The following are benefits of brachytherapy, EXCEPT?

The treatment time for EBRT

The following are side effects of brachytherapy, EXCEPT?

Different types of brachytherapy can be defined according to, EXCEPT?

Brachytherapy that involves placement of the radiation source in a space next to the target tissue

When a part of an artery with a stent gets blocked

A radiation source that can also be placed in blood vessels

Temporary brachytherapy is also known as?

Seeds are used in permanent seed implant therapy involving injecting approximately 30-100 radioactive seeds into the prostate gland

It is commonly used in lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, and osteosarcoma

Yttrium 90 (Y-90) is used for the following, EXCEPT?

Used in medicine for cancer radiation therapy, especially for eye and skin tumors

Sources for the treatment of carcinoma of cervix uteri.

This is a boost technique frequently used to deliver an additional dose of radiation therapy to the tumor bed following breast conserving surgery and combined with external beam radiation therapy to the entire breast for patients with early breast cancer.

It’s goal is to determine the treatment position that will be use daily, to make devices that will help the patient maintain that position and to obtain the necessary images from treatment planning.

Helps implement the treatment plan by determining the number and duration of the treatment session.

Specially trained to operate the sophisticated systems of computer used for radiation treatment.

Helps patients understanding and cope with the side effects of radiation.

A board certified specialist/physician who evaluates the patient, determines the appropriate therapy and area to be treated.

Assists the team by assuring the quality and calibration of the therapy systems used for patient care making proper radiation dose given and assisting with the development of new applications.

The following are advantages of Teletherapy, EXCEPT?

The following are disadvantages of Radiotherapy, EXCEPT?

The following are treatment Therapy Process, EXCEPT?

The following are common side effects of radiation therapy, EXCEPT?

The following are ionizing radiations used in radiotherapy, EXCEPT?

Gamma rays are produced spontaneously as certain elements such as the following, EXCEPT?

A gamma knife treatment delivers a total of_________ beams of radiation intersect to form a powerful tool focused on a targeted area of abnormal or cancerous  tissue within the brain.

The following can be used as simulation machines, EXCEPT?

During __________ the area of the patients body to be treated is marked directly on the patients skin with markers.

  Treatment delivery

  Simulation

  None

  Diagnosis

The Dosimetrist, Oncologist, Physicist will generate treatment plan that delivers the appropriate dose to the tumour while minimizing dose to surrounding normal tissue.

Treatment process can take 10-15 minutes each week.

Some patient may experienced nausea from radiation therapy. In such cases nausea usually occurs during the 1st few days after radiation.

Patient should only use soap and lukewarm water on the skin during radiation treatment.

Fatigue can also result from stress of dealing with diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

The process of energy absorption or scattering, describe by the percent of radiation remaining after x-rays passes through object.

The month and year where Polonium was discovered.

Radiotherapy may combine with the following, EXCEPT?

The most commonly treated cancers are the following, EXCEPT?

The date when radium was discovered.

1st therapeutic use of x-rays was reported to have taken place when a patient with carcinoma of the breast was treated.

The 1st cancer of basal cell epithelioma had been cured by radiation in what year?

They found that by administering Fractionated doses of radiation that is smaller daily doses rather than large single dose they could achieved the same tumor response but without serious injury to the adjacent normal tissue.

The radiation dose necessary to cause redness of the skin.

Fractionated doses of radiation exposure was recognized in what year?

During the___methods of measuring dose where developed and quantitative measurements.

The atomic mass number of electrons.

The atomic mass number of nucleus.

If there is an excess of electrons or an electron is removed the atom is said to be

The number of neutron in an atom is the difference between the

Atoms that have the same no. Of neutrons but different no of protons.

Atoms that contains the same no. of protons but varying no. of neutrons.

They are identical atoms and exist in the different energy state.

Attraction between electrons and the nucleus of an atom.

The electrons stays on their respective orbits due to these two forces.

Responsible for calibration and maintenance of the radiation-producing equipment.

Devices a plan for delivering the treatments in a manner to best meet the physician's goals of irradiating the tumor while protecting vital normal structures.

This treatment intent is used to relieve symptoms caused by the cancer at an advance stage, extends the quality of life of the patient.

This is a cancer treatment that uses drugs for prevention of cancer cell production.

This is also termed as immunotherapy.

The following are factors for cancer treatment, EXCEPT?

The spread of a malignancy into body cavities can occur via penetrating the surface of the peritoneal, pleural, pericardial, or subarachnoid spaces.

This is typical route of metastasis for sarcomas, but it is also the favored route for certain types of carcinoma, such as those originating in the kidney (renal cell carcinoma). Because of their thinner walls, veins are more frequently invaded than are arteries, and metastasis tends to follow the pattern of venous flow.

Stage or period of absence of cancer.

Type of recurrence where Ca returns at a lymph node or tissue located near the previous Ca.

This is a subtype of CA which involves blood forming tissue.

A type of biopsy where the entire lump removed.

Small lesion confined to organ of origin with no evidence of vascular or lymphatic spread or metastasis.

Determines the volume of tissue that needs to be encompassed within the radiation field.

This is a type of brachytherapy where placement of Radioactive source on or in close proximity to the lesion

The year when Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity.

      He observed the darkening of photographic plates by Uranium salts and realized that these rays were emitted spontaneously and continuously from Uranium.​

The 1st use of Radium in the U.S. was around _________

______when madame Marie Curie began to developed the accurate standard of quantities of pure Radium salts.

During the _____ methods of measuring dose where developed and quantitative measurements

_____ portable survey meters and ionization chambers became standard equipments for hospitals. ​

____ Fractionated doses of radiation exposure was recognized.

an English school teacher published a book summarizing his experiment according to him element could be classified according to integral values of atomic mass each reacting the same way in chemical reaction .

They look alike, they were constructed alike and they reacted alike but they are different from the atoms of any element.​

·            ​

According to him elements were arrange in order of increasing atomic mass a periodic repetition of similar chemical properties occurred. This was the first periodic table.​

He concluded that electrons were an integral part of all atoms. He described that an atom is like a Plum Pudding.

·            Discovered “ Corpuscles” later called “ Electrons”.​

He introduces the Nuclear model, according to him the atom is containing a small dense positive charge center surrounded by a negative cloud randomly located. He called the center of the atom Nucleus.​

Discovered the “Nucleus “

Discovered “ Proton”

according to him the atom is like a miniature solar system in which the orbital electrons revolved around the nucleus in a prescribed shell or energy levels.​

He discovered “ Neutron”.​

           The smallest particle of matter that has the property of an element and can react chemically.​

He used mathematical equations to describe the likelihood of freeing an electron in a certain position. The atomic model is known as “ Quantum Mechanical Model

He assumes that electrons is a wave and tries to describe the regions in space or orbitals where the electrons are most likely to be found.​

Particles much smaller than atoms.​

Is the smallest particle of a chemical compound.​

  an outward force away from the center.​

occurs between the protons.​

    holds the atomic nucleus together due to neutrons.​

   given to destroy left-over microscopic cells that may be present after the known tumor is removed by surgery.

Is given to prevent a possible cancer reoccurrence.

     given prior to the surgical procedure.

may be given to attempt to shrink the cancer so that the surgical procedure may not need to be as extensive.

 to shrink any cancerous tumors and/or stop the cancer from growing and spreading.

may be used to relieve symptoms caused by the cancer at an advance stage, extends the quality of life of the patient.

used for small tumors

a malignant tumor that expands by invasion or systemically by metastasis.

             - A disease process that involves an unregulated, uncontrolled replication of cells.

allows the transport of tumor cells to lymph nodes and ultimately, to other parts of the body

electron accelerator that uses magnetic induction to accelerate electrons in circular path; also capable of producing photons.

treating lesions on or near the surface of the skin.

Placement of Radioactive directly into the tumor site and adjacent tissue.

The year when betatron was introduced by Kerst

moderately superficial tissues

artificially produced isotope formed in a nuclear reactor

refers to the way the treatment is planned or simulated on a specially calibrated diagnostic x-ray machine known as a simulator

is derived from the technique of shaping the beams to conform to the shape of the tumor.

is an advanced technique that incorporates the use of imaging technologies to generate three-dimensional images of a patient’s tumor and nearby organs and tissues.

-      is a collimator or beam-limiting device that is made of individual "leaves" of a high atomic numbered material, usually tungsten, that can move independently in and out of the path of a radiotherapy beam in order to shape it and vary its intensity.

is the use of imaging during radiation therapy to improve the precision and accuracy of treatment delivery.

is used to treat tumors in areas of the body that move, such as the lungs.

is a highly precise form of radiation therapy initially developed to treat small brain tumors and functional abnormalities of the brain.

When SRS is used to treat body tumors is called _____

Adjuvant therapy doses typically range from 45 to 60 Gy for the treatment of breast, head, and neck cancers.

•    means that the patient is subjected to smaller but more frequent doses of radiation over the same period of time.

•    breaks the total dose into larger doses, often giving a dose less than once each day.

Standard treatment with radiation therapy lasts for five to eight weeks

refers to when the total dose is administered over a shorter period of time than usual. This involves more frequent doses, usually more often than once daily, to administer the equivalent total dose over a shorter period of time.

the total dose to deliver is divided between several sessions

•    total duration of the treatment (number of days between the 1st and last session).

When tumor cells are hypoxic they are less susceptible to the indirect effects of radiation.

is a treatment regimen that delivers higher doses of radiation in fewer visits

•    is dividing the same total dose into more deliveries, so that treatments are given more than once a day.

•    (two deliveries per day and/or deliveries on weekends as well) has also been investigated.

•    is a term used in radiotherapy treatment planning to help calculate absorbed dose to water in conditions other than those directly measured.

•    is a special case of TPR and may be defined as the ratio of the dose at a given point in phantom to the dose at the same point at the reference depth of maximum dose.