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AICE Psychology Baseline Exam

Total questions: 123

Worksheet time: 4hrs 50mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Independent Variable

a)

Variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter.

b)

Variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment.

2.

Dependent Variable

a)

Variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment.

b)

Variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter.

3.

What is replication?

a)

cloning the scientist who first did an experiment

b)

doing an experiment for the first time

c)

doing an experiment again and getting different results

d)

Doing an experiment again and getting the same results

4.

What is a target population?

a)

the whole group you want to study or describe

b)

the population that is practicing for the Hunger Games

c)

population inside the classroom

d)

part of the group you want to study or describe

5.

What is a sample in research?

a)

the whole target population

b)

a piece of food you get to try

c)

an educated guess

d)

only part of the target population

6.

What does it mean to generalize results?

a)

to let the General make decisions about the results

b)

to reinforce stereotypes

c)

to create a trope

d)

to apply findings based on a sample to a larger group

7.
Which answer lists two measures of the spread of data around the mean?
a)
mode and median
b)
standard deviation and range
c)
inferential statistics and descriptive statistics
d)
scattergrams and boxplots
8.
Which answer provides examples of participant variables?
a)
independent variables, dependent variables
b)
time of day, noise level, temperature, location
c)
prior experience, motivation, intelligence, educational background
d)
extraneous variables, confounding variables
9.
Which answer provides examples of situational variables?
a)
independent variables, dependent variables
b)
time of day, noise level, temperature, location
c)
prior experience, motivation, intelligence, educational background
d)
extraneous variables, confounding variables
10.

_____________ refers to the extent to which findings can be generalized from the experiment to other settings or situations.

a)

Internal validity

b)

Ecological validity

c)

Population validity

11.
What is a key factor about a Case Study?
a)
Subject to opinion
b)
Studies multiple people
c)
They can be replicated
d)
They can't be replicated
12.

In an experiment, it is useful to have a control group to

a)

help minimize the effects of volunteer bias

b)

to ensure that the target population is represented

c)

complete a stratified sample

d)

show the effect of the treatment and no other factors

13.

An operationalised variable is one that is

a)

uncontrollable

b)

predictable

c)

measurable

d)

correlational

14.

Two types of hypotheses are

a)

up and down

b)

left and right

c)

correlational

d)

directional and non-directional

15.

Using the same procedure for all participants is...

a)

randomisation

b)

counterbalancing

c)

blinding

d)

standardisation

16.

Matched pairs is a type of

a)

experimental design

b)

experimental control

c)

experimental method

d)

extraneous variable

17.

it can be difficult to get informed consent in a

a)

quasi experiment

b)

field experiment

c)

lab experiment

d)

controlled observation

18.

Which type of question is a statement inviting a respondent to select an option from strongly agree to disagree

a)

rating scale

b)

open question

c)

closed question

d)

Likert scale

19.

where 2 or more observers record behaviours in a consistent way

a)

inter-rater reliability

b)

mundane realism

c)

split-half reliability

d)

concurrent validity

20.

the way parpts are allocated to levels of the IV

a)

experimental design

b)

sample

c)

sampling technique

d)

research method

21.

the types of experimental design

a)

independent measures

b)

repeated measures

c)

matched pairs

d)

laboratory

e)

field

22.

an investigation looking for a cause-and-effect relationship

a)

observation

b)

experiment

c)

case study

d)

correlation

23.

the IV is the variable being manipulated

a)

true

b)

false

24.

the DV is the variable measured and is expected to cause change in the IV

a)

true

b)

false

25.

when testing the attention span of students in the morning vs the afternoon, whether the students ate or exercised are examples of...

a)

extraneous variables

b)

controls

c)

demand characteristics

d)

counterbalancing

26.

the absence of the experimental variable

a)

control condition

b)

extraneous variable

c)

order effects

d)

participant variable

27.

the levels of the IV being compared

a)

experimental condition

b)

control condition

c)

DV

d)

extraneous variables

28.

a different group of parpts is used for each level of the IV

a)

independent measures

b)

matched pairs

c)

repeated measures

d)

natural

29.

each parpt performs in every level of the IV

a)

independent measures

b)

repeated measures

c)

matched pairs

d)

practice effect

30.

parpts are arranged into pairs that are similar in ways that are important to the experiment

a)

independent measures

b)

repeated measures

c)

matched pairs

d)

counterbalancing

31.

these can cause parpts to try and change their behaviour based on their beliefs of what the outcome should be

a)

demand characteristics

b)

practice effects

c)

uncontrolled variables

d)

fatigue effects

32.

____________ of parpts to different conditions spreads possible differences between individuals across the levels of the IV

a)

random allocation

b)

standardization

c)

randomization

d)

separation

33.

order effects are

a)

ex: practice effect

b)

ex: fatigue effect

c)

consequences of participating in a study more than once

d)

switching the order of parpts

34.

fatigue effect is where parpt's performance improves from familiarity

a)

true

b)

false

35.

practice effect is where parpt's performance declines due to boredom

a)

true

b)

false

36.

(a)   experiments are conducted in artificial surroundings

37.

(a)   experiments are conducted in the natural environment for the partpts for the behavior investigated

38.

In (a)   experiments, the IV being measured would occur even in the absence of the experiment

39.

counterbalancing is used to overcome order effects in a repeated measures design

a)

true

b)

false

40.

keeping the procedure the same for each parpt to ensure any differences are due to the variables being investigated

a)

standardization

b)

randomization

c)

counterbalancing

d)

generalizing

41.

________ is the extent to which a procedure, task, or measure is consistent

VS

________ which is the extent to which the researcher is testing what they claim to be testing

a)

reliability, validity

b)

validity, reliability

c)

reliability, ecological validity

d)

validity, mundane realism

42.

This type of observation occurs in the real world where the environment is unstructured.

a)

Participant

b)

Structured

c)

Controlled

d)

Naturalistic

43.

What type of observation did Ainsworth use in the 'Strange Situation'?

a)

Overt

b)

Naturalistic

c)

Controlled

d)

Lab experiment

44.

Type of observation where the person does not know they are being observed.

a)

Natural

b)

Controlled

c)

Overt

d)

Covert

45.

Type of Observation when observer observes from a distance.

a)

Covert

b)

Controlled

c)

Participant

d)

Non-Participant

46.

Observation where person is aware of being observed.

a)

Overt

b)

Covert

c)

Participant

d)

Non-Participant

47.

Observation where observer joins the group being observed.

a)

Non-Participant

b)

Participant

c)

Covert

d)

Overt

48.

A strength of naturalistic observations is...

a)

High levels of control

b)

High level of ecological validity

c)

High level of demand characteristics

d)

Lots of people

49.

A limitation of observations is that they may suffer from...

a)

Inter-observer reliability

b)

Behavioural categories

c)

Observer Bias

d)

Operationalising

50.

In Structured observations, behaviours cannot be written down instantaneously therefore how is the data recorded in a systematic way?

a)

Sampling behaviours - event and time sampling

b)

random sampling

c)

Stratified sampling

d)

Systematic sampling

51.

Noting what an individual does every 5 minutes for 30 seconds is an example of...?

a)

Event Sampling

b)

Time Sampling

c)

Volunteer Sampling

d)

Random Sampling

52.

Which of the following is an example of an operationalised behaviour in a checklist on student behaviour in the library

a)

student chills out

b)

student gets moody

c)

student gets happy

d)

Student is making notes for 20 minutes

53.

Standard Deviation

a)

The square root of the average squared deviations from the mean of scores in a distribution; a measure of variability

b)

Referring to differences in data sets that are larger than chance variation would predict

c)

A distribution of scores in which scores are concentrated in the high end of the distribution

d)

A distribution of scores in which scores are concentrated in the low end of the distribution

54.

Inferential Statistics

a)

Statistical analysis of two or more sets of numerical data to reduce the possibility of error in measurement and to determine if the differences between the data sets are greater than chance variation would predict

b)

A number that represents the strength and direction of a relationship existing between two variables

c)

A distribution of scores in which scores are concentrated in the low end of the distribution

d)

A distribution of scores in which scores are concentrated in the high end of the distribution

55.

Statistically Significant

a)

Referring to differences in data sets that are larger than chance variation would predict

b)

A number that represents the strength and direction of a relationship existing between two variables

56.

Correlation Coefficient

a)

A number that represents the strength and direction of a relationship existing between two variables

b)

Referring to differences in data sets that are larger than chance variation would predict

57.

Positively Skewed

a)

A distribution of scores in which scores are concentrated in the low end of the distribution

b)

A distribution of scores in which scores are concentrated in the high end of the distribution

58.

Normal Distribution/Curve

a)

A special frequency polygon, shaped like a bell, in which the scores are symmetrically distributed around the mean, and the mean, median, and mode are all located on the same point on the curve with scores decreasing as the curve extends from the mean

b)

A distribution of scores in which scores are concentrated in the high end of the distribution

c)

A distribution of scores in which scores are concentrated in the low end of the distribution

59.

Outliers

a)

Extreme values in a set of data that may throw off the accuracy of the data set as a whole

b)

Referring to differences in data sets that are larger than chance variation would predict

c)

The square root of the average squared deviations from the mean of scores in a distribution; a measure of variability

d)

A number that represents the strength and direction of a relationship existing between two variables

60.

Scatterplot

a)
b)
c)
d)
61.

Outlier

a)
b)
c)
d)
62.

Normal Distribution / Normal Curve

a)
b)
c)
63.

Which ones are skewed?

a)
b)
c)
64.

To investigate whether the amygdala is sensitive to different levels of emotional intensity.

a)

Schachter & Singer Aim

b)

Baron- Cohen Hypothesis

c)

Canli Aim

d)

Dement & Kleitman Hypothesis

65.

Canli - Experimental Design

a)

Repeated Measures, Lab Experiment, Self reports and correlations

b)

Independent Measures, Field Experiment, randomly allocated

c)

Independent Measures, Laboratory and Surveys

d)

Matched pairs

66.

Canli's Experiment Weakness

a)

due to the disturbing images shown to the pps, it may cause permanent psychological damage to participants.

b)

Bad sample (all male, all students, approximately the same age)

c)

Small sample - not representativePossible ethnocentric bias

67.

To test, experimentally, 3 propositions regarding the interaction between physiological and cognitive factors in the experience of emotion

a)

Canli's Aim

b)

Bandura's Aim

c)

Schanter and Singer Aim

68.

Canli's Conclusion

a)

Increases EV, results more generalisable more representative of natural sleeping behavior.

b)

More representative of target population but more expensive and time consuming, sample method could be bias and unrepresentative.

c)

The amygdala is sensitive to individually experienced emotional intensity of visual stimuli

69.

Both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation are necessary for Cognitive Labeling according to this theory

a)

The stimulation and excitability theory

b)

The labeling Theory

c)

The Cognitive arousal theory

d)

The Two Factor Theory

70.

Intensity of emotional arousal to each of the 96 scenes presented to each participant

a)

Canli Experiment - IV

b)

Dement and Kleitman - DV

c)

Schanter - IV

d)

Dement and Kleitman IV

71.

The aim of this study was to see if the physiological aspects of REM sleep related to the participant's psychological experience of dreaming

a)

Canli

b)

Laney

c)

Dement and Kleitman

d)

Schanter

72.

To test 3 propositions regarding the interaction between physiological and cognitive factors in the experience of emotion. So basically they're testing the 2 factor theory.

a)

Canli

b)

Dement and Kleitman

c)

Schanter and Singer

73.

what kind of experiment is Schachter & Singer (The Cognitive, social and physiological determinants of emotional state) ?

a)

Field

b)

Laboratory

c)

Quasi-experiment

74.

The following is a hypothesis on Schachter & Singer Experiment

a)

emotive images will be remembered than those that have little emotional impact on an individual

b)

There is a significant positive correlation between the estimate of time spent dreaming and the measurement of REM sleep

c)

the amygdala is sensitive to varying degrees of emotional intensity to external stimuli and if the level of intenisty enhances memory for the stimuli

d)

If a person experiences a state of arousal for which they have no immediate explanation, they will label this state and describe their feelings in terms of the cognitions available to them at the time

75.

The following is a aim of the Canli Experiment

a)

emotive images will be remembered than those that have little emotional impact on an individual

b)

There is a significant positive correlation between the estimate of time spent dreaming and the measurement of REM sleep

c)

If a person experiences a state of arousal for which they have no immediate explanation, they will label this state and describe their feelings in terms of the cognitions available to them at the time

76.

There is a significant association between REM and reported dreaming. This is a hypothesis of which of the following experiments?

a)

Canli

b)

Schachter & Singer

c)

Saavedra

d)

Dement & Kleitman

77.

If a person experiences a state of arousal for which they have an appropriate explanation, then they will be unlikely to label their feelings in terms of the alternative cognitions available. This is a hypothesis of which of the following experiments?

a)

Canli

b)

Schachter & Singer

c)

Saavedra

d)

Dement & Kleitman

78.

If a person is put in a situation, which in the past could have made them feel an emotion, they will react emotionally or experience emotions only if they're in a sate of physiological arousal. This is a hypothesis of which of the following experiments?

a)

Canli

b)

Schachter & Singer

c)

Saavedra

d)

Dement & Kleitman

79.

The following is the measuring design for the Cali Experiment

a)

Independent Measure design

b)

Repeated measure design

c)

Matched pairs design

80.

The following were used for the Dement & Kleitman Experiment?

a)

Placebo Pills

b)

Epinephrine Shots and Stooges

c)

FMRI

d)

Sleep laboratory EEG machine Electrodes

81.

Participants of the Schachter & Singer Experiment

a)

10, right handed, healthy, female, volunteers

b)

184 male college students

c)

nine participants (7 male and 2 female)

d)

100 undergraduates females

82.

The following is one of the results of the Canli Experiment

a)

Participants who received adrenaline showed significantly more sympathetic arousal that the placebo subjects

b)

Misinformed pp's felt the happiest Ignorant pp's came in second

c)

Strong association between pattern of REMs and content of dreams:

d)

participants experiment of emotional intensity correlated well with average ratings of emotional valence

83.

The following is one of the results of the DEment & Kleitman Experiment

a)

Participants who received adrenaline showed significantly more sympathetic arousal that the placebo subjects

b)

Misinformed pp's felt the happiest Ignorant pp's came in second

c)

Strong association between pattern of REMs and content of dreams:

d)

participants experiment of emotional intensity correlated well with average ratings of emotional valence

84.

The following is one of the results of the Shachter & Singer Experiment

a)

Participants who received adrenaline showed significantly more sympathetic arousal that the placebo subjects

b)

Strong association between pattern of REMs and content of dreams:

c)

participants experiment of emotional intensity correlated well with average ratings of emotional valence

85.

The following is the IV of Canli Experiment

a)

Intensity of emotional arousal to each of the 96 scenes presnted to each participant

b)

Woken up during REM or NREM sleep Woken up after 5 or 15 minutes

c)

Dreams recalled

d)

The situation (euphoria or anger)

86.

The following is the IV of the Schachter & Singer Experiment

a)

Intensity of emotional arousal to each of the 96 scenes presnted to each participant

b)

Woken up during REM or NREM sleep Woken up after 5 or 15 minutes

c)

Dreams recalled

d)

The situation (euphoria or anger)

87.

The following is the IV of the Dement & Kleitman Experiment

a)

Intensity of emotional arousal to each of the 96 scenes presnted to each participant

b)

Woken up during REM or NREM sleep Woken up after 5 or 15 minutes

c)

Dreams recalled

d)

The situation (euphoria or anger)

88.

The following is the DV of the Dement & Kleitman Experiment

a)

Intensity of emotional arousal to each of the 96 scenes presnted to each participant

b)

Woken up during REM or NREM sleep Woken up after 5 or 15 minutes

c)

Dreams recalled

d)

The situation (euphoria or anger)

89.

The following is the IV of Schachter & Singer Experiment

a)

Intensity of emotional arousal to each of the 96 scenes presnted to each participant

b)

Woken up during REM or NREM sleep Woken up after 5 or 15 minutes

c)

Dreams recalled

d)

The situation (euphoria or anger)

90.

How were the participants gathered on Schachter & Singer Exp?

a)

They all took a psychology course and were offered extra credit

b)

They were volunteers from the Chicago Area

c)

They were graduated students self selected from the Stanford university

d)

They were all participating in other study in the same university

91.

The following is part of the procedures on Canli Experiment

a)

Waking the P's and asking them to speak immediately into a tape recorder about their dreams

b)

The stooge acted friendly and started to play with the items in the room

c)

96 scenes prohected overhead and mirrored to participants during scanning to allow them to see it while in the fMRI scanner

d)

Participants listen to a boring phone call after being in another experiment.

92.

The following is part of the procedures on Schanchter and Singer Experiment

a)

Waking the P's and asking them to speak immediately into a tape recorder about their dreams

b)

The stooge acted friendly and started to play with the items in the room

c)

96 scenes prohected overhead and mirrored to participants during scanning to allow them to see it while in the fMRI scanner

d)

Participants listen to a boring phone call after being in another experiment.

93.

The following is part of the procedures on Dement & Kleitman Experiment

a)

Waking the P's and asking them to speak immediately into a tape recorder about their dreams

b)

The stooge acted friendly and started to play with the items in the room

c)

96 scenes prohected overhead and mirrored to participants during scanning to allow them to see it while in the fMRI scanner

d)

Participants listen to a boring phone call after being in another experiment.

94.

The following is an evaluation of the Dement & Kleitman Experiment

a)

Small Sample - Not representative

b)

-sample only had right handed healthy females, results cannot be generalized to anyone else, reducing the validity

c)

The researchers injected adrenaline into the participants which represents an ethical issue

d)

Ethnocentric sample - not representative

95.

The following is an evaluation of the Canli Experiment

a)

Small Sample - Not representative

b)

-sample only had right handed healthy females, results cannot be generalized to anyone else, reducing the validity

c)

The researchers injected adrenaline into the participants which represents an ethical issue

d)

Ethnocentric sample - not representative

96.

The following is an evaluation of the Schachter and Singer Experiment

a)

Small Sample - Not representative

b)

-sample only had right handed healthy females, results cannot be generalized to anyone else, reducing the validity

c)

The researchers injected adrenaline into the participants which represents an ethical issue

97.

Large number of participants is an strengthen of which of the following Experiments

a)

Canli

b)

Andrade

c)

Dement and Kleitman

d)

Schachter & Singer

98.

It is most likely that REM sleep is the only time we dreamDreams progress over time rather than happen spontaneouslyThe pattern of the REMs was related to the visual imagery of the dream. This is a conclusion of which of the following Experiment

a)

Canli

b)

Andrade

c)

Dement and Kleitman

d)

Schachter & Singer

99.

the more emotionally intense and image is, the more likely it will be remembered. This is a conclusion of which of the following Experiment

a)

Canli

b)

Andrade

c)

Dement and Kleitman

d)

Schachter & Singer

100.

level of activation in the amygdala . This is a DV of which of the following Experiment

a)

Canli

b)

Andrade

c)

Dement and Kleitman

d)

Schachter & Singer

101.

Participants emotional state . This is a DV of which of the following Experiment

a)

Canli

b)

Andrade

c)

Dement and Kleitman

d)

Schachter & Singer

102.

The cognitive approach is concerned with studying:

a)

Internal mental processes

b)

Unconscious processes

c)

Social learning

d)

Observable behaviour

103.

Which of the following are studied by cognitive psychologists?

a)

Attention

b)

Memory

c)

Perception

d)

Thoughts

e)

Defence mechanisms

104.

Cognitive psychologists propose that behaviour can only be understood through understanding the thought processing that happens before it. The cause of behaviour can therefore be suggested by making i (a)   about cognitive processes.

105.

According to cognitive psychologists, the mind works like a (a)  

106.

(a)   are the mental representations of experience and understanding.

107.

Schemas are based on:

a)

Past experiences

b)

Future experiences

c)

An individual's biology

d)

An individual's family environment

108.

Our understanding and expectations of ourselves is an example of:

a)

A self schema

b)

An object schema

c)

An event schema

d)

A role schema

109.

Which of the following evaluative statements about schema are correct?

a)

Schema enable us to rapidly process vast amounts of information

b)

Schema ensure our memories are accurate

c)

Schema can distort our interpretation of sensory information

d)

Schema enables us to predict what may happen in our environment.

e)

Schema can lead us to becoming overwhelmed by environmental stimuli

110.

What models do cognitive psychologists use to make inferences about mental processes?

a)

The iceberg analogy model

b)

Theoretical models

c)

Computer models

d)

Human biology models

111.

Making (a)   means going beyond immediate evidence to make assumptions about mental processes that cannot be directly observed.

112.

Which statements are true about making inferences?

a)

It involves going beyond immediate evidence

b)

It only uses immediate evidence

c)

It involves making assumptions about observable behaviours

d)

It involves making assumptions about mental processes that cannot be observed

113.

(a)   Models refer to the use of flow charts and diagrams to represent and simplify the process of human thinking.

114.

The multi-store model of memory is an example of a (a)   model.

115.

Computer models demonstrate how the (a)   is similar to a computer.

116.

Computer models typically comprise of a three-stage process which reflects how both computers and the mind work. This involves input, (a)   , output.

117.

The cognitive approach's comparison of the human mind to a computer has been criticised for (a)   reductionism.

118.

______________ _____________ refers to the scientific study of how brain structures/processes are responsible for cognitive processes.

(a)  

119.

Cognitive neuroscience combines what?

a)

Cognitive and biological processes

b)

Cognitive and behaviourist processes

c)

Cognitive and psychodynamic processes

d)

Cognitive and social learning processes

e)

Cognitive and humanistic processes

120.

Which of the following methods would most likely be associated with cognitive neuroscience?

a)

Brain scanning techniques

b)

Interviews

c)

Observations

d)

Brain surgery

121.

Cognitive psychologists typically carry out laboratory-based experiments. This means the research is:

a)

Typically easy to replicate

b)

Typically high in mundane realism

c)

Typically high in ecological validity

d)

Typically low in mundane realism

e)

Typically low in ecological validity

122.

Making inferences can be criticised for being:

a)

Objective

b)

Subjective

123.

Cognitive neuroscience has:

a)

Increased the scientific status of psychology

b)

Enabled us to understand localisation of function in the brain

c)

Enabled us to understand how the brain responds to trauma

d)

Not yet led to any treatments that are of practical benefit

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