WorksheetsGI Exam 2: Jones Overview
Total questions: 65
Worksheet time: 50mins
What are the Exocrine Functions of the Pancreas?
Releases zymogen for digestion and bicarbonate secretions to neutralize stomach acid
Secreting insulin, glucagon, somatostatin via Islets
Releases insulin for digestion and bicarbonate secretions
Secreting insulin, zymogen, somatostatin via Islets
Which of the following zymogens is activated by trypsin in the small intestine?
lipase
carboxypeptidase
ribonuclease
amylase
Where does the bicarbonate secreted by the pancreas come from?
bicarbonate in the blood
CO2 in the blood
acini cells
pancreatic islets
Which of the following gastrointestinal hormones is NOT secreted by the small intestine?
secretin
gastric inhibitory peptide
gastrin
cholecystokinin
Which of the following is NOT an effect of CCK?
stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice
stimulates contraction of the gall bladder
inhibits gastric motility
stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice rich in enzymes
The arrival of chyme into the duodenum begins the _______ phase of stomach function.
cephalic
gastric
intestinal
hepatic
The acidic chyme entering the duodenum initiates all of the following actions EXCEPT:
the intestinal phase of gastric function
the release of serotonin from the duodenum
the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas
the release of bicarbonate into bile
Inhibition of exocrine pancreatic secretions results in
decreased insulin secretion following meals.
decreased bile synthesis and secretion.
production of an acidic chyme.
stimulation of enterokinase activity.
Trypsin is activated by the enzyme
enterokinase
carboxypeptidase
lipase
lactase
Zymogens are inactive forms of __________ enzymes.
stomach
liver
pancreatic
small intestine
What role do bile salts play in digestion?
emulsify lipids for digestion by enzymes
gives color to the feces
needed for water reabsorption
They play no role in digestion.
The outer surface bulges of the large intestine are called
crypts
cecum
haustra
colon
In which of the following areas does carbohydrate digestion occur?
mouth and stomach
duodenum and pancreas
stomach and pancreas
mouth and duodenum
Most glucose is absorbed in the epithelial cells of the small intestine by
simple diffusion
secondary active transport with Na+
osmosis
phagocytosis
The enzymes for digestion of carbohydrates come from all of the following EXCEPT the
pancreas
duodenum
liver
salivary glands
Most protein digestion occurs in the
mouth and esophagus
stomach and duodenum
duodenum and jejunum
pancreas and duodenum
Free amino acids are absorbed into the blood stream by (this is on the basolateral side of the cell)
simple diffusion.
cotransport with H+.
facilitated diffusion
cotransport with Na+.
Lipid digestion and absorption requires the coordinated actions of ______ and ____.
hydrochloric acid, pepsin.
bile, bicarbonate.
lipase, bile.
water, bile.
The primary function of the large intestine is
water and electrolyte reabsorption.
mineral absorption.
hormone degradation.
degrading toxins.
The mixing movement of the small intestine is called
Deglutition
Segmentation
Micturition
Peristalsis
The majority of hydrolysis of disaccharides occurs by the actions of enzymes found
in the pancreatic juice.
in the brush border of the small intestine.
in saliva.
in the gastric mucosa.
What is the function of enterokinase secreted by the brush border?
Activates the protein-digesting enzyme trypsin
Breaks down dipeptides
Causes the stomach to produce gastrin
Causes release of pancreatic digestive enzymes
What is the function of Paneth cells of the small intestine?
Produce Mucus
Divide by mitosis to make new mucosa cells
Produce lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides
Produce digestive enzymes
____________ is required for the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12.
Vitamin D
Calcium
Intrinsic Factor
Vitamin C
What substance is necessary for the hydrolysis of complex food molecules?
Specified enzyme
Acid
Water
T or F: Micelles, made of bile salts, have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions that allow them to emulsify fats and dissolve in water
True
False
T or F: Inadequate bile secretion will limit emulsification of fats
True
False
T or F: Bile is produced by the gallbladder
True
False
T or F: The intestinal microbiota have a mutualistic relationship with humans.
True
False
T or F: Absorbed lipids are initially transported by the lymphatic system
True
False
What are the Endocrine Functions of the Pancreas?
Releases zymogen for digestion and bicarbonate secretions
Secreting insulin, glucagon, somatostatin via Islets
Releases insulin for digestion and bicarbonate secretions
Secreting insulin, zymogen, somatostatin via Islets
The movement of digested food into the blood or lymph is
Ingestion
Deglutition
Absorption
Segmentation
Acinar Cells of the Pancreas do what?
Secrete electrolytes, fluid
Modify secretions
Secrete zymogens under CCK regulation
Isotonic fluid
T or F: Ductal cells modify secretions. The secretions depend on only cAMP.
True
False
Match the following hormones associated with the Pancreas to their function:
Insulin, Glucagon
Glucose homeostasis
Pancreatic Polypeptide
Gastric Motility, Satiation
CCK
Gall bladder contraction, GI Motility, Pancreatic Exocrine, Secretion
Secretin
Pancreatic Exocrine, Secretion, Regulates ductal cells
Ghrelin
Hunger and growth hormone release
T or F: Enzymes ending in -ogen or beginning in Pro- are inactive.
True
False
T or F: Trypsin is converted into the active form, Trypsinogen, by enterokinase.
True
False
Which of the following are functions of the liver?
Filters and stores blood
Metabolizes fats, carbs, proteins, hormones
Creates bile, excretes bilirubin
Stores vitamins and iron
Forms coagulation factors
____ are mass propulsive movements that are initiated by food in earlier regions of the GI Tract.
Peristalsis
Haustrations
Absorptions
Secretions
What are absorbed by the large intestine?
Sodium
Water
Mucous
Potassium
Crypt Cell Secretions
T or F: Osmotic diarrhea will have a fecal osmotic gap less than 100 mOsm/kg.
True
False
When eliminating waste, ____ signals are due to somatic motor neurons and ____ reflexes are mediated by enteric and ____ nerves.
Voluntary, Involuntary, Parasympathetic
Involuntary, Involuntary, Parasympathetic
Voluntary, Involuntary, Parasympathetic
Voluntary, Involuntary, Sympathetic
Match the following cells of the lobules in the liver with their definition:
Hepatocytes
Arranged in plates that line the fluid areas. Main cell in the liver.
Kupffer
Macrophages, carry out immune related functions
Stellate
Stores Vitamin A - Can lead to Cirrhosis
Dendritic
Aid in immune functions
T or F: The GALT contains the largest reservoir of immune cells within the body.
True
False
Match the following cells from the GALT with their function:
Goblet
Mucous and mucin cells
Paneth
Produces antibacterial factors
Plasma
Produces IgA
Dendritic
Antigens that mediate lymphoid cell expression
M Cells
Microfilm cells that act as the door for dendritic cells
Which of the following are functions of Gut Microbiota?
Ferment non-digestible substrates (Fiber, mucus)
Biosynthesis of Vitamin K, B
Biosynthesis of Vitamin A, D
Antimicrobial protection
Dysbiosis is a loss of beneficial microbiota that can be caused by which of the following?
Antibiotics
Sulfur
Psychological Stress
Physical Stress
Iron
Match the following functions of the Small Intestine with their definition:
Motility
Bring food down, mix
Secretion
Mucous, electrolytes, hormones
Digestion
Chemical Process
Absorption
Epithelial cells transporting and digesting nutrients
The Brunner's Glands, in the Small Intestine,:
Within the duodenum
Secrete alkaline mucus --> Neutralize stomach
Inhibited by distinction, irritation, vagal activity
Stimulated by Secretin, Sympathetics
The Intestinal Villi Cells create a brush border. Match the cells with their function:
Enterocytes
Absorptive Cells
Endocrine cells
I Cells, K Cells
Goblet Cells
Secrete Mucous
The Intestinal Crypt Cells have a continuous secretion or water and electrolytes for mixing and moving. Match the cells with their function:
Enterocytes
Secretory Cells
Stem Cells
Takes 5 days to be sloughed off into the lumen
Goblet Cells
Secrete Mucous
Paneth Cells
Immune Defense
I Cells, S Cells and K Cells are the Enteroendocrine cells of the Duodenum. What are their functions?
I Cells
Secrete CCK --> Stimulation in digestion, motility, inhibit gastric emptying
S Cells
Secrete secretin --> Bicarb, decrease gastric secretions, decrease intestinal motility
K Cells
Secrete GIP --> Insulin release, inhibit gastric secretion
I Cells, S Cells and K Cells are the Enteroendocrine cells of the Duodenum. What are they stimulated by?
I Cells
Fatty Acids, Peptides, Amino Acids
S Cells
Low pH (High Acidity)
K Cells
Glucose, Amino Acids, Fats
Peristalsis:
Movement and mixing toward the Colon
Movement and mixing away from the Colon
Stimulated by gastrin, CCK and motilin
Inhibited by Secretin
Need spike potentials
T or F: Alpha-1,4 linkages are hydrolyzed during digestion by amylases while Beta-1,4 linkages are not hydrolyzed.
True
False
Match the following:
Amylopectin
Plant Starch
Glycogen
Animal Starch
Salivary Alpha-Amylase
20-40% digestion --> Inactivated by low stomach pH
Pancreatic Alpha-Amylase
80% digestion, More powerful than Salivary Alpha-Amylase
Dietary Fiber
Non-Digested Starch
Sucrose (Cane Sugar)
Glucose + Fructose
Lactose (Milk Sugar)
Glucose + Galactose
Maltose (Malt Sugar)
Glucose + Glucose
T or F: Lingual is the only enzyme to break down triglycerides into diglycerides within the stomach and mouth.
True
False
Match the following terms in regards to digestion of fats within the small intestine:
Emulsification
With the use of bile salts and lecithin
Pancreatic Lipase
Turns triglycerides into 2 FFFA and 2 MGs
Colipase
Branched enzyme that binds to bile acids and lipase to breakdown fats
Phospholipase A2
Degrades phospholipids into FAs and Lysolechithin
Cholesterol Esterase
Degrades Cholesterol
How do water and various minerals play a role in digestion?
Sodium
Co-transporter with sugars and Amino Acids
Chloride
Active transport that exchanges bicarbonate
Potassium
Absorbed into the lumen via passive diffusion
Calcium
Regulated by Vitamin D
Water
Reabsorbed, determined amount by osmosis
What is Hartnups Disease?
Lack of neutral amino acid transporters
Lacking the lactase enzyme
Lacking a fructose transporter
Breathe or Xylose Test
Match the following Digestion and Absorption Issues:
Bile Failure
Duct obstruction, liver disease, gallbladder removal
Absorption Failure
Apolipoprotein mutation, lymph obstruction
Celiac Disease
Autoimmune disease that results in the blunting of intestinal ills in response to gluten
Pancreatic Disorders
Alcoholism, inability to digest fats, proteins, carbs
Match the following Hormones:
Somatostatin
Released in response to decreased pH in the stomach
Gastrin
Released from the antrum of the stomach in response to distension
CCK
Released from I-Cells
Secretin
Released in response to H+ in the duodenum
Match the following Hormones:
Somatostatin
Decreases acid release in the stomach and decreases insulin release
VIP
Causes relaxation of the LES and decreases acid release in the stomach
CCK
Stimulates zymogen release from the pancreas and decreases acid release from the stomach
Secretin
Stimulates bicarbonate secretion from the pancreatic ducts and decreases acid release from the stoma
Gastrin
Stimulates gastric motility and increased release of histamine and HCl in the stomach
T or F: The brush border is a term used to describe the mucosa of the small intestine
True
False
