The last step in the formation of the Grand Canyon was UPLIFT

Constructive forces build up land features, like beaches

Destructive forces break down features of the landscape, creating things like canyons

In a landscape, the oldest rock features will be at the bottom, lowest down in the profile

Any feature that cuts through rock layers (fault, other rock, etc) must be older than the layers that it cuts through

When a city does not have enough water to provide for all of its needs this is known as physical water scarcity

Agriculture uses the greatest volume of water, followed by human need, and industry uses the least

The independent variable is the one that you as the scientist change

The dependent variable is the one that you as the scientist change

Controlled variables are variables that you keep constant (the same) throughout your experiment so they do not have any affect on your results

Erosion is an example of a destructive force

Weathering is an example of a constructive force

Based on the maps we examined, the East Coast has a greater water supply than the West Coast

Layer R is newer/younger than Layers P, K, M, S, and X

Dams transfer water from where it is located to where it is needed most

Technology advances have helped us to better meet our water needs

Our water usage has generally increased over time

Water supply is the amount of water available for us to access

Desalination is the process of removing salt and other particles from water to create more fresh water for us to use

About 50% of the water on Earth is available as fresh water for us to use

Ground water is stored under the surface and is referred to as "aquifers"

Water is equally distributed across the state of California

Glaciers are a main "input" of water into the Colorado River

Albedo is how reflective a surface is

Surfaces with a HIGH albedo absorb a lot of solar energy

The level of albedo is dependent on color of the surface

Surfaces with a high albedo will get very hot in the Sun

A feedback loop has features that do NOT affect one another at all

A POSITIVE feedback loop amplifies/magnifies the effect

A NEGATIVE feedback loop amplifies/magnifies the effect

As temperatures warm, glaciers melt, this decreases albedo, which increases temperatures further... this is an example of a positive feedback loop

Temperatures must be below freezing at all times in order for glaciers to exist in an area

Enough snowfall is one of the main factors that contributes to an area having glaciers

The number of glaciers in Glacier National Park has remained the same for the last several decades

Glaciers completely melt and reform every year

Glaciers can partially melt and change in size with the seasons, but they do not completely melt every year

Milankovitch cycles are the main reason glaciers are melting now

Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas we focus on when looking at recent climate change

Carbon dioxide is the ONLY greenhouse gas, no other gases in the atmosphere are considered greenhouse gas

One of the main ways we learn about carbon dioxide level in the past is by studying ice core samples taken from glaciers

The only thing that can be learned from ice cores is the past level of carbon dioxide, they do not indicate anything else

Climate models can tell us about the past but not the future

Climate models are computer simulations that use past data to predict future outcomes

The carbon cycle contains both living and nonliving components, meaning carbon is found in both living and nonliving things

Carbon is in constant motion through the carbon cycle, it does not get stored for longer periods of time at any given part in the cycle

Current climate change is due to human factors only, not natural ones

Current climate change is due to natural factors only, not human ones

The current drastic rise in greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide are causing global temperatures to rise

Global climate change (warming) could lead to increased drought and also flooding

There are ways that we as humans can alter what we are doing to eliminate or lessen the increase in global temperatures and the associated implications

As our sun continues through its life cycle, it will _________ and turn into a _______________.

All stars begin their life in a

Our sun is a ____________ star.

Average size stars will turn into a _____ star next.

A massive star can end it's life as a ______ or ___________.

What is the name of the explosion at the death of a massive star?

What is the diagram called that shows the relationship between star size and temperatures?

Stars are classified by their brightness and temperature on the H-R diagram. How would you describe a white dwarf star, compared to most other stars?

Where does the sun fit on the H-R Diagram?

What property of a star will determine whether it ends as a white dwarf, a neutron star or a black hole?

Stars are classified by their brightness and temperature on the H-R diagram. How would you describe a supergiant, compared to most other stars?

The process by which stars create heavier elements from lighter ones is referred to as

Which of the following would NOT be useful information for helping to classify stars?

Stars are classified by their brightness and temperature on the H-R diagram.

Which statement is true based upon the H-R diagram?

What will the most massive stars become when they are no longer undergoing nuclear fusion?

Use the diagram below to answer the question.

How does the sun compare to other stars on the H-R diagram?

Objects moving towards us appear REDDER

The Big Bang Theory describes the origins of the Universe

The Nebular Model describes the origins of our solar system

The leading theory for how the Universe will end is that expansion will stop and it will collapse back in on itself, returning to the massive dense mass from which it started

A NEBULA is a cloud of gas and dust from which stars and planets can form

The farther away a galaxy is the more it is redshifted and the faster it is moving

Just like the universe is expanding, galaxies themselves are also expanding (growing bigger)

The two main pieces of evidence for the Big Bang are redshift and cosmic background radiation

There are 5 criteria that an object must meet to be considered a planet

Heavy bombardment is still occurring today

The Earth formed layers (especially a core) BEFORE the impact that created the moon

The moon formed AFTER heavy bombardment ended (hint: does it have craters?)

The age and frequency of craters on the moon shows us when heavy bombardment ended

Scientists know when the Earth cooled by looking at Chondrite samples

Scientists know when the solar system formed by looking at Chondrite samples

Scientists know that Mars, Earth and the moon all formed around the same time by studying rock samples from each

The heavy bombardment period brought rocks from other objects in space (Mars, chondrites, etc.) to Earth and that is how we have them to study

The moon has a core identical to Earth

The solar system began to form 13.8 billion years ago

In the Nebular Theory, a star forms first and the the planets begin to form after that