hydrocarbon consisting of closed rings of carbon atoms

What characteristics do all living things share?

signal to which an organism responds to; Livings things respond environment

maintaining internal environment; Living things maintain stable internal environment

genetic code of a living being; All living beings need a universal genetic code

combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials; Living things obtain and use materials and energy

cells from two parents unite to form the first cells of a new organism; Living things reproduce

What are the central themes of biology?

a bond when one or more electrons are transferred from atom to another

positively and negatively charged particles

attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and another atom with a partial negative charge (usually the atom bonded is oxygen, nitrogen, and fluorine)

How does water's polarity affect its solubility?

contains or forms more hydroxide (OH-) than H+ ions; have pH higher than 7

macromolecule made out of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; used by living things as a source of energy and some animals, organisms, and plants for structural purposes

compound made by two simple sugars joined together

monomers of proteins; compounds with an amino group on the left and a carboxyl group on the right and a R group; R group is what determine the different types of this thing

1. arrangements of amino acids2. foiling and coiling of the polypeptide chain3. complete 3-D arrangement of polypeptide chain4. different polypeptides bonded to each other

carbon bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms, methyl group may be attached to a carbon or to a different atom, methylated compounds, addition of a methyl group to dna or to molecules bound to dna, arrangment of methyl groups in the make and female sex hormones affects their shape and function

negative ion that is formed by an atom gaining one or more electrons

single organism produces offspring identicals to itself; Living things reproduce

subatomic particles of an atom

center of the atom which contains the protons and neutrons

negatively charged particles in an atom

atoms of the same elements that differ in the number of neutrons but have the same number of electrons and protons; elements that are this have the same chemical properties

a band when pairs of electrons are shared between atoms

atoms joined by covalent bonds; smallest unit of most compounds

How does the structure of water contribute to its unique properties?

attraction between molecules of the same substance; creates surface tension; this ability cause water molecules to be drawn together

attraction between molecules of different substances; causes capillary action which causes water to rise and stick to the sides of glass in a graduated cylinder creating a meniscusex:capillary action

the hydrogen bonding of the water affects this attribute of water by requiring large amounts of heat energy in order to make the water molecules move faster

material composed of two or more elements that are physically mixed together not chemically combined

a mixture that have materials evenly distributed

substance that dissolves

substance in which the solute dissolves in

mixture of water and non-dissolved materials as seen in blood

measurement system to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in solution; the higher the number= more basic; the lower #= more acidic

contains or forms more H+ ions in solution than hydroxide; have pH lower than 7ex: Hydrochloric (the word)= produce by the stomach to help digest food

weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids and strong bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH; plays important role in homeostasis in organs

What elements does carbon bond with to make life's molecules?

smaller unit of a polymerex: beads of a necklace

made up of monomersex: a necklace made out of beads

process of a monomers joining to form a polymer

carbohydrate; supplies for immediate energy for cell activities; breakdown of it=energy

carbohydrate; most organisms (usually plants) store extra sugar as this complex carbohydrate; monomer of this molecule is glucose

single sugar moleculeS: glucose and galactose

large molecules formed from monosaccharides

carbohydrate; many animals including humans store excess sugar in this polysaccharide; similar to starch for plants in a way

carbohydrate; polysaccharide utilized by plants to give plants strength and rigidity

macromolecule mostly made out of carbon and hydrogen; this category includes fats, oils, waxes, and steroids; used to store energy; play an important role of biological membrane and waterproof coverings

lipids; hormones that are chemical messengers

macromolecule that has carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous; role: store and transmit hereditary, or genetic info.ex: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid)

monomer of nucleic acids; consists of 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base; some of its role (ex: ATP) play an important role in capturing and transferring chemical energy

macromolecule that contains nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; functional molecule built from one or more polypeptide; role: control rate of reactions and regulate cell processes and form cellular structures and others transport substances into or out of our cells and help fight diseases

covalent bonds that link amino acids together to form a polypeptide

sequence of its amino acid

folding or coiling of the polypeptide chain

complete 3-D arrangement of polypeptide chain

different polypeptides bonded together with respect to each other

process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another

elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

elements or compounds that come out of a chemical reactions

determines whether a chemical reaction will occur

What chemical reaction often occur on their own?

What chemical reaction can't occur without a energy source?

Where does plants get their energy for their reactions?

energy needed to get a reaction started

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction; work by lowering activation energy

reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

the part of the enzyme where the substrate bind; substrate and active site have complementary shapeslike a lock and key

when the substrate and enzyme are bonded together

What affect the activity of enzymes?

-OH or HO- alcohols, polar as a result of the electrons spending more time near the electronegative oxygen atom. Ex: ethanol, hydrogen atom is bonded to oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton of the organic molecule

carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond, ketones (if within carbon skeleton) or aldehydes (at the end of carbon skeleton). Functional properties: ketone and aldehyde may be structural isomers with different properties, as int he case for acetone and propanal, 2 groups found in sugars

when oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to an -OH group. Name: carboxylic acids or organic acids. Functional properties: has acidic properties because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar, found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1- and called a carboxylate ion

-NH2, nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton, amines, acts as a base, ionized

-SH, sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom , thiois, 2 sulfhydryl groups can reacts, forming a covalent bond (cross linking)

-OPO3H2, phosphorus atom is bonded to 4 oxygen atoms, organic phosphates, contributes negative charge to the molecule of which it is a part, has potential to react with water releasing energy

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water; the opposite reaction of the dehydration reaction

a covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reactionex: glucose+glucose→ maltose (disaccharide)

Any chemical reaction that breaks down complex molecules into simpler molecules

Any chemical reaction that combines simple molecules to build more-complex molecules

Saturated fats

Unsaturated Fats

phylogenetic tree

ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON

Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.

form of logical thinking that uses a general inclusive statement to predict specific results

form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion

Small (~ 1 - 10 μm)Do not have membrane-bound nucleus and organellesNo nucleusFew internal structures (ribosomes)Typically unicellular organismsDomains Archaea and BacteriaExamples: Salmonella, E. coli

Larger cells (around 10 - 100 μm)Contain membrane-bound nucleus and organellesTrue Nucleus (contains the genetic materials)Unicellular, colonial or multicellularMost living organisms (Domain Eukarya, Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia)

If a Unt graduate takes a position at a pharmaceutical company, that student is conducting ______ research.

It is a five-carbon sugar (i.e. carbohydrate) that is present in RNA

The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of ----.

the example of a hydrogen bond is the bond between...

What is the most important component of an atom in determining how it reacts with other atoms?

In a single molecule of water, 2 Hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by...

The three domains of life...

These are ions with a positive charge

These are ions with a negative charge

Based on the polarity of water molecules, the solute molecule is most likely...