Modern diesels emit close to __________ emissions.

On- and off-highway vehicle emissions from the 1970s to present have been reduced by __________.

Technician A says legal emissions standards aim to reduce and eliminate the production of noxious substances from all internal combustion engines, except diesel-powered vehicles. Technician B says today's diesel engines also must comply with standards to reduce emissions. Who is correct?

Technician A says hydrocarbon emissions are formed as a result of fuel that have been burned completely. Technician B says fuels are classified ashydrocarbons because they are made of mostly hydrogen and carbon atoms. Who is correct?

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) enter our atmosphere through evaporative emissions from hydrocarbon-based fuels. The chemical reaction creates__________.

Which of the following statements about carbon monoxide is correct?

Which of the following statements about sulfates is correct?

Technician A says blow-by is the leakage of air past the piston rings into the crankcase. Technician B says that in any engine, blow-by occurs mostlyduring the compression stroke. Who is correct?

Low combustion temperatures and pressure, lack of oxygen, or insufficient burn time typically contribute to which emission?

Which of the following statements about carbon dioxide production is NOT correct?

Technician A says a common strategy to reduce particulate formation is to make fuel droplets smaller by using finer atomization. Technician B says this is done by using higher pressurization of fuel through an injector with smaller, more numerous spray holes. Who is correct?

Standards of emissions related to off-road equipment are referred to as __________ standards.

Opacity testing is based on __________.

Technician A says that sometimes, within an individual country, multiple emissions standards are in force. Technician B says that for example, two setsof emissions standards are used in the United States: a federal standard and a state standard (New York). Who is correct?

The acronym CARB translates to _______.

The fastest communication protocol between service tools and vehicle networks is known as __________.

Which acronym is associated with the HD-OBD warning recognition for the operator and technician?

Technician A says HD-OBD has many specific standards governing everything from the style, type, and location of electrical and diagnostic connections, to communication standards, emissions thresholds, fault code structure, and emission monitoring strategies. Technician B says HD-OBD emissions standards for heavy-duty diesel-fueled engines began in 2012. Who is correct?

An engine manufacturer’s diagnostic data link connector may contain __________ pins.