigial structures that show that snakes, worms, and other legless animals evolved by adaptive radiation.

The hip bones are homologous structures with the vertebrae and other bones of the snake, and show the sequence in which the vertebrate skeleton evolved.

Differences in the use of DNA, RNA, and the genetic code show that the groups lacked a common ancestor.

The identical use of DNA, RNA, and the genetic code show that the groups evolved from an ancient common ancestor.

Differences in the use of DNA, RNA, and the genetic code show that the groups evolved at different rates in different environments.

The identical use of DNA, RNA, and the genetic code show that the groups evolved in a pattern of coevolution.

The disease affects adult and juvenile rabbits equally.

The disease reduces the ability of the rabbits to reproduce.

Some rabbits are resistant to the disease, and they pass the resistance to their offspring.

No rabbits are resistant to the disease, and all die when the disease strikes them.

Compared to no regulations, banning lawn fertilizer increases species diversity by 50 percent after 25 years.

Compared to initial conditions, banning lawn fertilizer decreases species diversity by 25 percent after 25 years.

Compared to no housing development, banning lawn fertilizer decreases species diversity by 25 percent after 25 years.

Without the housing development, species diversity remains about the same from year to year.

Raise a variety of wild potatoes in the field

Reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizer

Increase the use of pesticides and fertilizer

Transfer useful genes from wild potato plants to the crop plants

Several years before 1970, a forest fire burned down a pine forest.

For several years until 1970, a pine forest was gradually replaced by grasses and other small plants.

The land was used for a commercial pine forest before 1970, but was then abandoned.

The land had always supported grasses and other small plants until 1970.

A fire burns most of the trees of a forest.

Floodwaters cover and then drain away from a valley.

A volcanic eruption covers a mountainside with molten rock.

A farmer stops raising crops on a field.

decreased diversity of the fruit crop

decreased growth of the fruit trees

loss of fruit to birds and other fruit-eating animals

decreased volume of fruit crop due to fewer pollinators

Plant stems push up through the rocks from deep underground.

Thick plant roots break apart the rocks as they grow around or through them.

Soil gradually piles over the rocks and buries them.

Lichens, mosses, and other pioneer species begin growing on the rocks.

singed or charred tree trunks along the ground or in the soil

large grazing animals, such as buffalo or zebra

a river, lake, or pond that has very clear water

rocks with lichens growing on their surface

Unlike other ecosystems, wetlands are home to microorganisms that maintain soil structure.

Unlike other ecosystems, wetlands are home to animals that pollinate crops and regulate pests.

More so than other ecosystems, wetlands remove excess carbon from the atmosphere.

More so than other ecosystems, wetlands filter and purify water as it soaks into the ground

A fire burns down all the trees within a 10-meter radius of a lightning strike.

A hurricane blows down rainforest trees along a coastline.

The rain forest trees are cleared, and the land is used for farming.

A fungal infection kills several rainforest trees from various species.

The greater biodiversity of Garden 2 provides it with greater resilience to environmental changes.

The greater biodiversity of Garden 2 allows each of its plants to grow taller and take up more space.

The greater biodiversity of plants in Garden 2 decreases the biodiversity of insect pests.

Although both gardens have similar biodiversity, Garden 2 plants are likely to require less water and sunlight.

using more land to grow corn that is used to produce fuel

using land to create a national park

building a dam for energy production

building new housing in an area far from a city

The size of the ozone layer decreased during this time period.

The concentration of ozone in the upper atmosphere increased during this time period.

The concentration of halogens in the atmosphere decreased during this time period.

The size of Antarctica below the ozone layer decreased during this time period.

Development often causes habitat fragmentation, which can threaten biodiversity.

Development often causes reforestation, which can reduce the number of anthromes.

Development often causes pollution, which can increase the ozone of the ozone layer.

Development often causes biological magnification, which can increase global warming.

Renewable resources are resilient to environmental stresses.

Renewable resources are not affected by innovation.

Renewable resources are replaceable by healthy ecosystems.

Renewable resources contribute to a larger ecological footprint than nonrenewable resources.

Increased levels of carbon dioxide in seawater would increase the rate of photosynthesis in marine plants.

Dissolved carbon dioxide in seawater would cause an increase in shellfish populations due to strengthened skeletons.

Increased levels of carbon dioxide in seawater would cause ocean acidification and weaken corals.

Dissolved carbon dioxide in seawater would cause invasive species to out-compete native species.

Methane, which is the main component of natural gas, is a much more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

Human activities are depleting Earth's supply of fossil fuels much faster than natural processes can restore them.

The burning of fossil fuels releases heat directly into the atmosphere, where it is trapped by the greenhouse effect.

The burning of fossil fuels acts to transfer carbon from the geosphere to the atmosphere, where it increases the greenhouse effect.

Reducing the use of wind turbines, which may divert local wind patterns.

Reducing the emissions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which harm the ozone layer.

Reducing the global burning of fossil fuels, which add greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.

Increasing the construction of dams and reservoirs, which help store water on land.

uncertainty about the mechanisms of the greenhouse effect

uncertainty about the rate of sediment build-up on the ocean floor

unpredictability of volcanic eruptions

future human decisions about energy use and reforestation

Yes, because it uses a renewable resource to provide electricity.

Yes, because it establishes and protects a tract of new forest.

No, because human use of the land is never sustainable.

Only partially, because the draining of the wetlands damages an important ecosystem service.

DDT kills small organisms at very low concentrations and larger organisms at higher concentrations.

DDT persists in biological systems and becomes concentrated as it passes up food chains.

DDT is broken apart quickly in biological systems, and its byproducts are toxic to many animals.

DDT is broken apart for its energy, and so replaces the natural diets of many animals.

a power plant that generates energy

a rechargeable battery that stores and releases energy

a pan that carries coal

a hammer that helps break apart water molecules

Energy is transferred directly to sugars, with no intermediates.

Energy is transferred to sugars through intermediates such as H₂O, O₂, and CO₂.

Energy is transferred to sugars through intermediates, such as ATP and NADPH.

Energy is transferred to sugars through light-dependent reactions.

transforming light energy into chemical energy

transferring chemical energy to high-energy sugars

returning chemical energy to light energy

transferring light energy among different compounds

storage of carbon in the atmosphere

storage of carbon in the geosphere

transfer of carbon from the hydrosphere to the atmosphere

transfer of carbon from the atmosphere to the biosphere

glucose and oxygen

carbon dioxide and water

carbon dioxide and oxygen

water and oxygen

The light-dependent reactions depend on the light-independent reactions for energy that is transferred by ATP and NADPH.

The light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions both convert energy from the sun to chemical energy.

High-energy electrons are transferred from the light-independent reactions to the light-dependent reactions.

Energy in the form of ATP and NADPH is transferred from the light-dependent reactions to carbohydrates in the light-independent reactions.

an essential reactant that is used to make sugars

an optional reactant; its presence speeds up the process

the main product that stores chemical energy for use by the organism

a byproduct that is released into the atmosphere

Sugars break apart to form carbon dioxide.

Sugars combine with carbon dioxide, and release oxygen as a waste gas.

Carbon atoms from ATP are combined to form sugars.

Carbon atoms from carbon dioxide are combined to form sugars.

Water molecules are an intermediate of photosynthesis; they absorb light and pass the energy to chlorophyll.

Water molecules are an intermediate of photosynthesis; they are part of the electron transport chain.

Water molecules are an input of photosynthesis; they split apart and supply electrons to chlorophyll.

Water molecules are an output of photosynthesis; they are released at the end of the electron transport chain.

ATP provides the hydrogen atoms that are incorporated into sugars.

ATP provides the carbon and oxygen atoms that are incorporated into sugars.

ATP provides the chemical energy for the reactions to occur.

ATP receives the chemical energy that the reactions release.

Some of the hydrogen ions combine with ATP to form the enzyme.

Some of the hydrogen ions are combined with ADP to form ATP.

The movement of hydrogen ions provides the energy for the reaction that breaks apart ATP.

The movement of hydrogen ions provides the energy for the reaction that forms ATP.

sex-linked

multiple alleles

codominant alleles

dominant alleles

By identifying if the patient’s parents carry the dominant allele for Huntington’s disease.

By identifying if the patient is married to a person that exhibits symptoms of Huntington’s disease.

By identifying if the patient had been in close contact with someone that exhibits symptoms of Huntington’s disease.

By identifying if the patient had been in close contact with someone that carries the dominant allele for Huntington’s disease.

Insurance companies might identify where a person lives.

Insurance companies might charge unreasonable rates for genetic tests.

Insurance companies might try to alter a person’s DNA.

Insurance companies might deny a person insurance based on his or her chances of developing a disease.

If two alleles are codominant then both alleles will be expressed in heterozygotes.

If two alleles are codominant then the heterozygous phenotype will be somewhere between the homozygous phenotypes.

If two alleles display simple dominance then only the recessive allele will be observed in heterozygotes.

If two alleles display simple dominance then neither allele will be observed in heterozygotes.

Your claim is accurate. However, despite the expense and difficulty, DNA sequencing continues to be performed regularly.

Your claim is false. DNA cannot be sequenced by existing technology.

Your claim is accurate, but not relevant. DNA is analyzed indirectly, without sequencing.

Your claim is out of date. DNA sequencing is now very fast, inexpensive, and reliable.

epigenetic factors from the environment

whether defective genes were inherited from the parents

the person’s behavior, such as choices in diet and exercise

random events that occur during the person’s growth and development

Individuals may now modify their genes to prevent acquired diseases, such as bacterial infections.

Individuals may now modify their genes to alter traits such as height, eye color, and hair color.

Individuals may now select which genes to activate or deactivate.

Individuals may now have their DNA analyzed to determine ancestry.

A

B

C

D

Yes, because only a few family members express the trait.

Yes, because more females than males express the trait.

No, because individual C would need to express the trait for his daughter to inherit it.

No, because individual A would need to express the trait for any of his descendants to inherit it.

a variety of physical traits, including hair color and eye color

the likelihood of acquiring certain diseases, such as diabetes and cancer

the presence or absence of a chromosomal disorder, such as Down syndrome

the developmental age of the fetus, and the approximate date when the baby will be born

mosses

a plant with vascular tissue

an organism that developed from an embryo

a plant that made seeds

Flowers evolved more recently than seeds and vascular tissue.

Most plants alive today produce flowers.

Flowers are a trait of living plant species, but not extinct species.

Flowers evolved from cone-bearing plants.

Cone-bearing plants are most closely related to ferns because they both have vascular tissues.

Cone-bearing plants are most closely related to ferns because they share the most recent common ancestor

Cone-bearing plants are most closely related to flowering plants because they both have flowers.

Cone-bearing plants are most closely related to flowering plants because they share the most recent common ancestor.

Clades show evolutionary relationships.

Clades identify domains and kingdoms.

Clades group single-celled organisms separately from multicellular organisms.

Clades include more species.

cell walls made of cellulose

cell walls made of chitin

autotrophic

multicellular

Organisms with the most shared derived genetic characters are considered the most closely related.

Organisms with the most shared derived genetic characters are classified in the most clades.

Derived genetic characters can be used to identify evolutionary relationships, but only if organisms have some shared physical characteristics.

DNA analysis has confirmed species classifications based on derived physical characters, but no new classifications have been suggested.

All protists evolved from a common eukaryotic ancestor.

The common ancestor of protists gave rise to many other types of eukaryotes.

Although most protists are unicellular, some species are multicellular.

Traits evolved in protists that do not appear in other eukaryotic species.

The species evolved in the alphabetical order of their labels, from A to F.

In any pair of the 6 species, about the same number of DNA sequences are shared.

The genomes of species C and D have more similarities than the genomes of species B and C, or species D and E.

The genomes of the 6 species share few, if any, DNA sequences.

Their most recent common ancestor was either archaea or bacteria.

Their most recent common ancestor was neither archaea nor bacteria.

They descended from several prokaryotic ancestors that were unrelated to one another.

They descended from several eukaryotic ancestors that were unrelated to one another.

the niches they fill in habitats

their different physical traits

their similar physical traits

their shared evolutionary history

Division in the vascular cambium gives rise to new layers of the cortex, which result in thin, flat leaves.

Division in the vascular cambium gives rise to new layers of pith, which result in new stem buds.

Division in the vascular cambium gives rise to new layers of xylem and phloem, which result in a thicker stem.

Division in the vascular cambium gives rise to new layers of vascular cambium, which result in a stronger stem.

The ions allow water to enter the roots by osmosis.

The ions absorb light so the plant can carry out photosynthesis.

The ions form the apical meristem, where water is absorbed.

The ions are stored in the ground tissue to provide support for the plant.

Cytokinin stimulates cell division on the sunny side of the plant’s roots.

Abscisic acid inhibits cell division on the sunny side of stems.

Gibberella fujikuroi stimulates the plant to grow unusually tall.

Auxin stimulates cell elongation on the shady side of the stems.

Most leaves have a thin, flat shape for absorbing light.

Most stems have tiny hairs for absorbing water.

Monocots have clusters of vascular bundles for exchanging gases.

Young plants have a waxy layer for protecting against loss of oxygen.

concentrating on a few crops to plant every year

developing hybrid crops that improve yields

establishing a seed bank to preserve wild relatives of farm crops

draining wetlands for use as farm land

transpiration in the roots and evaporation in the leaves

active transport in the xylem and photosynthesis in the leaves

capillary action in the xylem and transpiration in the leaves

thigmotropism in the xylem and evaporation in the leaves

abscisic acid promotes dormancy and gibberellins stimulate growth

ethylene stimulates growth and auxins promote dormancy

cytokinins stimulate growth and ethylene promotes dormancy

cytokinins promote dormancy and abscisic acid stimulates growth

organic farming and heirloom varieties

slash-and-burn practices and monocultures

seed banks and natural fertilizers

artificial fertilizers and high-yield seeds

reaching into the soil to support the plant

increasing the plant’s rate of gas exchange

providing a large surface area for absorption

returning unused nutrients to the soil

The stomata are open when there is light and photosynthesis is taking place, allowing gas exchange.

The stomata are closed when there is light and photosynthesis is taking place, allowing water to escape.

The stomata are open when there is light and photosynthesis is not taking place, allowing water to escape.

The stomata are closed when there is no light and photosynthesis is taking place, allowing gas exchange.

It describes how DNA is transcribed to RNA.

It describes how RNA is translated to amino acids.

It describes how RNA is translated to genes.

It describes how proteins are translated to RNA.

Both scientists would use the same genetic code because all organisms have RNA.

Both scientists would use the same genetic code because in all organisms the code is read three bases at a time and in the same direction.

The scientist studying mice would use the genetic code for mice and the scientist studying E. coli would use the genetic code for E. coli because mice are more complex multicellular organisms.

The scientist studying mice would use the genetic code for eukaryotes and the scientist studying E. coli would use the genetic code for prokaryotes because they each have different types of chromosomes.

The cell would be able to make mRNA but would not be able to make amino acids.

The cell would not be able to synthesize proteins because it would not be able to assemble ribosomes.

The cell would be able to carry instructions to ribosomes for coding proteins but would not be able to synthesize proteins.

The cell would be able to transcribe DNA to RNA but would not be able to carry instructions to ribosomes for coding proteins.

During translation, molecules of tRNA bind to specific codons and amino acids.

Introns are removed from pre-mRNA, and then the exons are joined together.

RNA transcriptase binds to a promoter region before transcription occurs.

Gene expression may be controlled by epigenetic mechanisms.

The mutation introduced a stop codon into the middle of the mRNA molecule.

The mutation changed the genetic code used during translation.

The mutation occurred in a region of mRNA that is not translated.

The mutation introduced a start codon in the middle of the mRNA molecule.

Genes are not transcribed into mRNA.

Pre-mRNA is not edited, and is used as mRNA.

Transcription occurs normally, but some errors occur during translation.

Transcription occurs normally, but mRNA is not translated into proteins.

The processes of transcription and translation are unique in the beetle.

The process of translation in the beetle is similar to other organisms, but involves a unique genetic code.

The process of transcription in the beetle is similar to other organisms, but involves a unique set of nucleic acids in mRNA.

The processes of transcription and translation, including the genetic code, are the same in the beetle as in nearly all other organisms.

The gene codes for a carbohydrate, and not a protein.

A mutation changes the genetic code that the cell uses.

The cell removes introns from pre-mRNA.

The cell removes introns from DNA.

Each of many tRNA molecules contains an anticodon, and it may bind to any amino acid.

Each of many tRNA molecules contains an anticodon, and it binds to a specific amino acid.

One tRNA molecule contains all of the anticodons and binds to all of the amino acids that are specific for the protein.

One tRNA molecule contains all of the codons and binds to all of the nucleotides that are specific for the protein.

RNA includes phosphate groups instead of nitrogenous groups.

RNA is double stranded instead of single stranded.

RNA contains uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).

RNA contains cytosine (C) instead of guanine (G).

The endocrine system releases the hormone testosterone.

The muscular system strengthens the uterine wall.

The circulatory system restricts blood flow to the testes.

The excretory system removes urea from the blood.

Blood flow from the heart to the lungs would be reduced.

Blood flow from the heart to body tissues would be reduced.

Blood flow from the lungs to body tissues would increase.

Blood flow from the aorta to the arms and legs would increase.

This region is the thalamus, between the brain stem and cerebrum.

This region is the brain stem, connecting the brain to the spinal cord.

This region is the cerebellum, divided into left and right hemispheres.

This region is the cerebrum, the largest region in the brain.

The blastocyst attaches to the wall of the uterus and cells begin differentiating.

Cells migrate from the ectoderm to form the mesoderm, resulting in the formation of three cell layers.

A sperm and egg fuse producing a fertilized egg.

Mesodermal tissue differentiates into the notochord and the nervous system develops.

antibodies

killer T cells

humoral immunity

fever

Capillary walls thicken slightly in the lungs.

The heart rate increases due to intense exercise.

A hole develops between the two sides of the heart, allowing blood to flow in both directions.

A defect in a heart valve causes some blood to flow from the right ventricle into the right atrium.

a large lobe near the center of the brain; controls reasoning and memory

a pair of large lobes along the sides of the brain; coordinates muscular movement

a collection of peripheral nerves that extends down the back; carries sensory information

a relatively thin region at the base of the brain; transfers messages to and from the spinal cord 

Infectious diseases are spread mostly by person-to-person contact, and generally not through air, water, or other nonliving parts of the environment.

Infectious diseases are spread mostly through contaminated air or water, and only rarely through person-to-person contact.

Infectious diseases are spread in a wide variety of ways, and may involve either the living or the nonliving parts of the environment.

Infectious diseases generally arise spontaneously in the environment, and are not affected by factors such as temperature or moisture.

The child must receive only the polio vaccine, and no other vaccines.

The child must receive many other vaccines that protect against other diseases.

Specific antigens of the virus that causes polio must remain the same over time.

All antigens of the virus that causes polio must change, or mutate, over time.

Chemical processes can change toxic metals, such as mercury and lead, into nontoxic metals, such as sodium and potassium.

Heavy metals can accumulate in bodies of water and contaminate food supplies.

The human body relies on small amounts of heavy metals and can remove excess amounts by negative feedback mechanisms.

The human body does not depend on heavy metals but can safely store them in fat, bone, and other tissues.

All bacteria cause pneumonia, because all mice that were injected with living bacteria died.

Heat-killed, disease-causing bacteria cause pneumonia, because the mouse injected with these bacteria plus harmless bacteria died.

Harmless bacteria cause pneumonia, because the mouse injected with these bacteria plus heat-killed, disease-causing bacteria died.

The heat-killed, disease-causing bacteria passed something to the harmless bacteria, because the harmless bacteria alone did not cause pneumonia.

The two strands of a DNA molecule separate, and an exact copy of each strand is synthesized.

The two strands of a DNA molecule separate, and a complementary strand is synthesized from each original strand.

The two strands of a DNA molecule unwind, and an exact copy of one strand is synthesized.

The two strands of a DNA molecule unwind, and a complementary strand is synthesized from one of the original strands.

the sequence of nitrogenous bases

the sequence of 5-carbon sugars

the quantity of phosphate groups

the quantity of each type of nitrogenous base

proteins only

DNA only

either proteins or DNA, but not lipids

either proteins, DNA, or lipids

a single point on the chromosome.

opposite ends of the DNA molecule.

dozens to hundreds of points along the DNA molecule.

the telomere, at the tip of the chromosome.

distributed evenly among all of the DNA

in both strands of the DNA of half of the cells

in one strand of the DNA of half of the cells

in one strand of the DNA of all of the cells

One copy breaks apart the original DNA molecule, and the other copy synthesizes two complementary strands.

One copy synthesizes two complementary strands, and the second copy edits or corrects the new strands if necessary.

Each copy attaches to one strand, and each synthesizes a complementary strand.

Both copies attach to the same strand, where they work together to synthesize the complementary strand.

Phosphorus atoms form strong bonds with other atoms.

Phosphorus readily forms compounds with other elements.

Phosphorus is part of DNA, but not proteins.

Phosphorus is part of both DNA and proteins.

Fossil evidence supports the hypothesis that evolution can occur at different rates in different clades.

Fossil evidence supports the hypothesis that populations evolve to adapt to a changing environment.

Fossil evidence provides a complete record of the organisms that once lived and are ancestors to other organisms.

Fossil evidence provides information on the allele frequency in ancestral populations.

Organisms that survive mass extinctions evolve rapidly because they face limited competition.

Organisms evolve slowly after mass extinctions because the environment has often changed significantly.

Organisms do not evolve after mass extinctions because they do not face competition from other species.

Evolutionary change occurs slowly after mass extinctions because a large number of species have become extinct over a relatively short time.

Mitochondria have been found throughout the fossil record.

Mitochondria contain their own DNA and are similar in size to bacteria.

Cells that contain mitochondria also contain chloroplasts and chloroplast membranes are similar to bacterial membranes.

Mitochondria can be produced when sparks of electricity are passed through an environment of gases similar to the conditions of early Earth.

The trait of flight evolved independently in insects, birds, and mammals such as bats, making it an example of convergent evolution.

Like other vertebrate groups, mammals have four limbs that are attached symmetrically to the spine.

Sixty-five million years ago, a mass extinction killed the dinosaurs and many other species, which let the surviving species evolve quickly and diversify.

The first mammals evolved in the Mesozoic Era, where they lived with dinosaurs.

The most recent common ancestor of the two species was able to climb trees.

The most recent common ancestor of the two species was not able to climb trees.

Other species of both frogs and anoles are able to climb trees.

Both species have adaptations in their toe pads that allow them to climb trees.

evolution in another orchid species of flowers with a similar tube-like shape

a variety of insect species that visit the orchid flower and pollinate it.

genetic uniformity of the orchid species, which allowed evolution to occur

coevolution in a moth species of a feeding tube that fits inside the flower

Similar bone structures among mammal species alive today

An identical genetic code in use among all species alive today

Fossil sequences that show gradual changes over long spans of geologic time

Fossil sequences that show rapid changes over brief spans of geologic time

It provides strong evidence for the mechanism by which the first living things evolved.

It suggests a mechanism by which compounds that are essential for life were first assembled.

It provides evidence against the hypothesis that life evolved from non-living compounds.

It is unrelated to the history of life on Earth because living things were always present in oceans and on land.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and make some of their own proteins.

Like other organelles, mitochondria and chloroplasts cannot survive when separated from a cell.

All multicellular organisms are eukaryotic.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts rely on proteins made in the cytoplasm.

width and length measurements, which should be the same for homologous bones

mineralization analysis, which would identify the specific minerals in each fossils

radiometric dating, which would show the absolute age of each fossil

biogeography, which should show that all the species lived in the same region.

A volcano erupts and kills many individuals in a population.

A mutation produces sea stars that are less visible to predators.

An insecticide is sprayed in a community to combat mosquitoes.

Cattle are treated with antibiotics to prevent the spread of infections.

A new predator arrived that preferred dark-tan crabs.

A new predator arrived that preferred light-tan crabs.

A change in beach color made medium-tan crabs the least visible to predators.

A change in beach color made medium-tan crabs the most visible to predators.

A mutation in a liver cell produces liver cancer.

Lateral gene transfer occurs that produces an organism that is less resistant to drought.

A mutation in an egg cell causes a change in DNA that produces an organism that is more sensitive to sunlight.

A mistake in DNA replication before meiosis produces an organism that is better able to outrun predators.

comparing DNA sequences from each species for different genes

comparing DNA sequences from each species for the same genes

comparing the length, size, or weight of an average member of each species

identifying the traits of the common ancestor

disruptive selection, in which pigeons with dark pigmentation are favored

stabilizing selection, in which pigeons with intermediate pigmentation are favored

directional selection, in which pigeons with dark pigmentation are favored

directional selection, in which pigeons with intermediate pigmentation are favored

common traits of the two species

homologies among the two species

DNA sequence differences between the two species

DNA fingerprinting of common fossils

The allele for light gray coloration disappears from the population. This may be because light gray lizards are more visible to predators and therefore they might be less likely to survive and reproduce.

The allele for black coloration decreases fitness and becomes less common. This may be because black coloration keeps the lizards cool during hot summer temperatures.

Medium gray coloration in lizards appears to be a neutral mutant allele that allows the lizards to hide better from predators. This leads to increases in phenotypes and allele frequency of gray coloration.

Because black and medium gray lizards are less visible to predators, these alleles are neutral to natural selection and therefore will not disappear from the population of lizards.

Mutations that result in adaptations that improve an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce affect natural selection.

Mutations that lower fitness by decreasing an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce do not affect natural selection.

Mutations do not occur in egg and sperm cells when they affect evolution through natural selection.

Mutations must occur in body cells to be passed on to the next generation and affect evolution by natural selection.

Differences among Hox genes suggest that they all arose from diverse ancestral genes that duplicated many times.

Similarities among Hox genes suggest that they all arose from different ancestral genes that divided many times.

Hox genes are regulatory genes that determine body plans of animals, but they function differently in different groups of species.

Many animals have Hox genes, suggesting that Hox genes arose early in animal evolution and provide information about evolutionary relationships.

Because average height grass plants are favored, stabilizing natural selection is occurring.

Because average height grass plants are favored, disruptive natural selection is occurring.

Because tall grass plants are favored by the animals that eat grass, directional selection is occurring.

Because short and tall grass plants are favored, normal natural selection is occurring.

glucose and carbon dioxide

glucose and oxygen

carbon dioxide and oxygen

oxygen and lactic acid

Pyruvic acid is broken down to form carbon dioxide.

Oxygen molecules are broken down and converted into pyruvic acid.

High-energy electrons are passed to NAD⁺ forming NADH.

Carbon atoms in glucose are transferred to ADP, forming ATP.

the chemical bonds in pyruvic acid

the chemical bonds in glucose

the nuclei of atoms in glucose

high-energy electrons in the cytoplasm

It accepts electrons when reacting to form water.

It combines with carbon and hydrogen to form glucose.

It is released when glucose breaks apart.

It reacts to form carbon dioxide and water.

It transfers carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.

It transfers carbon to the biosphere as glucose.

It transfers oxygen gas to the atmosphere.

It transfers water from the atmosphere to the biosphere.

Fermentation can occur without glucose.

Fermentation can occur without producing wastes.

Fermentation produces more ATP per glucose molecule.

Fermentation can occur without oxygen.

The net effects of the reactions of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are the opposite of one another, therefore the produces of one are the reactants of the other, creating a cycle.

The energy flow—and thus oxygen flow—for cellular respiration and photosynthesis take place in the same direction, and therefore build upon one another.

Cellular respiration is a process that releases energy and oxygen, while photosynthesis withdraws energy and uses oxygen, therefore keeping each process in balance.

Oxygen readily accepts electrons, so cellular respiration uses a negligible amount of oxygen.

The Krebs cycle serves to store energy and make it readily available for cell functiond

ATP attracts an additional phosphate group and stores energy in the form of ADP.

ATP stores energy and releases it as it reverts back to ADP.

The electron transport chain stores energy in the bonds of NAD⁺ and releases it as NAD⁺ reverts back to NADH.

glucose, NADH, and carbon dioxide

glucose, FAD, and oxygen

water, ATP, and lactic acid

water, ATP, and carbon dioxide

to make up the structure of cell membranes

to act as a catalyst for chemical reactions

to encode genetic information

to provide energy for cell activities

a ratio of 1 carbon atom to 2 hydrogen atoms to 1 oxygen atom

the presence of double covalent bonds between carbon atoms

strong bonds between carbon atoms that cannot be broken

ionic bonds between carbon atoms and oxygen atoms

Sugars and amino acids are made of exactly the same elements.

Sugars and amino acids have the same structure.

Sugars and amino acids are made of the same elements except amino acids also contain nitrogen.

Sugars and amino acids are made of the same elements except sugars also contain phosphorus.

It decreases the activation energy needed to start the reaction.

It decreases the total energy released by the reaction.

It increases the total energy absorbed by the reaction.

It changes the ratio of the amounts of the two products.

a decrease in the concentration of hydrogen and oxygen

an increase in the concentration of hydrogen peroxide

an increase or decrease in pH beyond normal range

a return of pH to the normal range

The atoms of a water molecule are held together by ionic bonds.

Water is polar and forms hydrogen bonds.

Water is a weak acid and acts as a buffer.

Water molecules join together to form polymers.

glycerol combined with long chains of fatty acids

strings of amino acids held together with peptide bonds

short carbon chain or ring in which the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is 1:2:1

polymer made up of many monosaccharides

by the sequence of nitrogenous bases

by the sequence of 5-carbon sugars

by attaching sulfur groups to the phosphate groups

by attaching carbohydrates to the 5-carbon sugars

ability to respond to stimuli

presence of cell walls

presence of membrane-bound organelles

presence of specialized cells

backbone

placenta

four limbs

amniotic egg

true bone, notochord, jaws, vertebrae

true bone, notochord, vertebrae, jaws

notochord, true bone, vertebrae, jaws

notochord, vertebrae, jaws, true bones

their means of reproduction and development

the presence or absence of a notochord

the number of their fossils that have been discovered

the presence or absence of mammary glands

Hominins evolved a smaller skull and smaller brain capable of designing tools.

Hominins evolved an opposable thumb that enabled hands to grasp objects.

Hominins evolved shoulder bones that enabled them to walk faster on all four limbs.

Hominins evolved more chromosomes that enabled them to reason and solve problems.

habituation

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

insight learning

The macaque is the closest species related to humans, then the dog, bird, frog, and lamprey.

The lamprey is the closest species related to humans, then the frog, bird, dog, and macaque.

The bird is the closest species related to humans, then the dog, lamprey, macaque, and frog.

The dog is the closest species related to humans, then the lamprey, frog, macaque, and bird.

This table provides data for six clades, each clade sharing a common ancestor that evolved a derived character.

Although all the animals have a notochord in their embryo stages, they might not share a common ancestor

This table provides data for eight clades, each sharing a common ancestor that evolved two or more derived characters.

This table provides data for eight clades, each sharing a common ancestor that evolved two or more derived characters

The skull, neck, spinal column, hip bones, and leg bones evolved in ways that kept hominins walking on four legs.

As the brain evolved, the medulla oblongata and olfactory bulbs became larger and more complex.

An opposable thumb evolved that enabled hominins to grasp objects and use tools.

The skull, neck, spinal column, hip bones, and leg bones evolved in ways that enabled modern humans to remain excellent climbers.

Ants can live either in a large group or independently.

The workers can build a complex nest together.

The workers can interbreed with other insect species.

The workers provide great variation to the gene pool of the colony.

pre-existing cells

compounds of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen

individual cell parts, such as mitochondria

cytoplasm and similar fluids

nucleus and chloroplasts

cell membrane and cell wall

chloroplasts and mitochondria

chloroplasts and cell wall

a cell membrane made of a lipid bilayer

a nucleus that contains DNA

mitochondria that contain DNA

a cell wall made of cellulose

impermeable, like a brick wall

permeable but selective, like a wall with gates

very permeable, like a fishing net

permeable only to water, like a very fine net

Transmission electron microscopes produce images of cell surfaces.

Transmission electron microscopes produce three-dimensional images of cells.

Transmission electron microscopes produce highly detailed images of cell structures.

Transmission electron microscopes produce images of living cells.

Cell 1 is from a plant; Cell 2 is from an animal.

Cell 1 is prokaryotic; Cell 2 is from a plant.

Cell 1 is prokaryotic; Cell 2 is from an animal.

Cell 1 is eukaryotic; Cell 2 is prokaryotic.

Proteins are assembled on ribosomes.

A large central vacuole stores DNA and RNA.

Mitochondria provide energy for cell processes.

Chloroplasts capture and transform the energy of sunlight.

temperature of the liquid suspension

oxygen concentration of the red blood cells

the number of red blood cells per liter of the liquid suspension

salt concentration of the liquid that surrounds the red blood cells

the nucleus, because chromosomes thicken in water

the cell membrane, because water diffuses across it

chloroplasts, because photosynthesis depends on water volume

the central vacuole, because it stores water and provides support

uses electricity

specimens cannot be alive

lower magnification power

more expensive to purchase and operate

Mendel observed green and yellow pea pods in a 3:1 ratio because the F₁ generation was heterozygous.

Mendel observed green and yellow pea pods in a 4:1 ratio because the allele for green pea pods is dominant.

Mendel observed green and yellow pea pods in a 1:1 ratio because the F₂ generation had the same characteristics as the parent generation.

Mendel observed only green pea pods because both parents had green pea pods.

In anaphase of mitosis, sister chromatids separate. In anaphase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate.

Anaphase of mitosis leads to four haploid cells. Anaphase I of meiosis leads to two diploid cells.

Crossing-over occurs after anaphase of mitosis while crossing-over occurs before anaphase I of meiosis.

Chromosomes are not replicated before a cell enters anaphase of mitosis. Chromosomes have replicated before a cell enters anaphase I of meiosis.

Are yellow flowers maternally inherited?

Are yellow flowers recessive and red flowers dominant?

Are red and yellow flowers codominant?

Is flower color a polygenic trait?

purple eye and brown eye because they are both eye traits

aristaless and speck body because they have the greatest chance of crossing over

curved wing and arc (bent wings) because they have the least chance of crossing-over

black body and light eye because they are closest together on chromosome 2

1/100

1/16

1/8

1/4

Because this is a monohybrid cross of pea plants that carry two alleles for plant height, the expected ratio is 3 tall : 1 short.

Because this is a dihybrid cross of pea plants that carry three alleles for plant height, the expected ratio is 9 tall : 3 intermediate: 1 short.

Because this is a dihybrid cross of pea plants that carry four alleles for plant height, the expected ratio is 4 tall : 1 short.

Because this is a monohybrid cross of pea plants that carry two alleles for plant height, the expected ratio is 1 tall : 1 short.

The genes for the 7 traits are located on the same chromosome.

Crossing over events did not occur during Mendel's experiments.

Crossing over events occurred very frequently during Mendel's experiments.

The genes for the 7 traits are located on 7 chromosomes.

Drosophila has more than four chromosomes.

The traits of each linkage group are generally inherited together and the four linkage groups assort independently during meiosis.

Crossing-over between genes on different chromosomes occurs during prophase II of meiosis.

Crossing-over between genes on the same chromosome occurs during anaphase I of meiosis.

Both parents were homozygous dominant (BB).

At least one parent was homozygous dominant (BB), but the other parent could be heterozygous (Bb).

Either parent could be homozygous dominant (BB) or heterozygous (Bb).

Both parents were heterozygous (Bb).

1 L^ML^M: 2 L^ML^N: 1 L^NL^N

9 L^ML^M: 3 L^ML^N: 1 L^NL^N

4 L^ML^M: 1 L^NL^N

1 L^NL^N : 1 L^ML^M

They will have the intermediate phenotype for the trait at the middle of the bell curve.

They will have either of the two extreme phenotypes of the trait inherited from their mother or father.

They will have a phenotype that is determined by the typical distribution of phenotypes in the 9:3:3:1 ratio.

They will resemble other family members but not their parents, because the alleles’ expression is hidden in the F₁ generation.

increased survival rates in an unchanging environment

increased genetic diversity

increased rate of reproduction

less energy required for reproduction

DNA replication

cytoplasm division

sexual reproduction

cell growth

to replace old DNA

to increase genetic diversity

to have two copies of each chromosome

to help the cell grow larger

chromosomes

cyclins

nutrients

DNA

Embryonic stem cells are totipotent cells.

Totipotent cells can differentiate into any type of cell or tissue.

Adult stem cells are totipotent cells.

Totipotent cells can form any cells except those surrounding the embryo.

High genetic diversity puts the population at risk to environmental change.

Low genetic diversity puts the population at risk to environmental change.

High genetic diversity prevents the population from expanding its territory.

Low genetic diversity prevents the population from expanding its territory.

DNA replication

cytoplasm division

DNA repair

cell growth

DNA replication

cytoplasm division

DNA repair

cell growth

occurs after DNA replication

occurs in eukaryotes

occurs in prokaryotes

occurs during the S phase