Font size
WorksheetsU1OI
Total questions: 77
Worksheet time: 51mins
"Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols" -
(a)
"A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which the members of a society interact in terms of their total culture"
(a)
"Language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols"
(a)
"Language is an instrument of social interaction with a clear communicative purpose"
(a)
Language is a systematic set of arbitrary symbols, primarily vocal, but may also be visual, which have conventionalized meanings to which they refer. It is acquired by all people in much the same way, operates in a speech community or culture, is essentially human and is used for communication.
(a)
- It is a form of social interaction
- Its purpose is to communicate
- It involves a high degree of unpredictability and creativity
- It requires a reduction of uncertainty on behalf of the participants
-It entails both verbal and non-verbal language
(a)
Following Yule (1998), the communicative properties of human language are:
(a)
To talk about events remote in space or time from the situation of the speaker
displacement
productivity
arbitrariness
discreteness
The capacity to produce new sentences
arbitrariness
discretness
productivity
displacement
It is transmitted from one generation to the next
productivity
discreteness
displacement
cultural transmission
The sounds of language have no intrinsic meaning, but combined they do
arbitrariness
productivity
duality of patterning
discreteness
There is no dependence of the element of the signal on the nature of the reality to which it refers
arbitrariness
productivity
discreteness
cultural transmission
Speech uses a small set of sound elements which clearly contrast with each other
duality of patterning
arbitrariness
displacement
discreteness
(a) defined language as "a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements "
To Chomsky an able speaker has a subconscious knowledge of the grammar rules of his language which allows him to make sentences in that language. This is what he termed as (a)
Hymes replaced Chomsky´s communication concept by his own concept of (a) which is the intuitive functional knowledge and control of the principles of language usage.
The four aspects of communicative competence are:
displacement, cultural transmission, productivity and discreteness
systematic potential, appropriacy, occurrence and feasibility
systematic potential, discreteness, occurrence and feasibility
systematic potential, arbitrariness, occurrence and feasibility
The system of rules that governs an individual´s tacit understanding of what is acceptable and what is not in the language they speak, including Lexical Competence, Grammatical Competence, Semantic Competence, Orthographic Competence and Phonological Competence
Linguistic Competences
Sociolinguistic Competences
Pragmatic Competences
The abilities to interpret the social meaning of the choice of linguistic varieties and to use language with the appropriate social meaning for the communication situation
Linguistic Competences
Sociolinguistic Competences
Pragmatic Competences
Abilities to communicate an intended message with all its nuances in any sociocultural context and to interpret the message of an interlocutor as it was intended, which include Discursive Competence, Functional Competence and Interactive Competence
Linguistic Competences
Sociolinguistic Competences
Pragmatic Competences
(a) sets amongst the objectives of Primary Education (LOMLOE) (Chapter II, Article 17):
f) To acquire, at least, in a foreign language the basic communicative competences that allows them to express an understand simple messages and to cope with daily situations
The objective f) also appears in
(a)
(a) reads as follows at the description of the Foreign Language Area: The Foreign Language Area at the Stage of Primary Education has as main objective the acquisition of the basic communicative competence in the foreign language, as well as the development and enrichment of the students´ intercultural awareness.
Speech is the expression of thought, emotions or ideas by spoken words.
Oral language
Written language
At the most basic level means communicating with other people
Oral language
Written language
It is not simply basic communication, it involves thinking, knowledge and skills and it also requires practice and training
Oral language
Written language
The representation of a message in a textual medium through the use of graphic symbols that relate to the sounds of language, which have to be arranged according to certain conventions to form words and words to form sentences
Oral language
Written language
These sentences have to be ordered and linked together in certain ways, forming a coherent whole called text
Oral language
Written language
In real life we write e-mails, notes, lists, letters...
Oral language
Written language
If it is addressed to a person, for a reason and with an expected response it will become more communicative
Oral language
Written language
In real life we write e-mails, notes, lists, letters... They have a communicative purpose and a target audience
Oral language
Written language
Crystal (1987) pointed our that (a) is time-bound, dynamic, takes part of an interaction in which, typically, both participants are present, and the speaker has a specific addressee in mind
Crystal (1987) pointed our that (a) is space-bound, static, permanent, the result of a situation in which, typically, the producer is distant from the recipient and, often, may not even know who the recipient is
Precise and direct
Effective written language
Effective oral language
Chosen with greater deliberation and thought
Effective written language
Effective oral language
More sophisticated and developed
Effective written language
Effective oral language
Less personal
Effective written language
Effective oral language
Driven by logic, organization and explicitness
Effective written language
Effective oral language
Achieved through sentence length
Effective written language
Effective oral language
Validated by author´s credibility
Effective written language
Effective oral language
Objective
Effective written language
Effective oral language
Non-retractable
Effective written language
Effective oral language
Planned and deliberated
Effective written language
Effective oral language
Dynamic transfer of information
Effective written language
Effective oral language
Everyday spoken language
Effective written language
Effective oral language
Able to engage the audience psychologically and to use complex forms of non-verbal communication
Effective written language
Effective oral language
Retractable
Effective written language
Effective oral language
Highly subjective
Effective written language
Effective oral language
Spontaneous
Effective written language
Effective oral language
Dependent upon orientation signals and projection terms
Effective written language
Effective oral language
Conversational
Effective written language
Effective oral language
Indirect
Effective written language
Effective oral language
Following (a) any particular act of communication takes place in a situational context and it involves a sender and a receiver. It further involves a message, which the sender transmits and the receiver interprets. The message is formulated in a particular code, and for the whole thing to work sender and receiver must be connected by a channel, through which the message is sent.
(a) developed their model of communication whose components are message, sender, channel, noise, receiver and entropy
with a communicative intention (a content)
sender
message
receiver
entropy
who encodes the message (the input)
sender
message
receiver
entropy
through which the message is sent
channel
message
receiver
entropy
which avoids useful communication
sender
message
receiver
noise
who decodes the message, which becomes the ourput
sender
message
receiver
noise
the expected value of the information in the message
sender
message
receiver
noise
(a) are essentially the purposes that we accomplish with language
(a) outlined seven different functions of language: the instrumental function, the regulatory function, the representational function, the phatic function, the personal function, the heuristic function and the imaginative function
To manipulate the environment, to cause certain events to happen
Instrumental
function
Regulatory
function
Representational
function
Phatic
function
The control of events
Instrumental
function
Regulatory
function
Representational
function
Phatic
function
To "represent" reality as one sees it
Instrumental
function
Regulatory
function
Representational
function
Phatic
function
To ensure social maintenance
Instrumental
function
Regulatory
function
Representational
function
Phatic
function
To express "gut-level" reactions
Personal
function
Heuristic
function
Imaginative
function
Phatic
function
Which involves language used to acquire knowledge to learn about the environment
Personal
function
Heuristic
function
Imaginative
function
Phatic
function
Which serves to create imaginary systems or ideas
Personal
function
Heuristic
function
Imaginative
function
Phatic
function
Following Jakobson´s model the representational function refers to the (a)
Following Jakobson´s model the emotive function refers to the (a)
Following Jakobson´s model the conative function refers to the (a)
Following Jakobson´s model the poetic function refers to the (a)
Following Jakobson´s model the metalinguistic function refers to the (a)
Following Jakobson´s model the phatic function refers to the (a)
The specific parts of an utterance or text near or adjacent to a unit which is the focus of attention. David Crystal (2008)
Language
Context
Communication
Situational context
The place and moment in which the communicative act is developed
Language
Context
Communication
Situational context
