it allows to distinguish between materials that are amorphous or crystalline

the structure of a material at a macroscopic level where the length scale is greater than 100 μm.

the nucleus consisting of protons and neutrons and the

electrons surrounding the nucleus ( Ȧ or 10^-10 m)

the structure of a material at a length scale of 1 to 100 nm

crystalline materials have ________

amorphous materials have _________

the number of protons in the nucleus.

atoms of some element have two or more different atomic masses.

6.022 x 10^23

Atom as a small, hard, spheres that are indivisible, and that atoms of a given elements are identical to each other.

sum of the masses of protons and neutrons within the nucleus

his model postulated the existence of energy levels or shells of electrons.

He discovered electrons

Atoms were uniform, solid, hard, incompressible, and indestructible and that they moved in infinite numbers through empty space until stopped.

He discovered the evidence for the existence of this positively charged particles, also known as PROTONS.

He discovered neutrons

Value of ℓ = 3

mℓ= ?

invented the nuclear model

For every smalls particles like electrons, there is always uncertainty involved in defining the position

the electron is considered to exhibit both wave- like and particle-like characteristics

Every electrons in an atoms described by four parameters: shape, size, orientation of probability density/ spatial orientation determined by

It describes basically the shape of the orbitals

Describe in which directions is an electron spinning in the magnetic field. That can be either clockwise or counterclockwise and as a result, there are only 2 values allowed: -1/2 and +1/2

has lowest energy state (n=1)

Determine the missing letter:

The ______ are those that occupy the outermost shell

involve the transfer or sharing of outer orbital electrons (valence electrons) between atoms to create a more stable outer electron shell.

No two elements in a given atom can have the same set of quantum numbers, meaning each electron will have a unique set of quantum numbers, and the lowest quantum number represents stability.

Metallic bonds

Ionic bonds

Covalent bonds

They are usually formed when an uneven charge distribution occurs, creating what is known as a DIPOLE (usually refers to the separation of charges between two atoms that are covalently bonded within a molecule.)

These are bonds that are formed by the SHARING of

valence electrons among two or more atoms

Keesom Forces

Debye Forces

London Forces

It is the process of combining two or more atoms together to form molecules or solid materials.

bond between two or more METAL atoms

It is the attractive forces between the TWO POLAR molecules

formed between two or more atoms by the TRANSFER of one or more electrons between atoms

Often referred as a HYDROGEN BOND

a three-dimensional ARRAY OF POINTS coinciding with atom positions (or sphere centers)

occurs between POLAR and NON-POLAR molecules

This structure occurs from the intrinsic nature of the constituent particles to produce symmetric patterns

8 atoms on the corner + 6 atoms on the faces

8 atoms on the corners + 1 atom on the center

A BUILDING BLOCK of crystal structure by virtue of its geometry and the position of atoms within.

Used to describe atoms

composed of MANY small crystallites or grains that vary in size and crystallographic orientation

Top Face (6+1) atoms + 3 midplane atoms + Bottom Face (6+1) atoms

is the sum of the sphere volumes of all atoms within a unit cell

also known as CRYSTALLITES a region grown out from the nucleus with the same crystal orientation

1. CUBIC 2. HEXAGONAL 3. TETRAGONAL 4. RHOMBOHEDRAL 5. ORTHORHOMBIC 6. MONOCLINIC 7. TRICLINIC

Metals/nonmetals having more than one crystal structure.

also called a MONOcrystalline solid

properties are INDEPENDENT of the direction of measurement

area that separates one grain from the other

properties of crystals are DEPENDENT on the direction of measurement

form of electromagnetic radiation that have high energies and short wavelengths—wavelengths on the order of the atomic spacings for solids.

This are the irregularities of deviations from ideal arrangement around point or atoms in crystal

This are the irregularities of deviations from ideal arrangement around point or atoms in crystal

occurs when a wave encounters a series of regularly spaced obstacles that:

(1) are capable of scattering the wave, and

(2) have spacings that are comparable in magnitude to the wavelength

It arises due to the presence of number of cations and anions are not present in the equal ratio which is indicated by chemical formula.

Impurities that can be added to crystals

refers to a lattice irregularity having one or more of its dimensions on the order of an atomic diameter

Any deviation from the perfectly ordered arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules when we’re gonna be here alone with an appointment for synthesis increases

a type of point defect in a crystal where an atom is MISSING from one of the lattice sites.

also known as INTRINSIC or THERMODYNAMIC defects.

Two types of Interstital Sites

regions between crystals that arise due to atomic mismatch when grains meet after nucleation and growth.

a type of point defect where an atom of the same or of a different type, OCCUPIES an interstitial site in the crystal structure.

boundaries that have 2 dimensions and normally separate regions that may have different crystal structure and crystallographic orientation.

a vacancy interstitial pair formed when an ions jumps from a normal lattice point to an interstitial site.

Which is non included in four Hume-Rothery rules of Substitutional Solid Solution?

It is the reflection of atomic positions across a twin plane

It is the reflection of atomic positions across a twin plane

Which is not a type of Linear Defects?

Atoms or ions moving out from the interior to the surface crystal

The interfacial defect that exists within this FCC stacking sequence is a stacking fault which occurs between two lines

Two Common Grain-Size Determination Techniques:

a substance's capacity to undergo some level of persistent deformation without rupturing or failing

the ability of a metal to withstand deformation under compression without rupture.

formed by joining bars of two different metals together so that there is intimate contact between the two faces

material's deformation or displacement as a result of an applied stress.

a material's ability to revert to its original form and dimensions when a load has been withdrawn.

defined as a resistance of material to penetration

force applied to a material divided by the cross-sectional area of the material.

Force in similar magnetic poles

a substance's capacity to undergo some level of persistent deformation without rupturing or failing

a measurement of the amount of energy a material can absorb before failure takes place.

the ability of a metal to withstand elongation under tension without rupture. It is the property of a material which enables it to draw out into thin wires.

property of breaking without much permanent distortion.

Not a Thermal Property of Metals?

Which is not a most important electrical property of metals?

Materials that are attracted by magnets or can be magnetized.

Materials or substance that is not magnetic (repelled by magnetic field)

Force in opposing magnetic poles

Magnets that occur naturally in nature

Man-made magnets prepared by using elements like iron, cobalt, nickel or their mixture with other elements

Materials that are not attracted by a magnet.

refers to a material's taking in light and not reflecting it back.

refers to the bending of lights as it passes through various materials

occurs when light hits an object that is transparent or translucent and light can penetrate the material to travel all the way through

materials that tend to get weakly magnetized in the direction of the magnetizing field when placed in a magnetic field

a wave-like, consisting of electric and magnetic field components that are perpendicular to each other and also to the direction of propagation.

refers to the bouncing back of lights when it hits an object. Flat surface like mirrors reflect light in a straight, predictable way.