18th Century Era of progress focused on using rational thought to explain human thought, governments, and how the universe works

A ruler with absolute power who justified their rule by the ideas of the enlightenment and tried to use their power to enact positive reforms -Focused on social reform, and laws that generally benefited the general society -Combatted serfdom, implemented more fair taxes, religious freedom Examples: Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, Maria Theresa, Joseph II

Philosophe who described natural rights as life liberty property and said people had duty to revolt if those rights were not protected.

Philosophe who wrote Spirit of Laws and suggested idea of 3 branches of government

Philosophe who wrote "Encyclopedia" with D'Almbert; philosophe

Controlled the Catholic church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, abolished serfdom, and declared one language over the nation, created a secret police

King of France during Seven Year War; created Maupeau parliament to try to enact reforms (failed); made taille, a land tax paid only by peasants

Ruler of Russia who created the Nakaz, which was not enacted, based on ideas from Montesquieu

an anti-racist revolutionary who wrote "Reflections on Negro Slavery" and believed slavery was a crime (punishable by death) and equality under the law

Phase of Revolution from 1789-1793. From Calling of Estates General to execution of the King. -the "Moderate Phase" where constitutional monarchy created, but largely benefited middle class.

After the third estate got kicked out of Versailles they met up nearby and wrote this, where they agreed to create a constitution and make a national assembly. June 20th 1989

On July 14, 1789, the National Assembly felt threatened that the king would disband them, so they stormed this prison

Name for pre-revolutionary France, which was divided into 3 Estates and had massive wealth inequality

King of France who called the Estates General and was eventually executed after many attempts to turn back the tide of revolution

Austrian princess who was villified by the French public for excessive spending and blamed for many problems.

Debated whether to vote by estate instead or by head.

The Clergy -This was 2% percent of the population.

The nobles. About 2% of the population who owned much of the country's wealth

Everyone who was not part of the clergy or nobility: peasants, urban poor, wealthy merchants, businessmen. 97% of population

Wrote "What is the Third Estate?" and helped create "the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen"

Said the 3rd Estate had been nothing until now but demanded a place in society. Written by Sieyes

French word for "middle class" The first phase of the revolution is named after this class because they were largely driving the reforms.

When the peasants were afraid the manor owners would start confiscating their food, they revolted first. Revolutionary fervor that swept countryside.

Created by the Tennis Court Oath, they made major reforms in the Bourgeois phase and were acting as a legislative branch until the Constitution of 1791 was created and they were replaced by the National Convention

series of 19 government orders that ended feudalism, abolished titles, classified all frenchmen as equal, and granted freedom of worship. -The Bourgeoisie still have benefits though, since peasants owe landlords

Document that laid out the basic natural rights of all French Citizens. Did not address question of whether women, Jews and free Black people were citizens. Became foundational document of human rights.

Political activist who wrote "The Declaration of the Rights of Woman" in 1791 and was executed during the Terror

The violence of this march led the King and his wife to move from Versailles to Paris, forcing the king's actions to have to revolve around what people wanted

Outbreak of violence in Paris that began with the March of the Women and led to a week of rebellion and violence.

The Legislative Branch of the French Republic

This more moderate political party were targeted in the Reign of Terror

The party that was in charge during the Reign of Terror. Robespierre, Danton and Marat were all members of it.

This political party wanted to restore the monarchy

The ________ debating clubs in Paris were the source of a lot of revolutionary sentiment.

the working class during the French Revolution

On August 9-10, 1792 this led to the arrest of Louis XVI and confirmed suspicions that he had committed treasonous acts

In this document, Revolutionaries promised to help other peoples in Europe to topple their monarchs.

The show trials in Paris created to try suspected counter-revolutionaries. They sanctioned execution of any Émigrées

The defacto government during the Reign of Terror.

This person was a Montagnard member who was the head of the CPS and thereby the government.

Montagnard member & leader in the National Convention. Advocated for moderation & cooperating w Girondins & ending to executions

This person was a Jacobin journalist who was a fierce defender of the sans-culottes

conscription (aka a military draft)

The law created a price ceiling that led to grain shortages and hoarding.

Law that was so broad in its descriptions that almost anybody could be brought before the Revolutionary Tribunals for something as similar as failing to show enthusiasm for the Revolution.

From 1793-1794, a period of increased violence and persecutions during the Revolution.

This event started as a protest to the draft and anti-Catholic measures made by the National Convention

This program made public worship illegal and made priests swear an oath of loyalty to the state

Law used by the Revolutionary Tribunals to simplify conviction. They would now decide simply between liberty or death.

list of grievances created by the 3 Estates in early 1789

when Robespierre was tried and executed, leading to the end of the rule of the National Convention

After “The Terror,” this event is when the members of the CPS were persecuted.

rule by few

This group was one of the legislative branches of the Directory. It was responsible for initiating legislation.

One of legislative branches of Directory. Married men or widows over 40 could serve & accepted or rejected legislation

When Napoleon overtook the Directory

Napoleon had early success here, militarily, and got a taste for ruling

After the Directory, Napoleon took over with this title

Agreement that Napoleon had with the pope to recognize Catholicism as the main religion of France in exchange for the Church recognizing the loss of lands in France

Historian who argued private became public during the Revolution, blurring the lines between private & public spheres.

This Historian writes about French Revolutionary Festivals.

British critic of the French Revolution who argued the French were ignoring their tradition and going too fast with reform.

This historian said the revolution opened the door to “possibilism” and gave French the idea that things could change.