Study of Structure

Study of Function

Study of life

Foundation of modern biology

Study of Structure

Study of Function

Study of life

Foundation of modern biology

A relatively stable internal environment

mechanical and

chemical process to convert

ingested food into simple

absorbable substances

oxygen required for

chemical processes

internal movement

and distribution of oxygen, wastes,

and digestion products

Composed of cells

Complex structural arrangement

Detect and respond to stimuli

Maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Unorganized structure

Organisms grown (increase in size) and develops (natural progression in physical maturation)

Offspring are produced by reproduction

Have metabolism - all essential chemical processes occurring in cells

Have more than one cell

Chemical level

Cellular level

Tissue level

Organ level

Organ System level

Smallest stable units of matter

Combine to form molecules

Smallest living units in the body

Functions depend on organelles

Chemical level

Cellular level

Tissue level

Organ level

Organ System level

Each organelle has a specific function

Combine to form molecules

Smallest living units in the body

Functions depend on organelles

Chemical level

Cellular level

Tissue level

Organ level

Organ System level

A group/collection of (similar) cells (and cell products) working together to perform specific functions

Combine to form molecules

Smallest living units in the body

Functions depend on organelles

Chemical level

Cellular level

Tissue level

Organ level

Organ System level

A group of cells working together to perform specific functions

Composed of more that one tissue (type) working together to perform specific functions

Smallest living units in the body

Functions depend on organelles

Cellular level

Tissue level

Organ level

Organ System level

Organism level

A group of cells working together to perform specific functions

Composed of two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions

Consist of interacting organs that perform a specific range of functions (often in coordinated function)

Functions depend on organelles

Cellular level

Tissue level

Organ level

Organ System level

Organism level

A group of cells working together to perform specific functions

Composed of two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions

Consist of interacting organs

Collection of organ systems working together to maintain life and health

Smallest living structure

Molecules that roam around

Life determined by shape

Smallest stable unit of matter

Study of Structure

Study of Function

Study of life

Foundation of modern biology

The study of tissues

The study of structure

The study of function

The study of life

Eleven organ systems in the human body

None of these systems function in isolation

All are interdependent on each other

It is dedicated to a larger task and every organ does the same job to achieve that task

Protects the body from environmental hazards

Helps control body temperature

Protects tissues

Forms blood cells

Provides support

Protects tissues

Stores minerals

Forms blood cells (red and white blood cells)

Produces movement

Skin (epidermis and dermis)

Fingernails

Hair

Sweat glands

Cartilage

Bones

Cartilages

Joints (Articulations)

Bone Marrow

Tendons

Produces movement

Provides support

Generates heat

Provides regulation

Provides rapid control and regulation

Coordinates activities of other organ systems

Secretes chemical messages

Directs long-term changes in other systems

Tendons

Skeletal muscles

Cardiac muscles

Smooth muscles

Spinal cord

Brain

Blood

Special Senses/nerves

Secretes chemical messengers

Directs long-term (and short-term) changes in other systems

Transport cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, hormones, wastes, and gases to all parts of the body

Defends the body against infection and disease

Secretes chemical messengers

Directs long-term (and short-term) changes in other systems

Transport cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, hormones, wastes, and gases to all parts of the body

Defends the body against infection and disease

Parathyroid and thyroid glands

Gonads (Testes/Ovaries)

Pituitary Gland

Sensory Receptors

Pancreas

Heart

Blood vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries)

Blood

Lymph nodes

Defends the body against infection and disease

Returns tissue fluid to bloodstream

Delivers air to gas exchange sites in lungs

Produces sound

Delivers air to gas exchange sites in lungs

Produces sound

Helps pH balance

Eliminates excess water, salts, and wastes

Lymph nodes

Spleen

Thymus

Lymphatic vessels

Trachea

Nose

Trachea (windpipe)

Lungs

Mouth

Delivers air to gas exchange sites in lungs

Produces sound

Processes food and absorbs nutrients

Eliminates excess water, salts, and wastes

Delivers air to gas exchange sites in lungs

Produces sound

Processes food and absorbs nutrients

Eliminates excess water, salts, and wastes

Produces sex cells and hormones (male and female)

Supports embryonic development from fertilization to birth (female only)

Protects the body from environmental hazards (male and female)

Provides support (male and female)

Mouth

Esophagus (food pipe)

Stomach

Intestines

Kidneys

Kidneys

Ureter

Urinary bladder

Urethra

Uterus

Ovaries

Uterus

Mammary glands (breasts)

Vagina

Testicles

Testicles

Testes

Penis

Vagina

Receptor (sensor) - sensitive to environmental change

Control center (integration center) - processes information from the receptor and sends out commands

Effector - responds to commands opposing the stimulus

Feedback - stimulation of a receptor triggers a response that changes the environment at that receptor

Output inhibits the original stimulus

Output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus

Typically occurs when a potentially dangerous or stressful process must be completed quickly before the body can restore homeostasis

A stimulus that produces an extreme response

Output inhibits the original stimulus

Output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus

Feedback that minimizes change

The primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation in the body

Above

Below

Front

Back

Above

Below

Front

Back

Above

Below

Front

Back

Above

Below

Front

Back

Midline of body

Side of body

Closer to the point of origin (torso or head) (extremities only)

Farther from the point of origin (torso or head) (extremities only)

Midline of body

Side of body

Closer to the point of origin (torso or head) (extremities only)

Farther from the point of origin (torso or head) (extremities only)

Midline of body

Side of body

Closer to the point of origin (torso or head) (extremities only)

Farther from the point of origin (torso or head) (extremities only)

Midline of body

Side of body

Closer to the point of origin (torso or head) (extremities only)

Farther from the point of origin (torso or head) (extremities only)

On the surface

Inside

Palm faces anteriorly

Palm faces posteriorly

On the surface

Inside

Palm faces anteriorly

Palm faces posteriorly

On the surface

Inside

Palm faces anteriorly

Palm faces posteriorly

On the surface

Inside

Palm faces anteriorly

Palm faces posteriorly

Divides anterior from posterior

Divides right from left

Divides superior from inferior

Divides proximal from distal

Divides anterior from posterior

Divides right from left

Divides superior from inferior

Divides proximal from distal

Divides anterior from posterior

Divides right from left

Divides superior from inferior

Divides proximal from distal

Internal organs

External organs

Internal tissues

External tissues

It is everything deep into the chest

All structures deep into the abdominal and pelvic walls

There are three subdivision

Divided into two portions

It is everything deep into the chest

All structures deep into the abdominal and pelvic walls

Contains three subdivisions

Divided into two portions

Lungs

Heart

Kidneys

Stomach

Building up

Breaking down

Remaining constant

Building down

Building up

Breaking down

Remaining constant

Building down

Respiration - oxygen required for chemical processes obtained from atmosphere and delivered to cardiovascular system; carbon dioxide removed by cardiovascular system

Digestion - mechanical and chemical process to convert ingested food into simple absorbable substances

Circulation - internal movement and distribution of oxygen, wastes, and digestion products

Excretion - undigested food and wastes of metabolism eliminated from body

Gross (macroscopic anatomy) - large structures and features usually visible with unaided eye

Large structures and features usually visible with unaided eye

Study of structures that cannot be seen without magnification

Complex and difficult to examine anatomical structures

The relationship between the body and body parts

Large structures and features usually visible with unaided eye

Study of structures that cannot be seen without magnification

Complex and difficult to examine anatomical structures

The relationship between the body and body parts

Long and slender for contraction

Flattened discs to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Maintain bone

Spherical for fat storage

Long and slender for contraction

Flattened discs to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Maintain bone

Spherical for fat storage

Long and slender for contraction

Flattened discs to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Maintain bone

Spherical for fat storage

Long and slender for contraction

Flattened discs to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Maintain bone

Spherical for fat storage

Shaped for absorption

Few large oocytes; numerous sperm

Some have extensive branching providing huge surface area for communication

Long and slender for contraction

Shaped for absorption

Few large oocytes; numerous sperm

Some have extensive branching providing huge surface area for communication

Long and slender for contraction

Shaped for absorption

Few large oocytes; numerous sperm

Some have extensive branching providing huge surface area for communication

Long and slender for contraction

Cells are the structural building blocks of all plants and animals

Cells are produced by the divisions of pre-existing cells

Cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions

Cells are newly produced without the assistance of prior cells

Epithelial tissue

Connective tissue

Muscle tissue

Nervous tissue

Cardiac tissue

Physiological adjustment to preserve homeostasis in variable environments

Stimulation of a receptor that triggers the response that changes environment at that receptor

An effector that opposes or negates the original stimulus

Stimulus that produces a response that exaggerates or enhance the original change (rather than opposing it)

An escalating cycle

A deescalating cycle

Typically occurs when a potentially dangerous or stressful process must be completed quickly before the body can restore homeostasis

Typically occurs when a potentially dangerous or stressful process must be completed slowly before the body can restore homeostasis

Things named after the discoverer or most famous victim of a disease

Things named after the part they correlate

Things named after their functions

Precise terms that tell exactly what a thing is

Formed by pair of imaginary perpendicular lines that intersect at navel

Used by clinicians to describe locations of patient pains, aches, or injuries

Location can help physicians determine possible cause of pain

Are split up in Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

More precise than abdominopelvic regions

Used to describe specific points of reference

All directions utilize anatomical position as standard point of reference

Many different terms, often interchangeable

All refer to the same point of origin

Regions established by the body wall in which many organs within these regions are suspended in closed fluid-filled chambers

Regions established by bones in which many organs within these regions are contained within airtight chambers

Regions established by bones in which many organs within these regions are suspended in closed fluid-filled chambers

Regions established by the body wall in which many organs within these regions are contained within airtight chambers

Serous membrane

Viscera

Pleura

Peritoneum

To protect organs from shocks and impacts

Permit changes in size and shape of organs

Stores minerals

Forms blood cells

Delicate serous membrane lining the pericardial cavity

Secretes watery fluid that keeps surfaces moist and reduces friction

Lined by pleura

Lined by peritoneum

Permits heart to change size and shape when beating

Contains the lungs

Contains the digestive glands and organs

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and last portion of the digestive tract

Subdivided into two major cavities

Subdivided into three major cavities

Subdivided into four major cavities

Subdivided into five major cavities

Two of the three subdivisions in the thoracic cavity

Lined by pleura

Contains the lungs

Contains the heart

Contains connective tissue and the pericardial cavity containing the heart

Contains connective tissue and the pericardial cavity containing the lungs

Contains muscle tissue and the pericardial cavity containing the heart

Contains muscle tissue and the pericardial cavity containing the lungs

One of the two portions of the abdominopelvic cavity

Contains many digestive glands and organs

Contains the peritoneal cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and last portion of the digestive tract

One of the two portions of the abdominopelvic cavity

Contains many digestive glands and organs

One of the three subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and last portion of the digestive tract

It is lined by a serous membrane called peritoneum

Some organs (e.g. kidneys lie posterior to the peritoneal membrane (this position is called retroperitoneal)

Some organ (e.g. urinary bladder) extend inferior to the peritoneal cavity (this position is called infraperitoneal)

It is lined by a serous membrane called the pericardium