Regulation of gene expression in Eukaryotes

The goal in modifying the expression of a gene is to create molecules of appropriate size thereby _______ the concentration of the corresponding protein product.

The energy requirements of converting information from a chromosome to protein imposes a need for structural efficiency and a need for the cell to preserve the complex regulation of the expression of very gene.

Is a process that affect the final concentration of protein either down or upregulator

Stop the initiation of the gene is transcribe

Target this the protein loose their efficacy or functional

Chemical

Here can target the amino acid or protein or protein modification or protein degradation and make protein unaffected, and modify the vesicle that transport the protein

Protein to function ____ the primary, secondary, tertiary and/or quaternary structure.

Replication enzymes

Transcription enzymes

____ is stored in a highly structured complex called chromatin

Actively transcribed genes need to be

DNA hold by histone octamer and the anticancer agents dismantle the histone and form _______

____ is the therapeutic target for DNA-binding medicinal agents

_________ alter the spacing of nucleosomes and change gene expression

_________ are proteins around which DNA winds for compaction and gene regulation

Epigenetic changes to the chromatin may result from

Epigenetic changes may result in

Methyl group can bind DNA and modify

(creo que acetyl group también)

Epigenetic processes control gene expression by altering chromatin structure

Epigenetic processes control gene expression by altering chromatin structure

Epigenetic: Modification of gene expression

Epigenetic: Histones --> proteins that package DNA

Epigenetic: Micro-RNA

Epigenetic: DNA methylation

Structure of a gene in the distal regulatory region: INSULATOR

Structure of a gene in the distal regulatory region: SILENCER

Structure of a gene in the distal regulatory region: ENHANCER

Structure of a gene in the distal regulatory region PROTECT FROM MUTATIONS

Functional region of the gene

Exon

Intron

During transcription ___ split out

Protect from mutations

In cancer we want to stop recruitment of many of the transcription factors to this upstream ______

Basal rate of transcription initiation; Transcription is mediated and regulated by RNA polymerase binding to DNA at promoter sequences. Binding to specific promoter sequences, starting with the most common TATA box and the other upstream sequences.

Promoter region; The nucleotide sequences vary greatly affecting the affinity and binding frequency. For example, in bacteria, genes are transcribed once or many times due to differences in promoter sequences, binding affinity, or mutations that prevent the recruitment of downstream factors (reason for antibacterial resistance)

DNA naming convention

Genes requires at all times (enzymes of central metabolic pathways), are expressed continuously, and are called ______.

Gene expression at approximately constant levels is called ______.

The first thing that happens in the transcription factors/regulatory proteins is that _____ binds to promoter sequences with help from regulatory proteins

The basal rate of transcription initiation at the promoters of non housekeeping genes is also determined by the promoter sequence, but expression of the genes is further modulated by regulatory proteins. Many of these proteins work by enhancing or interfering with interaction between RNA polymerase and the promoter

Although ______ are expressed constitutively, the cellular concentrations of the proteins they encode vary widely and influences the rate of transcription.

Regulatory proteins regulate transcription initiation:

Alter the specificity of RNA polymerase for given promoter or set of promoters

Regulatory proteins regulate transcription initiation:

Impede access of RNA polymerase to the promoter

Regulatory proteins regulate transcription initiation:

Enhance the RNA polymerase-promoter interaction

Regulatory proteins regulate transcription initiation:

No transcription

Regulatory proteins regulate transcription initiation:

Little/No transcription

Regulatory proteins regulate transcription initiation:

Transcription

This gene is only expressed if both activators are present and the repressor is absent

Tumor suppressor activity is the job of

Phosphorylation of transcription factors provides a large spectrum of regulatory pathways and occurs in:

Protein kinase

Protein phosphatases

The basal transcriptional machinery is driven by _____

mRNA synthesis is modulated by _____

mRNA synthesis is regulated by _____ of RNA polymerase ll (RNA pol ll)

Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are also control by proteins that bind to GTP

The ON state

Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are also control by proteins that bind to GTP

The Off state

Gene expression accomplishes which of the following?

What would be the mechanism of action of an inhibitor of gene expression of HER2 in an ovarian cancer cell?