T3, T4, and calcitonin are

a. secreted by the thyroid gland.

b. secreted by the parathyroid glands.

c. secreted in response to declining plasma levels of calcium.

d. steroids.

Insulin and glucagon

a. are secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. b. elevate blood glucose levels.

c. are secreted in response to declining plasma levels of glucose.

d. are secreted by the pancreas to regulate blood glucose

The islets of Langerhans

a. are cells found in the adenohypophysis.

b. secrete insulin and glucagon.

c. secrete steroids.

d. secrete releasing hormones.

Steroids

a. are secreted by the adrenal medulla.

b. include the glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens.

c. stimulate the membranes of the target cells to produce the second chemical messenger, cAMP.

d. are secreted by the pancreas

The adrenal medulla

a. is controlled primarily by ACTH.

b. secretes steroids.

c. is associated with the fight-or-flight response.

d. secretes iodine-containing hormones

Iodine-containing hormones

a. include thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

b. are secreted by the hypothalamus as releasing hormones. c. are steroids.

d. regulate the metabolic rate

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

a. are secreted by the neurohypophysis.

b. are mineralocorticoids.

c. are secreted by the islets of Langerhans.

d. stimulate the kidney to excrete Na+ and water

Portal capillaries carry releasing hormones from the brain to the

a. neurohypophysis.

b. pancreas.

c. anterior pituitary gland.

d. posterior pituitary gland.

Which of the following is the response to low plasma levels of calcium?

a. Secretion of calcitonin

b. Secretion of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans

c. Inhibition of the adenohypophyseal release of ACTH

d. Secretion of PTH

What is the stimulus for the release of insulin?

a. Low plasma levels of calcium

b. High plasma levels of potassium

c. High plasma levels of glucose

d. Low blood volume

The adenohypophysis

a. secretes ADH and oxytocin.

b. refers to the anterior pituitary gland.

c. secretes releasing hormones.

d. secretes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens

Which gland secretes TSH, ACTH, and growth hormone?

a. Neurohypophysis

b. Pancreas

c. Adrenal medulla

d. Anterior pituitary gland

The adrenal cortex

a. is the target gland of ACTH.

b. secretes catecholamines.

c. is an extension of the sympathetic nervous system.

d. secretes ADH and oxytocin

Which gland is associated with “sugar, salt, and sex”?

a. Adrenal cortex

b. Pancreas

c. Parathyroid gland

d. Neurohypophysis

Which of the following is least associated with the adrenal medulla?

a. Catecholamines

b. Epinephrine and norepinephrine

c. Fight-or-flight response

d. Sugar, salt, and sex

Catecholamines

a. include cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone.

b. are secreted by the adrenal cortex.

c. lower plasma glucose levels.

d. include epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

a. is called a goiter.

b. causes Addisonian crisis.

c. makes a person appear cushingoid.

d. causes hypocalcemic tetany.

“Sugar, salt, and sex” is descriptive of

a. ACTH, TSH, and somatotropic hormone.

b. cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone.

c. epinephrine, norepinephrine, and estrogen.

d. insulin, glucagon, and cortisol.

Insulin, cortisol, thyroxine, and oxytocin

a. are hypothalamic-releasing hormones.

b. are secreted by the adenohypophysis.

c. increase blood glucose levels.

d. are hormones.

Lactogenic hormone

a. is also called oxytocin.

b. is a gonadotropin.

c. stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk.

d. exerts its greatest effect on the gonads.

Which of the following is not controlled by a hypothalamic-releasing hormone?

a. ACTH

b. ADH

c. Growth hormone

d. Prolactin

Growth hormone

a. is secreted by the adenohypophysis.

b. stimulates growth of the musculoskeletal system.

c. is also called somatotropic hormone.

d. All of the above are true.

Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

a. are feminizing hormones.

b. induce virilization.

c. are secreted by the gonads.

d. are secreted by the adenohypophysis

Testosterone is best described as

a. virilizing.

b. lactogenic.

c. adenohypophyseal.

d. pancreatic.

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

a. are both secreted by the parathyroid glands.

b. increase plasma levels of calcium.

c. decrease plasma levels of calcium.

d. control plasma levels of calcium

Which of the following structures connects the hypothalamus and the adenohypophysis?

a. Islets of Langerhans

b. Portal capillaries

c. Corpus callosum

d. Medulla oblongata

Which of the following hormones are found within the hypophyseal-hypothalamic portal capillaries?

a. Gonadotropins

b. Releasing hormones

c. Catecholamines

d. Mineralocorticoids

A deficiency of insulin causes

a. hypocalcemia.

b. hyperglycemia.

c. Cushing’s syndrome.

d. adrenal shock.

Oxytocin

a. is a neurohypophyseal hormone that stimulates the uterine muscle to contract, thereby assisting in labor.

b. is a gonadotropin.

c. stimulates the kidney to reabsorb Na+ and water, thereby expanding blood volume.

d. is a mineralocorticoid

Which of the following is most descriptive of cAMP?

a. Second chemical messenger

b. Catecholamine that contributes to the fight-or-flight response

c. Steroid

d. Releasing hormone

TSH

a. stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin.

b. is secreted by the neurohypophysis.

c. stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete TRH, thyrotropin-releasing hormone.

d. is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

The only hormone that lowers blood glucose levels is

a. glucagon.

b. insulin.

c. epinephrine.

d. cortisol.

PTH

a. lowers plasma calcium.

b. stimulates osteoclastic activity.

c. is an iodine-containing hormone.

d. stimulates osteoblastic activity and causes blood calcium levels to increase.

Insulin

a. is secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.

b. is secreted by the liver.

c. raises blood glucose levels.

d. is released by the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels

ACTH stimulates the

a. hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).

b. adenohypophysis to secrete cortisol.

c. adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol.

d. adrenal medulla to secrete glucagon.

The secretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland suppresses further secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary gland. What is this interaction called?

a. Cerebral lateralization

b. Circadian rhythm

c. Cellular differentiation

d. Negative feedback control

Which of the following steroids is an androgen?

a. Progesterone

b. Testosterone

c. Estrogen

d. Aldosterone

Which of the following is a function of parathyroid hormone?

a. It causes the excretion of calcium in the urine.

b. It stimulates osteoblastic activity to form bone.

c. It stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin.

d. It increases plasma levels of calcium.

Cretinism, myxedema, and Graves’ disease are all

a. thyroid hormone deficiency diseases.

b. thyroid hormone disorders caused by oversecretion of thyroxine.

c. calcium imbalances due primarily to the lack of calcitonin. d. disorders of thyroid gland function.

Hypocalcemic tetany

a. causes a flaccid paralysis.

b. resembles neuromuscular blockade by curare.

c. may be caused by a deficiency of PTH.

d. is caused by a deficiency of insulin

The neurohypophysis

a. is the anterior pituitary gland.

b. secretes ACTH, TSH, and the gonadotropins.

c. secretes the releasing hormones.

d. is the posterior pituitary gland.

What is the most likely effect of a deficiency of aldosterone?

a. High blood pressure

b. Low level of potassium in the blood

c. Low blood volume and hypotension

d. Goiter formation

Which gland secretes melatonin and is concerned with our biological rhythms?

a. Pancreas

b. Adenohypophysis

c. Pineal gland

d. Adrenal gland

The person with _____ is most likely to receive insulin therapy.

a. myxedema

b. Graves’ disease

c. diabetes insipidus

d. hyperglycemia

The hypersecretion of which hormone is least likely to cause hyperglycemia?

a. Cortisol

b. Growth hormone

c. Insulin

d. Epinephrine (adrenalin)

Which of the following is most likely to cause the secretion of calcitonin?

a. Hypocalcemia

b. Hyperglycemia

c. Dehydration

d. Elevated plasma calcium level

Ketoacidosis is most related to

a. adrenocortical insufficiency.

b. Cushing’s syndrome.

c. excess fatty acid catabolism.

d. hyperglycemia

Which of the following is characterized by excess urine production resulting in low blood volume?

a. Cushing syndrome

b. Tetany

c. Diabetes insipidus

d. Oversecretion of ACTH

Bronzing

a. always accompanies hyperglycemia.

b. is the most prominent symptom of Cushing syndrome.

c. is characteristic of chronic adrenal cortical insufficiency (Addison’s disease).

d. is a consequence of ADH insufficiency.

Insulin

a. stimulates the formation of glycogen.

b. increases the transport of glucose into a cell.

c. stimulates the synthesis of proteins and fats.

d. All of the above are true.

Obesity

a. antagonizes insulin.

b. elevates blood glucose levels. c. increases blood pressure.

d. All of the above are true.

Excess secretion of epinephrine

a. relieves anxiety.

b. stimulates the synthesis of glycogen.

c. elevates blood glucose levels.

d. slows heart rate and lowers blood pressure

A benign tumor of the adrenal medulla

a. causes life-threatening low blood pressure.

b. is called a pheochromocytoma.

c. causes Addison’s disease.

d. causes excess secretion of cortisol

Which of the following is most responsive to treatment with thyroxine?

a. Diabetes mellitus

b. Hyperglycemia

c. Myxedema

d. Graves’ disease

Which gland secretes two hormones, one that elevates blood glucose levels and another that decreases blood glucose levels?

a. Pancreas

b. Adenohypophysis

c. Thyroid

d. Adrenal cortex

Iodine, colloid, and goiter refer to which gland?

a. Pancreas

b. Parathyroid

c. Thyroid

d. Neurohypophysis

Excessive eating despite plenty of glucose in the blood is called

a. acidosis

b. polyuria

c. polydipsia

d. polyphagia

Which group is incorrect?

a. Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland: ACTH, prolactin, TSH, growth hormone

b. Hormones of the posterior pituitary gland: ADH, oxytocin c. Steroids: cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, epinephrine d. Secretions of the gonads: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

Which group is incorrect?

a. Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland: ACTH, prolactin, TSH, oxytocin

b. Steroids: cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone

c. Secretions of the gonads: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

d. Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland: T3, T4, calcitonin

Which of the following is true of the hypothalamus?

a. Secretes releasing hormones into the portal capillaries

b. Composed of glandular tissue

c. Called the adenohypophysis

d. Connected to the neurohypophysis by the portal capillaries

The anterior pituitary gland

a. is called the neurohypophysis.

b. releases ADH and oxytocin.

c. secretes releasing hormones.

d. is connected to the hypothalamus by the portal capillaries

ACTH, TSH, and gonadotropins are

a. hypothalamic-releasing hormones.

b. secreted by the neurohypophysis.

c. “aimed at” the adrenal cortex.

d. tropic hormones.

The adrenal medulla

a. is an extension of the “feed-and-breed” division of the autonomic nervous system.

b. secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.

c. secretes steroids.

d. causes Cushing syndrome when it is overactive.

Aldosterone

a. is a mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex.

b. functions in the regulation of blood glucose levels.

c. stimulates the kidney to excrete sodium and reabsorb potassium.

d. All of the above are true.

The pancreas

a. secretes steroids that are concerned with sugar, salt, and sex.

b. is controlled by the adenohypophysis.

c. secretes hormones that affect blood glucose levels.

d. secretes iodine-containing hormones that regulate the basal metabolic rate

Which of the following best describes the function of insulin?

a. Lowers blood glucose levels

b. Stimulates cells to make glucose (gluconeogenesis)

c. Deficiency causes diabetes insipidus

d. Decreases blood volume

As plasma levels of calcium decrease

a. insulin is secreted.

b. the parathyroid glands secrete an osteoclastic hormone. c. the kidneys excrete calcium and phosphorus.

d. calcitonin is secreted.

Hypocalcemic tetany

a. is a consequence of a deficiency of calcitonin.

b. is caused by a lack of TSH.

c. is caused by osteoclastic activity.

d. develops in response to a deficiency of parathyroid activity

T3 and T4

a. stimulate the adenohypophysis to secrete TSH.

b. regulate the basal metabolic rate (BMR).

\c. stimulate osteoclastic activity, thereby elevating plasma calcium levels.

d. All of the above are true.

Which of the following suppress(es) the secretion of ACTH?

a. Elevated blood glucose levels

b. Dietary iodine

c. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

d. Elevated plasma cortisol levels

Glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol, and epinephrine

a. are all secreted by the adrenal gland.

b. expand blood volume.

c. raise blood glucose levels.

d. stimulate osteoclastic activity

Which of the following is descriptive of prolactin?

a. Secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

b. Also called lactogenic hormone

c. Causes the milk let-down reflex

d. Stimulates the neurohypophysis to synthesize oxytocin

Which of the following are concerned with “sugar, salt, and sex”?

a. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and adrenaline

b. Glucagon, insulin, and thymosin

c. ICSH, FSH, and LH

d. Glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgen

A deficiency of dietary iodine

a. lowers plasma calcium levels.

b. causes low blood volume and shock.

c. decreases the synthesis of calcitonin.

d. causes a goiter.

Which of the following is not a function of insulin?

a. Lowering blood glucose levels

b. Promoting protein synthesis

c. Simulating hepatic gluconeogenesis

d. Promoting fatty acid synthesis

A deficiency of ADH most likely

a. elevates blood glucose levels.

b. causes diabetes mellitus.

c. induces polyuria.

d. expands blood volume.

Hyperglycemia

a. is caused by excess insulin.

b. causes glucosuria and polyuria.

c. causes hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia.

d. is characteristic of adrenal insufficiency.

Cushing syndrome

a. may be caused by steroid (prednisone) therapy.

b. is caused by adrenal insufficiency.

c. is characterized by hypoglycemia and low blood volume.

d. is treated with growth hormone

Abrupt, sudden withdrawal of prednisone (cortisol) is most likely to cause

a. Cushing syndrome.

b. hypocalcemic tetany.

c. diabetes insipidus.

d. acute adrenal insufficiency

Virilization is characterized by

a. excess facial hair.

b. buffalo hump.

c. truncal obesity.

d. gonadal atrophy

Which of the following is not under the direct control of the pituitary gland?

a. Adrenal cortical secretion of glucocorticoid

b. Parathyroid secretion of PTH

c. Thyroid gland secretion of T3 and T4

d. Ovarian secretion of estrogen and progesterone

The secretion of this gland enhances a sympathetic response.

a. Adrenal medulla

b. Pancreas

c. Adrenal cortex

d. Parathyroid

Which of the following hormones exerts negative feedback control on the secretion of ACTH?

a. PTH

b. Glucagon

c. Cortisol

d. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone

Which of the following is descriptive of the adrenal cortex?

a. It is the target gland of ACTH.

b. It secretes catecholamines.

c. It secretes hormones that lower blood glucose

d. It secretes iodine-containing hormones

The bones, kidneys, and intestine are target organs of this calcium-regulator hormone.

a. T3 and T4

b. PTH

c. ACTH

d. Oxytocin

This hormone stimulates osteoclastic activity, causing bone resorption.

a. Calcitonin

b. Androgen

c. PTH

d. Thyroxine

What do the following hormones have in common: growth hormone, cortisol, and epinephrine? All

a. are secreted by the adrenal glands.

b. raise blood glucose.

c. suppress gluconeogenesis.

d. are steroids.

Why is the posterior pituitary gland called the neurohypophysis?

a. The posterior pituitary gland is an extension of the hypothalamus.

b. The neurohypophysis secretes releasing hormones.

c. The posterior pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate adenohypophyseal function.

d. The posterior pituitary gland secretes releasing hormones.

Which of the following is true of both prolactin and oxytocin? Both

a. are concerned with lactation.

b. are secreted by the adenohypophysis.

c. stimulate the mammary glands to make milk.

d. are concerned only with lactation

Which of the following is the most important effect of somatotropic hormone?

a. Promotion of the urinary excretion of calcium

b. Growth of the musculoskeletal system

c. Regulation of sodium and water balance

d. Initiates and sustains labor to terminate pregnancy

What two effects does PTH exert on the kidneys?

a. Blocks sodium reabsorption and increases the excretion of water

b. Increases calcium reabsorption and increases the excretion of phosphate in the urine

c. Decreases the reabsorption of both calcium and phosphate

d. Increases the excretion of H+ and the excretion of bicarbonate

Which of the following posterior pituitary hormones causes the kidney to decrease its excretion of urine?

a. ADH

b. ACTH

c. Aldosterone

d. Oxytocin

This adrenal cortical mineralocorticoid helps regulate salt and water balance.

a. Aldosterone

b. Glucagon

c. Cortisol

d. ADH

Thyroxine

a. is TSH.

b. is T4.

c. exerts negative feedback control on the secretion of T3.

d. lowers basal metabolic rate.

Myxedema, Graves’ disease, and cretinism are

a. hypothyroid disorders.

b. due to a deficiency of TSH.

c. disorders of the thyroid gland.

d. best treated with T3 and/or T4.

What is the most critical need for the child with newly diagnosed cretinism?

a. Thyroidectomy

b. Administration of a radioactive cocktail of 131I (radioactive iodine)

c. Replacement dose of thyroid hormones

d. Replacement dose of calcitonin

A patient has been receiving a large dose of prednisone for the relief of arthritic pain for 6 months. He suddenly stops taking his medication. What is the most serious concern?

a. His arthritic pain will recur.

b. He will develop an acute adrenal insufficiency.

c. He will continue to exhibit symptoms of Cushing syndrome.

d. He will develop a moon face and buffalo hump.

Cushing syndrome and Addison’s disease are

a. forms of chronic adrenal cortical hypofunction.

b. forms of chronic adrenal cortical hypersecretion.

c. treated with replacement doses of cortisol (i.e., prednisone).

d. disorders of the adrenal cortex.

Excess insulin is most apt to cause

a. ketosis.

b. hypoglycemia.

c. hypertension.

d. diuresis.

The beta cells of the islets of Langerhans

a. are the hormone-secreting cells of the adrenal cortex.

b. are insulin-secreting pancreatic cells.

c. secrete releasing hormones.

d. secrete steroids.

Iodine is

a. used by the adenohypophysis to synthesize TSH.

b. necessary for the synthesis of calcitonin by the thyroid gland.

c. necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones.

d. necessary for the synthesis of both PTH and calcitonin.

A hormone that suppresses gluconeogenesis

a. increases the renal excretion of sodium and water.

b. prevents hyperglycemia.

c. causes diuresis.

d. causes hypocalcemia

Glucagon

a. is secreted in response to a decrease in blood glucose.

b. regulates sodium and water balance.

c. is a steroid.

d. is a glucocorticoid.

Which of the following is least characteristic of the function of insulin?

a. Increases glucose transport (into the cell)

b. Suppresses gluconeogenesis

c. Lowers blood glucose

d. Increases the generation of ketone bodies

Identify the glands associated with these hormones: gonadotropins, aldosterone, and epinephrine.

a. Adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis, pancreas

b. Adenohypophysis, anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex

c. Adenohypophysis, posterior pituitary, adrenal medulla

d. Anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla

Hyperglycemia, glucosuria, polyuria, and acidosis are

a. most apt to be caused by a deficiency of insulin.

b. characteristic of diabetes insipidus.

c. the consequences of a hormone-secreting tumor of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.

d. indicative of a deficiency of ADH

Ketosis and acidosis are

a. most apt to be caused by an excess of insulin.

b. characteristic of diabetes insipidus.

c. best treated with ADH.

d. indicative of a rapid and incomplete metabolism of fatty acids.

Identify the hormones that are secreted by these glands: adrenal cortex, pancreas, and adenohypophysis.

a. ADH, aldosterone, glucagon

b. Epinephrine, insulin, ACTH

c. Androgen, glucagon, ADH

d. Cortisol, insulin, growth hormone

Identify the glands that secrete these hormones: glucagon, PTH, and TSH.

a. Neurohypophysis, pancreas, ovary

b. Adrenal cortex, pancreas, neurohypophysis

c. Pancreas, parathyroid, anterior pituitary

d. Testes, thymus, adenohypophysis

The “melting of flesh into urine,” an old-timey name, is most descriptive of untreated

a. diabetes mellitus.

b. Addison’s disease.

c. diabetes insipidus.

d. Cushing syndrome.

This cone-shaped gland is located in the head and is called the “biological clock.”

a. Posterior pituitary

b. Hypothalamus

c. Pineal

d. Thymus

Epinephrine (adrenaline) increases blood glucose by

a. increasing transport of glucose into the cell.

b. stimulating gluconeogenesis.

c. stimulating the hepatic conversion of glycogen into glucose.

d. converting fatty acids into glucose."