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WorksheetsS1 Review
Total questions: 90
Worksheet time: 1hrs 8mins
What do ice core samples in Antarctica reveal about Earth?
Changes in the composition of the atmosphere
Variations in the thickness of atmospheric zone
The increasing and decreasing cycle of sea level
The rate of surface ice melting due to global warming
Coral bleaching is evidence of what change?
a decrease in sea level
a decrease in ocean salinity
an increase in water temperature
an increase in dissolved carbon dioxide
Why is it important for scientists to study multiple systems on Earth at the same time instead of studying them separately?
They save more time be studying similar parts of more than one system.
They get better sense of what the boundaries of the systems are.
They avoid errors because processes are similar in different systems
They can observe how parts of the different systems affect each other.
Which of these occurs because of instability in Earth's atmosphere?
Thunderstorms form and dissipate.
A lake becomes warmer in daytime.
Tectonic plates collide and form mountains.
A boulder cracks when a tree root grows near it.
How do Earth systems interact with each other?
through matter and energy
through specific components
through scientific models
through nonspecific components
Which statement explains the type of system Earth is?
It is an isolated system because it is separated in space from other objects.
It is a closed system because energy but not matter flows into and out of it.
It is an open system because both matter and energy flow into and out of it.
It is a shielded system because its atmosphere reflects materials that strike it.
The banded iron formation is evidence for which of these statements about Earth 2.6 billion years ago?
Green plants were unable to photosynthesize at that time.
The locations of the oceans currents were much farther north.
The atmosphere and oceans contained much less oxygen
Bits of magnetite in the ocean produced Earth's magnetic field.
Rainwater washing away sediment on a hillside is primarily an interaction between which of Earth's spheres?
biosphere and hydrosphere
atmosphere and biosphere
geosphere and atmosphere
hydrosphere and geosphere
What are the primary elements that make up Earth's atmosphere?
nitrogen and oxygen
hydrogen and nitrogen
oxygen and carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide and hydrogen
How can you determine which way a river is flowing on a topographic map?
It flows parallel to the curves on the map.
It flows perpendicular to the curves on the map.
It flows from lines that are closer to lines that are farther apart.
It flows from lines that are farther apart to lines that are closer.
Snowpack is the buildup of snow from winter snowfalls. The amount of snowpack in an area each year depends primarily on the interaction between which of Earth's spheres?
biosphere and hydrosphere
atmosphere and geosphere
geosphere and hydrosphere
hydrosphere and atmosphere
Which of these events is an example of how the water cycle includes interactions with the biosphere?
Rainwater falls on a grassy slope.
Strong waves wash away sand at a beach.
Ocean water evaporates and forms clouds.
Sediment on a mountainside is washed away.
Which statement describes the interaction between sunlight and atmospheric ozone?
Solar energy combines oxygen molecules and ozone molecules.
Most of the sun's radiation is reflected by ozone back into space.
The ozone layer expands when it absorbs the sun's infrared radiation.
Ozone molecules break apart when they absorb the sun's ultraviolet radiation.
Which of these statements correctly describes a benefit of ozone to people?
It clears harmful pollutants from the air.
It enhances the skin's production of vitamin D.
It decreases the chance of developing skin cancer.
It decreases the probability of developing respiratory problems.
Kali listed important sources of energy in the Earth system. Which item does not belong on Kali's list?
Water
The Sun
Radioactive Decay
Collisional Heating
What is the process that causes hot materials within Earth to move toward the surface?
Rotation
Convection
Continental Drift
Magnetic Reversal
What is radioactivity?
another form of magnetism
contamination of organisms and minerals
stable atomic nuclei decay over time, releasing particles and energy
unstable atomic nuclei decay over time, releasing particles and energy
Which statement summarizes the primary way in which ocean currents redistribute energy on Earth?
Energy moves from equatorial regions toward the poles by convection
Energy moves from equatorial regions toward the poles by conduction
Energy moves from the poles toward equatorial regions by convection
Energy moves from the poles toward equatorial regions by conduction
After Earth absorbs solar radiation that heats the ground, what kind of energy does the atmosphere absorb from the ground?
wind
solar
thermal
mechanical
Which of these drives evaporation?
The Coriolis Effect
Energy from the sun
Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere
Earth's magnetosphere
Which of these may decrease temperatures by reflecting sunlight back into space?
Global Warming
Orbital Change
Sea-level Change
Volcanic Activity
Which of these is the term for the color of a mineral in powdered form?
Luster
Streak
Fracture
Cleavage
Which of these is usually a quality of a mineral that is a natural solid?
organic, with characteristic physical properties
inorganic, with characteristic physical properties
organic, with uncharacteristic physical properties
inorganic, with uncharacteristic physical properties
Which mineral is the hardest?
talc
gypsum
fluorite
diamond
What is the term for how light is reflected from a mineral's surface?
luster
streak
refraction
radioactivity
Which of these describes cleavage in minerals?
the tendency to split jaggedly, forming regular surfaces
the tendency to split jaggedly, forming irregular surfaces
the tendency to break unevenly with surfaces that are irregular
the tendency to split along specific planes, forming flat surfaces
Which of these lists only minerals?
quartz, coal, granite
pyrite, halite, brass
fluorite, feldspar, copper
obsidian, gypsum, corundum
What are metals, such as gold and silver, that can exist in Earth's crest as nuggets of pure metal called?
ore
native elements
compounds
placer deposits
What type of rock texture results when extreme pressure causes minerals in metamorphic rock to realign, or when minerals separate out into dark and light bands?
felsic
mafic
foliated
nonfoliated
Which of these is an example of a nonfoliated metamorphic rock?
lava
slate
schist
quartzite
The melting of rock does not depend on which of these?
pressure
temperature
the rock's color
the presence of fluid
What process changes sediments into rock due to burial, compaction, and cementation?
eruption
lithification
metamorphism
melting and cooling
What is sedimentary rock that is made up of rock fragments that become compacted or cemented together?
clastic
organic
inorganic
chemical
Which of these does not change the form of existing rock?
light
extreme heat
chemical processes
tremendous pressure
Which of these elements is the least involved in the cycling of matter on Earth?
gold
carbon
nitrogen
phosphorus
Which of these describes a process where plants capture and transfer solar energy?
oikos
ecology
transpiration
photosynthesis
Which of these is the region in which carbon is stored as a type of rock called carbonate?
geosphere
biosphere
atmosphere
hydrosphere
Most increase in carbon in the atmosphere is in what form?
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Elemental Carbon
Carbon in Methane
What is Earth's greatest carbon reservoir?
Biosphere
Geosphere
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Which of these accurately describes an undesired product from the use of fossil fuels for energy?
At the present rate, we will run out of fossil fuels in about 250 years.
Burring fossil fuels releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Fossil fuels account for 69 percent of the electricity generated in the United States.
All of the above.
A scientist is modeling the movement of water through the atmosphere. Which is an input into this system?
rain or snow falling from a cloud
water evaporating from the ocean
water vapor rising higher in the sky
rain droplets condensing from water vapor
Which of these separates the outer planets from the inner planets?
The Kuiper belt
the asteroid belt
the Great Red Spot
a large magnetic field
Aside from Mercury's slow rotation, what is a factor that contributes to the planet's daily temperature fluctuation of about 600 degrees Celsius?
its denser atmosphere
its core of rock and ice
its close proximity to the sun
its heavy, rocky, waterless terrain
When early Earth's atmosphere formed, which gases were lost because Earth's gravity was too weak?
oxygen and helium
helium and nitrogen
hydrogen and ozone
helium and hydrogen
Which of these are small bodies from which planets originated during the early formation of the solar system?
comets
asteriods
planetesimals
protoplanets
Why does the moon have more impact craters on its surface than Earth does?
Earth's gravity causes more objects to collide with the moon than with Earth.
Most of Earth's impact craters have been destroyed by plate tectonics and erosion.
Earth's magnetic field deflects more objects than the very weak magnetic field of the moon does.
The rocks that compose the moon's surface are more easily deformed than Earth's surface rocks.
Where did the materials that formed Earth come from?
the Oort cloud
The Crab nebula
the solar nebula
the remnants of a black hole
In what way is Earth like the other inner planets?
It has a relatively high density
It has liquid water on its surface
It has a mostly hydrogen and helium core
It revolves around the sun in 24 hours or less
Which law describes the speed at which objects travel at different points in their orbits?
law of ellipses
law of periods
law of eccentricity
law of equal areas
What does Kepler's first law call the paths that planets follow as they orbit the sun?
circles
periods
ellipses
epicycles
Kepler's third law describes the relationship between the average distance of a planet from the sun and which property of the planet's motion?
inertia
orbital period
gravitational pull
average temperature
Kepler's second law states that equal areas are covered in equal amounts of time when an object does what?
orbits the sun
spins on its axis
completes an eclipse
travels one light-year
What effect does the elliptical orbit of the moon around Earth have?
The orbit is not predictable
The orbit affects the changes in Earth's seasons
The distance between Earth and the moon varies over a month's time
The distance between Earth and the moon changes yearly
According to Kepler's first law, the orbit of a planet is an ellipse with what object at or near the focus?
its star
its moon
its center
the galactic center
What is happening to the orbital velocity of Earth as it gets closer to the sun?
It is getting faster
It is getting slower
it remains the same
it varies depending on the current cycle of the sun
Which of these is the warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of Earth that occurs when carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases in the air absorb and re-radiate infrared radiation?
radiation
thermal heat
greenhouse effect
electromagnetic energy
What does the Milankovitch theory attempt to explain?
global warming
causes of ice ages
patterns of weather
how great lakes formed
What are northern lights?
auroras
coronas
solar flares
prominences
Which of these materials would reflect the most sunlight at solar noon?
soil
slate
water
snow
Assuming other factors remained unchanged, what would happen to the surface temperature on Earth if large amounts of carbon dioxide were removed from the atmosphere?
Surface temperature would increase
Surfaces temperatures would decrease
There would be no change in surface temperatures.
Surface temperatures would increase in the Northern Hemisphere but decrease in the Southern Hemisphere.
If the axial tilt of Earth were to increase, how would summers change?
Summers would be hotter
Summers would be colder
Summers would be shorter
Summers would last longer
If Earth's orbit of the sun was more circular, what would happen to the variation in the amount of solar energy Earth receives during the year?
The variation in solar energy received would increase
The variation in solar energy received would decrease
The variation in solar energy received would decrease but only at high latitudes
There would be no effect on the amount of solar energy received throughout the year.
What happens to the spectrum of a start that is moving away from Earth?
unchanged
loses its color
shifts toward red
shifts toward blue
What happens to the spectral lines of a star that is moving toward Earth?
The waves spread out and the frequency of each line increases
The waves spread out and the frequency of each line decreases
The waves compress and the frequency of each line increases
The waves compress and the frequency of each line decreases
Scientists determine the composition and temperature of stars _________.
through magnetic testing
by analyzing the virbrations that stars emit
through samples of matter on the surface of stars
by analyzing the spectra of the light that stars emit
What problem is solved by sending telescopes into space?
interference of dry air in detecting electromagnetic radiation
inability of Earth telescopes to detect invisible electromagnetic radiation
interference of gamma rays in detecting electromagnetic radiation
interference of Earth's atmosphere in detecting electromagnetic radiation
How will the spectra lines recorded on Earth be shifted for a light-emitting object that is moving neither toward nor away from Earth?
They will have redshift
They will have a green shift
They will have blueshift
They will not be shifted at all
What has happened to light that has been blueshifted?
its amplitude has been increased
its amplitude has been decreased
its wavelength
its wavelength has been shortened
If a dense, non-light producing, interstellar gas were to move between a star and Earth, what would happen to the spectra of the light from the star as measured on Earth?
The spectra would show greater redshift
The number of absorption lines would likely decrease
The spectra would become a continuous spectra
The number of absorption lines would likely increase
What is a small, hot, extremely dense core left after a star collapses called?
red giant
black dwarf
red dwarf
white dwarf
During the main-sequence stage, how is energy generated in a star's core?
Carbon fuses into oxygen
Hydrogen fuses into helium
Carbon fuses into hydrogen
Helium fuses into hydrogen
How long would a star with the sun's mass stay on the main sequence?
Until it makes iron
Until it makes uranium
as long as it fuses helium
as long as it fuses hydrogen
After its temperature rises to 10,000,000 degrees celsius, when does a protostar become a star?
nuclear fusion ends
nuclear fusion begins
nuclear fission ends
nuclear fission begins
What is a large, bright star whose hot core has used most of its hydrogen?
nova
giant
pulsar
supernova
Which of these is not a characteristic of white dwarfs?
a long period of existence
a hot, extremely dense core
a ring-like planetary nebula
a position in the lower left of the H-R diagram
What is the color of the hottest stars?
yellow
blue
white
red
Which of these celestial bodies is not considered to be a major planet by scientists?
Pluto
Saturn
Mercury
Neptune
Which of these is a region of the solar system that starts just beyond Neptune's orbit and that contains dwarf planets and other small bodies made mostly of ice?
The Kuiper Belt
the TNO
The outer atmosphere
The asteroid belt
Which of these are objects that circle stars other than Earth's sun?
moons
exoplanets
nebulas
planetesimals
What type of galaxy is the Milky Way?
spiral
elliptical
irregular
spherical
What is an irregular galaxy?
a galaxy that has vast areas without stars
a galaxy shaped like a stretched-out football
a galaxy with no particular shape
a galaxy that has high mass and is rich in dust and gas
Which of these lists objects from closest to farthest from Earth?
Jupiter, Kuiper Belt, sun
Jupiter, sun, Keiper Belt
sun, Keiper Belt, Jupiter
sun, Jupiter, Kuiper Belt
Which description would most likely apply to an older star?
Is composed mostly of lithium and is located in a galactic cluster
Is composed of carbon and is located in a globular cluster
Is composed mostly of helium and is located in a galactic cluster
Is composed mostly of hydrogen and is located in a globulas cluster
What is the temperature of cosmic background radiation?
about 0 degrees Celsius
about 270 degrees Celsius
above 3,000 degrees Celsius
almost absolute zero
What is important about Hubble's discovery that there is a redshift in the spectra of galaxies?
It proves the Big Bang Theory.
It suggests the existence of black holes.
It suggests that the universe is expanding.
It suggests that the universe is contracting.
What characteristic of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) provides evidence that the universe is expanding?
The CMBR arriving at Earth has been blue shifted.
The CNRB can be detected coming from all directions
Any microwave radiation is an indication of expansion.
The hydrogen-to-helium ratio in the CMBR matches predications made using the Big Bang Theory.
How does the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) mark an important milestone in the early history of the universe?
The CMBR originated as the first visible light. It marks time when the universe transitioned from opaque to transparent.
The CMBR originated from the initial force that triggered the Big Bang. It is the remnant energy from the previous universe.
The CMBR originated when the first massive stars in the universe began exploding as supernovas shortly after the Big Bang.
The CMBR originated as the first microwave radiation. It marks thetime the universe frist became energetic enough to produce microwaves.
When did the universe begin?
1 billion years ago
10 million years ago
14 billion years ago
50 billion years ago
During the first few minutes after the Big Bang, the universe was opaque. Light could not go through it. Why?
All of the photons
There was nothing to produce photons
The mix of particles was so dense that photons could not get through
The photons were attracted to other particles
What determined the temperature, density, and ratio of hydrogen to helium of the universe soon after the Big Bang?
the rate at which the universe expanded
the rate of nuclear fusion in the first stars
the density of the material the universe was expanding into
the timing of the transition from an opaque to a transparent universe
