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Physio Final Retake 1 2022

Total questions: 65

Worksheet time: 33mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Which of the following is correctly paired

a)

TEMPORAL ? summation: summation of post synaptic potentials originating simultaneously from the same presynaptic inputs

b)

glutamate: primary inhibitory transmitter in CNS

c)

divergence: signals from multiple inputs to excite a single neuron

d)

acidosis: greatly increases neuronal excitability

e)

electrical synapses: one way conduction

2.

which of the following is characterised by the highest number of synapses in their reflex arcs?

a)

inverse stretch reflex

b)

dynamic stretch reflex

c)

static stretch reflex

d)

flexor withdrawal reflex

e)

all listed reflexes have the same number of synapses in their arches

3.

Depolarization of hair cells found in semicircular canals in response to their stimulation...

a)

increased influx of sodium ions

b)

reduced influx of sodium ions

c)

increased influx of chloride ions

d)

increased influx of potassium ions

e)

reduced efflux of potassium ions

4.

highest volume of blood is normally found in

a)

systemic arteries

b)

systemic capillaries

c)

pulmonary ...

d)

heart chambers

e)

systemic veins

5.

local regulation of circulation is least important in

a)

brain

b)

skin

c)

coronary circulation

d)

kidney

e)

skeletal muscle

6.

which of the following concerning pulmonary circulation is FALSE?

a)

(pulmonary) arteries are characterized by high compliance

b)

arterial blood pressure is approx 25 mmHg

c)

reduced partial pressure of oxygen induces vasoconstriction

d)

...ce the distance between the heart and apex or base of the lumgs is just - 15cm, gravity does not effect blood flow

e)

.... important effect on blood flow

7.

which of the following has the highest conduction velocity

a)

aa fibers

b)

ab fibers

c)

ay fibers

d)

b fibers

e)

c fibers

8.

skeletal muscle tension can be increased by:

a)

A..ed decrease in cytosolic Ca+ permitting greater cross-bridge cycling

b)

B...ng the interval between successive action potentials sent by motorneurons a

c)

C...ng the activity of acetylcholine esterase

d)

D...ng the sarcomere length beyond 2.2 micrometers

e)

E A and D

9.

otolith organs (utricle and saccule) are responsible for which of the following?

a)

the vestibulo-ocular reflex

b)

producing rotary nystagmus

c)

detecting position of the head in space

d)

detecting angular acceleration

e)

.... stretch reflex

10.

unable to hear high-frequency sounds, damage to the basilar membrane is ... the following structures?

a)

subthalamic nucleus

b)

oval window

c)

spiral ganglion

d)

ciliary bodies

11.

which of the following in SNS stimulation?

a)

constriction of bronchioles via B2 receptors

b)

stimulation of _

c)

decrease in heart rate via b2 receptors

d)

lipolysis

e)

adjusting the eye for near vision

12.

which of the following is correctly paired?

a)

myopia: focal point is behind the retina

b)

hyperopia: focal point is in front of the retina

c)

astigmatism: the curvature of the lens is uniform

d)

emmetropia: distant objects are focused on retina without accomodation

e)

none of the above

13.

the initial phase of slow depolarization of the pacemaker potential in autorhythmic cells is caused by:

a)

A Ca2+ entry through a long-lasting voltage gated channels

b)

B Ca2+ entry through a transient voltage gated channels

c)

C K+ entry through voltage-gated channels

d)

D Na+ entry through a voltage-gated channels (I channels)

e)

E. B and D

14.

stimulation of sympathetic nerves to the heart causes:

a)

a decrease in the cytosolic concentration of Ca2+ during systole

b)

an increase in the activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump

c)

a decrease in heart rate

d)

an increase in the duration of diastole

e)

an increase in the duration of systole

15.

which of the following is the shortest event of the ECG?

a)

RR interval

b)

PR interval

c)

ST interval

d)

QRS complex

e)

QT interval

16.

ECG PR interval

a)

ventricular action potential

b)

ventricular depolarization

c)

plateau portion of the ventricular action potential

d)

ventricular repolarization

e)

none of the above

17.

what would be the change in blood flow to a tissue if the radius of the arterioles in that tissue is doubled and perfusion pressure is halved?

a)

increased x 16

b)

increased x 8

c)

increased x 4

d)

decreased x 4

e)

decreased x 16

18.

which of the following statements about cerebral blood flow is the most accurate?

a)

cerebral capillary walls contain fenestrations

b)

elevated intercranial pressure results in an increase in systemic blood pressure - cushings phenomenon

c)

brain tissue and spinal fluid are highly compressible

d)

sympathetic nervous system is the main regulator of the cerebral blood flow

e)

all of the above

19.

intrapleural pressure is always negative because

a)

intrapullmonary pressure is always negative

b)

chest wall and lungs recoil in opposite directions at functional residual capacity

c)

surfactant prevents lung collapse

d)

thoracic cavity is smaller than upstretched lungs

e)

pressure drop occurs because the pleural cavity is filled with air

20.

the most abundant anion in ECF is

a)

phosphate

b)

chloride

c)

bicarbonate

d)

protein anions

e)

sodium

21.

which of the folllowing potentials is characterized by the highest amplitude?

a)

motor end-plate potential

b)

inhibitory post-synaptic potential

c)

excitatory post-synaptic potential

d)

late slow excitatory postsynaptic potential

e)

_potential

22.

which of the following is not a function of plasma proteins?

a)

transporting water-insoluble substances in the blood

b)

playing an important role in blood clotting

c)

facilitating retention of fluid in the blood vessels

d)

transporting o2 in the blood

e)

serving as antibodies

23.

the major stimulator of parathyroid hormone release is:

a)

calcitonin

b)

1.25 dihydorxycholecalciferol

c)

a fall in plasmsa phosphate concentration

d)

a fall in plasma ionized calcium concentration

e)

25-hydroxycholecalciferol

24.

BMI is calculated as

a)

weight kg / body surface area

b)

weight kg/ height in meters

c)

weight kg/ height meters squared

d)

circumference of the waist to hips

e)

cirumference of hips to waist

25.

which of the following structures is most likely to be a thermoreceptor?

a)

GTO

b)

pacinian corpuscle

c)

meissners corpuscle

d)

free nerve ending

e)

none of the above

26.

went swimming and got water in ear. shook head in direction of shoulder. activated receptor cells in?

a)

ampulla of the superior semicircular canal

b)

ampulla of the posterior semicircular canal

c)

ampulla of the horizontal semicircular canal

d)

the saccule

e)

the utricle

27.

which of the following is the most important vasoconstrictor in cutaneous circulation?

a)

A decreased o2

b)

B increased norepinephrine

c)

C decreased co2

d)

b and c

e)

all are equally important

28.

Which of the following structures contains neurons generating breathing rhythm (pacemaker activity)?

a)

VRG neurons

b)

DRG neurons

c)

pre-botzinger complex neurons

d)

neurons from SA node

e)

neurons from AV node

29.

which of the following is an intracellular iron-storage protein present, e.g in liver?

a)

A apotransferrin

b)

B transferrin

c)

C hemoglobin

d)

D ferritin

e)

A and B

30.

which of the following ions is the major determinant of plasma ECF osmolarity?

a)

K+

b)

Ca2+

c)

Na+

d)

Po43-

e)

H+

31.

which of the following hormones is/are released by adrenal medulla?

a)

A cortisol

b)

B aldosterone

c)

C renin

d)

A and B

e)

none of the above

32.

which of the following structures produce digestive enzymes decomposing triacylglycerol?

a)

A a cells of pancreas

b)

B b cells of pancreas

c)

C sublingual and salivary glands

d)

D gallbladder

e)

E A and D

33.

skeletal muscle metabolism. which has the greatest net yield of ATP?

a)

A the phosphagen system ( 1 mole of creatine phosphate)

b)

B glucose that goes through glycolysis ( 1 mole of glucose)

c)

C glucose that goes through oxidative processes (1 mole of glucose)

d)

D palmitic acid that goes through oxidative processes ( 1 mole of palmitic acid)

e)

E C and D provide almost identical amount of ATP

34.

important permissive effects in the cardiovascular system are induced by

a)

aldosterone

b)

thyroid hormone

c)

atrial natiuretic peptide

d)

growth hormone

e)

vasopressin

35.

Which of the following will delay synaptic transmission?

a)

A saturation of receptors at post synaptic element

b)

B upregulation of the number of receptors at postsynaptic element

c)

C increased permeability of presynaptic membrane to Ca2+

d)

D activation of voltage-gated Na+ channels at presynaptic element

e)

E A and C

36.

Which statement regarding the determination of blood pressure by the s_ method is true

a)

korotkoff sounds are heard when the cuff pressure is higher than the pressure in the brachial artery

b)

korotkoff sounds are heard when laminar blood flow changes into turbulent flow

c)

the moment when koroktoff sound disappears is used as the systolic pressure

d)

the moment when the first koroktoff sound appears is used as the diastolic pressure

e)

the last korotkoff sound is heard when laminar blood flow changes into turbulent blood flow

37.

which of the following is not true about carotid sinus and aortic arch baroreceptor?

a)

they are sensitive to reduced pulse pressure and reduced mean pressure

b)

they never adapt to a constant blood pressure

c)

upon activation, action potentials from baroreceptors are transmitted through cranial nerves IX and X

d)

baroreceptor reflex modulates the activity of SNS and PNS that innervate the heart, veins and arteries

e)

baroreceptors are stimulated by distention of the structures in which they are located

38.

cerebral blood flow is not controlled by changes in

a)

H+ concentration in the blood

b)

Co2 pressure in the blood

c)

NO produced by brain vascular endothelial cells

d)

adenosine within the brain tissue

e)

none of the above

39.

the highest amount of CO, will be bind to the hemoglobin when oxygen saturation is equal to:

a)

O%

b)

25%

c)

50%

d)

70%

e)

100%

40.

which of the following is TRUE?

a)

oxygen solubility in the serum is higher than carbon dioxide solubility

b)

at the lungs level, chloride enters the erythrocytes (chloride shift) hence arterial blood has higher hematocrit than venous blood

c)

at the tissue level, Co2 that diffused to blood is transported only as physically dissolved in the serum

d)

carbonic anhydrase activity in serum is low but high in erythrocyte

e)

oxyhemoglobin strongly buffers H+ that were produced in reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase

41.

ABO blood system agglutinins that are produced in response to blood type mismatch between mother and fetus, are immunoglobulins of class

a)

M

b)

G

c)

A

d)

D

e)

E

42.

secretion of which of the following hormones diminishes during sleep compared to daytime?

a)

growth hormone

b)

melatonin

c)

thyroid hormones

d)

prolactin

e)

insulin

43.

Choose and INCORRECT statement regarding muscle physiology:

a)

elevated calcium level in the cytosol is necessary for both smooth and skeletal muscle contraction

b)

twitch summation increases the force of skeletal muscle contraction

c)

multi-unit smooth muscles are well innervated by somatic nervous system

d)

one skeletal muscle fiber is innervated by one motor neuron

e)

all the answers are correct

44.

reduced activity of sodium-iodide symporter in thyroid follicular cells can result from;

a)

elevated plasma TSH concentration

b)

ingestion of a large amount of iodine

c)

deficiency in free T3 in the blood

d)

reduced albumin concentration in th_

e)

all of the above

45.

insufficiency of hormones secreted from zona fasciculata of adrenal glands would result in

a)

loss of skin collagen and connective tissue

b)

osteoporosis

c)

weigth gain

d)

low blood pressure

e)

hyperglycemia

46.

which of the following is not activated by trypsin in the duodenum?

a)

procolipase

b)

pepsinogen

c)

trypsinogen

d)

oligomotrypsinogen

e)

procarboxypeptidase

47.

elevated free t3 level will not evoke an increase in

a)

gastrointestinal tract motility

b)

axon myelination

c)

plasma cholesterol level

d)

pulse pressure

e)

cellular mitochondria number

48.

which of the following best describes the type of reflex (1) and the sensory receptor (2) for the flexor withdrawal reflex

a)

disynaptic

paccinian corpuscle

b)

disynaptic

muscle spindle

c)

polysnaptic

GTO

d)

polysnaptic

muscle spindle

e)

polysynaptic

nociceptor

49.

which of the following hormones is responsible for the increase in body temperature in the luteal phase?

a)

A estriol

b)

B estrone

c)

C progesterone

d)

D testosterone

e)

E A and B

50.

Which of the following is the most limiting factor in improving physical fitness?

a)

limited ability to use oxygen delivered to the muslces

b)

limited ability to increase CO

c)

limited ability to convert glucose to ATP

d)

limited ability to increase pulmonary ventilation

e)

limited ability to lactate removal

51.

choose the correct statement

a)

meals rich in protein decrease dietary thermogenesis

b)

proteins are major source of energy for working skeletal muscles

c)

lactate threshold is much higher for trained athletes than untrained

d)

high carbohydrate diets improve glycogen stores recovery after exercise

e)

you cannot further increase the intensity of excerize after reaching vo2 max

52.

which of the following physiological responses to acute exercise do not normally occur?

a)

decreased blood flow to intestines

b)

increased minute ventilation

c)

increased CO

d)

decreased sympathetic stimulation

e)

none of the above

53.

which of the following is the least significant in GFR regulation

a)

sympathetic nervous system

b)

parasympathetic nervous system

c)

kidney stone

d)

plasma protein level

e)

net filtration pressure

54.

acute metabolic alkalosis tends to __ K+ secretion by the cortical collecting tubules and __ plasma K+ concentration

a)

decrease

decrease

b)

decrease

increase

c)

increase

decrease

d)

no change

increase

e)

increase

increase

55.

pneumothorax leads to __ in lung volume and __ in chest volume

a)

decrease

decrease

b)

decrease

increase

c)

increase

decrease

d)

no change

increase

e)

increase

increase

56.

the intrapleural pressure is the lowest

a)

at the lung apex during normal inspiration

b)

at the lung apex during normal expiration

c)

at the lung base during normal inspiration

d)

at the lung base during normal expiration

e)

at the lung apex during expiration against a closed glottis

57.

the pyramidal tracts originate from

a)

thalamus

b)

globus pallidus

c)

caudate nucleus

d)

somatosensory cortex

e)

none of the above

58.

the fovea is characterized by

a)

low photoreceptor/gangion cell .....

b)

the lowest diameter of cones

c)

the best visual acquity, as high as ___ in an emmeytropic eye

d)

the lack of photoreceptors

e)

___ of the ___

59.

in a healthy person the R wave of the ECG normally has the highest amplitude in lead:

a)

III

b)

aVR

c)

aVL

d)

aVF

e)

V6

60.

choose an answer which correctly describes blood flow in various organs?

a)

A the decreased demand for oxygen in the heart muscle is covered by the increase in oxygen extraction by the blood

b)

B the capillary to muscle fiber ratio is 2:1 in the heart

c)

C cerebral blood flow is mainly regulated by the autonomic nervous system

d)

A and C

e)

E all mentioned are false

61.

the dominant form of hemoglobin in the blood leaving coronary sinus blood is

a)

deoxyhemoglobin

b)

oxyhemoglobin

c)

carboxyhemoglobin

d)

hemoglobin containing one oxygen molecule

e)

hemoglobin containing three oxygen molecules

62.

insulin does not stimulate glucose uptake in

a)

A beta cells

b)

B cardiomyocytes

c)

C adipocytes

d)

D myofibers

e)

E A and B

63.

Choose the correct statement concerning exercise metabolism

a)

more insulin is released to facilitate glucose uptake by working skeletal muscles

b)

body glycogen stores can be depleted by continuous running for 4 hours

c)

oxidation of amino acids provides a significant amount of ATP for muscle activity

d)

in elite endurance athletes lactate is not produced at exercise intensities below VO2 max

e)

the rate of ATP production (expressed as the number of ATP moles per unit of time) from fatty acids is higher compared to glucose

64.

saltatory conduction

a)

occurs in myelinated and unmyelinated fibers

b)

does not depend on depolarization of the nerve membrane

c)

involves spread of the action potential along every patch of membrane down the length of the axon

d)

is faster than contiguous conduction in nerve fibers with diameters around 10 micrometers

e)

all of the above are correct

65.

why is the myocardium of the RV thinner than that of the LV

a)

RV pumps into the pulmonary circuit which has less resistance than systemic

b)

the RV pumps a smaller volume of blood than the LV

c)

the RV pumps blood out with a slower exit speed than the LV

d)

the RV chamber has a smaller EDV than the LV

e)

all of the above

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