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WorksheetsAlcala exam 2
Total questions: 80
Worksheet time: 40mins
How many tarsal bones are found in the foot?
7
5
9
14
Which metatarsal bone of the foot has a prominent tuberosity most frequently fractured?
Fifth
Fourth
Third
First
Which term describes the top or anterior surface of the foot?
Dorsum
Volar
Palmar
Plantar
Where would the interphalangeal joint be found in the foot?
Between the phalanges of the first digit
Between any of the metatarsals and phalanges
Between the tarsal bones and phalanges
Between the phalanges of the second through fifth digits
What are the two arches of the foot?
Longitudinal and transverse
Transverse and anterior
Instep and cross-step
Anterior and longitudinal
The medial malleolus is part of the
Tibia
Talus
Calcaneus
Fibula
Which tendon attaches directly to the tibial tuberosity?
Patellar
Soleus
Collateral
Quadriceps
Extending the ankle joint or pointing the foot and toes downward is called:
plantar flexion.
dorsiflexion
inversion
eversion
Which of the following routines should be performed for a study of the second toe?
AP, AP oblique with medial rotation, lateromedial projection
AP, AP oblique with lateral rotation, lateromedial projection
AP, AP oblique with lateral rotation, mediolateral projection
AP, AP oblique with medial rotation, mediolateral projection
Which position of the foot will best demonstrate the lateral (third) cuneiform?
AP oblique with medial rotation
AP projection
AP oblique with lateral rotation
Mediolateral projection
What CR angulation is required for the AP medial oblique projection of the foot?
CR is perpendicular to the image receptor
10-degree posterior
15- to 20-degree posterior
5- to 7-degree posterior
How much CR angulation to the long axis of the foot is required for the plantodorsal (axial) projection of the calcaneus?
40 degrees
45 to 50 degrees
15 to 20 degrees
30 to 35 degrees
Which joint surfaces of the ankle joint are most commonly open with an AP projection of the ankle?
Medial and superior
Superior and lateral
Lateral and medial
Medial, superior, and lateral
How much rotation from an AP position of the ankle will typically produce an AP mortise projection?
15- to 20-degree medial
No rotation is necessary
45- to 60-degree lateral
25- to 30-degree medial
Which of the following projections of the ankle will best demonstrate the open joint space of the lateral aspect of the ankle joint?
AP mortise projection
Lateromedial ankle
AP projection
AP oblique with 45-degree rotatio
To ensure both joints are included on an AP projection of the tibia and fibula on an adult, the technologist can:
turn the image receptor diagonally to the lower leg
increase the SID to 60 inches (150 cm).
use a Bucky tray
use a tabletop technique.
Which projection of the knee will best demonstrate the neck of the fibula without superimposition of the tibia?
AP oblique with medial rotation
AP oblique with lateral rotation
Lateral
AP
What CR angle should be used for a mediolateral projection of the knee on a short, wide-pelvis patient?
7- to 10-degree cephalad
No CR angle is required
5-degree cephalad
5- to 10-degree caudad
How much flexion of the knee is recommended for the lateral projection of the patella?
5 to 10 degrees
35 to 40 degrees
20 to 30 degrees
45 to 50 degrees
A radiograph of an AP projection of the second toe reveals that the interphalangeal joints are not open. What is the most likely cause for this radiographic outcome?
Incorrect or inadequate CR centering or angle.
Excessive SID was used.
Rotation of the toes.
AP projection was made; should have performed the PA projection.
A radiograph of an AP medial oblique projection of the foot, if positioned correctly, should demonstrate:
third through fifth metatarsals free of superimposition.
CR is centered to midshaft of third metatarsal.
first and second cuneiform joint space is open
first through fifth metatarsals free of superimposition
A radiograph of an AP mortise projection of the ankle reveals that the lateral malleolus is slightly superimposed over the talus and the lateral joint space is not open. What is the most likely cause for this radiographic outcome?
Insufficient medial rotation of the foot and ankle
Excessive dorsiflexion of the foot and ankle
Excessive plantar flexion of the foot and ankle
Excessive medial rotation of the foot and ankle
A patient comes to radiology with a clinical history of osteoarthritis of both knees. The erring physician wants a projection to evaluate the damage to the articular facets of the tibia. Which of the following projections will provide the best image of this region of the knee?
PA axial weight-bearing bilateral knee projection (Rosenberg method)
AP axial projection (Béclere method)
Tangential projection (Settegast method)
Tangential projection (Hughston method
A patient comes to radiology for an evaluation of the longitudinal arch of the foot. Which of the following projections would provide the best information about the arch?
AP and lateral weight-bearing projections of foot
Sesamoid bone series projection
Plantodorsal (axial) projection
Routine foot series
A patient enters the emergency department (ED) with a possible transverse fracture of the patella. Which of the following routines would safely provide the best images of the patella?
AP and horizontal beam lateral, no flexion of knee
AP and Merchant method (tangential projection)
AP and 5- to 10-degree flexion lateral
PA and 45-degree PA oblique with medial rotation
Which one of the following projections will best demonstrate signs of Osgood-Schlatter disease?
AP and lateral knee
AP bilateral weight-bearing knees
AP, lateral, and oblique ankle
Plantodorsal (axial) and lateral calcaneus
For the AP weight-bearing feet projection, the CR should be:
angled 15-degree posteriorly.
angled 5-degree posteriorly.
perpendicular to the image receptor
directed horizontally
For the AP weight-bearing knee projection on an average patient, the CR should be:
perpendicular to the image receptor.
perpendicular to the image receptor, but SID should be increased to 60 inches (150 cm).
5- to 10-degree cephalad
10-degree caudad.
A patient comes to radiology with an infection involving the sesamoid bones of the foot. Beyond the routine foot projections, which one of the following projections can be performed to best demonstrate these structures?
Tangential projection
PA axial Camp Coventry method
Lateral weight-bearing projection
AP weight-bearing foot projection
Grids are required for studies of the adult ankle.
False
True
When multiple exposures are placed on a single computed radiography image receptor (IR), lead masking should not be placed on the unexposed regions of the imaging plate.
False
True
Follow-up radiographs for a fractured tibia and fibula may include only the joint closest to the site of injury.
True
False
The correct CR placement for an AP projection of the knee is midpatella.
False
True
The tangential projection for the sesamoid bones of the foot should be performed with the patient prone rather than supine to minimize magnification of the sesamoid bones if the patient condition allows it.
True
False
A correctly positioned lateral ankle will demonstrate the lateral malleolus superimposed over the posterior half of the tibia.
True
False
A renal calculus that measures 0.2 mm in size
cannot be visualized with an effective focal spot of 0.5 mm focal spot due to penumbral overlap.
is best seen with magnification and a large focal spot.
all of the above
most likely will be visualized with a small radiographic tube angle using a large target angle.
A convenient and easy patient immobilization method an experienced radiographer will use is
a high kVp and low mA
a high mA and short exposure time
a piece of tape wrapped around the patient’s anatomy
a tissue bolus material to hold the body part in position
All of the following affect visibility of detail EXCEPT
Sid
Filtration
radiographic grids.
15% rule
As OID increases and SID remains constant, entrance skin exposure (ESE)
increases
decreases
none of the above.
remains unchanged
As focal spot size decreases,
all of the above
spatial resolution increases.
penumbra decreases.
umbra is improved
As size distortion decreases, the resolution of recorded detail
increases
decreases.
is not affected
is altered due to digital reprocessing.
Because the x-ray beam is divergent,
minification is impossible.
minification is greater with a larger target angle.
minification is collimated off from the edges of the beam
minification is greater with a smaller target angle.
Calculate the magnification factor when the SID is 40 in. and the OID is 5 in.
1.14
Sid/sod
Calculate the magnification factor when the SID is 40 in. and the SOD is 25 in.
1.6
Sid/sod
Calculate the magnification factor when the SID is 72 in. and the OID is 2 in.
1.0
Sid/sod
Calculate the magnification factor when the SID is 72 in. and the SOD is 25 in.
2.9
Sid/sod
Distortion is a misrepresentation of
size and shape.
detail
Size only
shape only.
Enlargement of a digital radiographic image on the review monitor, is an example of
electronic magnification
purposeful geometric magnification.
digital histogram distortion
shape distortion.
Examinations of body parts with a large inherent OID warrant a ____ whenever
large SID
large focal spot
small SOD
small SID
Factors affecting recorded detail include
focal spot size and patient thickness.
radiographic grids and collimation.
kVp and filtration
mAs and grid ratio
Imaging noise is different from quantum noise in that imaging noise
is inherent in the imaging system
is a function of mAs.
is dependent upon kVp
cannot be filtered out.
In general radiography, quantum noise is
a function of mAs and kVp.
designed into the receptor specifications.
a recorded detail parameter.
filtered out of images.
In order to improve the temporal resolution on an image,
a shorter exposure time should be used
a longer SID should be used
the 15% rule should be considered
a smaller x-ray beam angle should be used
Large patients receive a greater exposure than small patients because their
all of the above
OID is increased
entrance skin surface is closer to the source
SOD is decreased
On a PA projection of the wrist, you notice what appears to be a soft tissue mass superimposed over the bony anatomy. When you inspect the patient, you notice the presence of a large linear scar from a previous injury. The visualization of this scar is primarily due to what characteristic of digital detectors?
low contrast resolution
high contrast resolution
temporal resolution
The DEL fill factor
Opening up the intervertebral joints of the cervical spine would best be accomplished with
the patient in an AP projection with a 40” SID.
the patient in a PA projection at 72” SID
a perpendicular central ray at 72” SID.
the patient in a PA projection with a 40” SID.
Penumbra decreases as
all of the above
OID decreases.
focal spot decreases.
SID increases.
Performing a routine chest radiograph in the anterioposterior (AP) projection will
produce improved resolution of the thoracic spine.
decrease breast exposure
decrease heart size on the image.
demonstrate higher resolution of the anterior ribs.
Poor spatial resolution is caused by unacceptable levels of
penumbra.
umbra
contrast
IR exposure.
Positioning patients is intended to eliminate anatomical superimposition, from a radiologist perspective. To optimize image resolution it is best to
keep the central ray and receptor perpendicular to the patient’s anatomy, and rotate the part
minimize central angulation and rotate the part only slightly.
use the small focal spot and extend the degree of part rotation.
lower the SID and increase the OID with part rotation.
Proper alignment is achieved when the central ray is ____ to the part and ____ to the image
perpendicular; perpendicular
parallel; parallel
parallel; perpendicular
perpendicular; parallel
Quantum noise impacts radiographic image quality by
diminishing the visibility of recorded detail.
decreasing geometric unsharpness.
increasing temporal resolution.
adding artifacts to the image
Shape distortion is calculated
.
none of the above.
using the tube angle and OID
as the ratio of SID and SOD.
automatically in the computer postprocessing
Size distortion in radiography can be ____ only.
magnification
foreshortening
minimization
elongation
Size distortion is controlled by
all of the above.
SID.
radiographic distances.
Oid
Spatial resolution in digital imaging is determined by the
pixel size
bit depth
matrix size.
all of the above.
Spatial resolution is
all of the above
definition
the accuracy of the structural lines actually recorded in the radiographic image.
he degree of geometric sharpness
Spatial resolution is improved when
OID decreases
the x-ray tube is angled
SID decreases
OID increases
Spatial resolution is improved when
SID increases
SID decreases
OID increases.
the receptor is angled
The ____ the SID, the ____ the degree of magnification.
greater; smaller
lesser; smaller
greater; larger
SID has no effect on magnification.
The best method for controlling motion when the patient is unable to cooperate is to
maintain mAs, while decreasing time.
decrease kVp.
decrease the focal spot size.
maintain mAs, while decreasing mA.
The overall general shape of human anatomical structures are
round or oval.
cuboid
curvilinear
linear
The traditional unit of resolution measurement typically used in film/screen imaging is
line pairs per millimeter
dots per millimeter
the DEL size.
pixel size
Which can negatively impact recorded detail?
involuntary motion
minimal OID
longer SID
using small focal spot
Which examination does not exhibit an inherently large OID?
AP lumbar spine
lateral chest
AP facial bones
lateral cervical spine
Which of the following occurs when the tube or the image receptor are not properly aligned?
foreshortening
minification
elongation
magnification
Which one of the following occurs when the part is improperly aligned?
elongation
magnification
foreshortening
minification
Which radiograph below exhibits the best recorded detail?
PA chest radiograph for evaluation of the heart at 40 in
a PA chest radiograph for evaluation of the heart at 72 in
a lordotic projection of the chest at 72”.
an AP chest radiograph for evaluation of the heart at 72 in
X-ray tube angulations inherently
both b and c.
increase spatial resolution
change the SID
introduce magnification to some degree.
You have completed a chest radiograph on a 2-month-old infant using a restraining device at a 72” SID. Because of the design of the device, your OID is suboptimum. The image reveals good resolution of the bony anatomy but the pulmonary vasculature is blurred. The EI value is 2040 and the target EI value is 2000. In an effort to improve the quality of the repeat image, the competent radiographer would
raise the mA and decrease the exposure time
decrease the SID and maintain the same mAs.
ask for mild sedation of the infant to decease respiration.
switch to small focal spot.
