Negatively charged particles that are found in shells around the nucleus.

Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

This type of bond forms when valence electrons are shared by two atoms.

Relatively weak bond that forms between the partial positively charged hydrogen atom of one molecule and the negative charged oxygen of another molecule.

This property of water allows for the linking of like molecules, i.e. water molecules join to water molecules.

The clinging of one substance to another, i.e. water molecule attached to some other molecule (water droplets to a glass windshield).

Which of the following is NOT a true property of water?

What is the pH of water?

If an aqueous solution has an excess amount of H⁺ ions (H⁺ > OH^-), it is...

All organic compounds must contain what TWO essential elements? Select TWO choices!

This process creates polymers from monomers through the removal of H₂O.

The process of adding water to split a large molecule into smaller pieces (polymer --> monomer).

This macromolecule is responsible for energy storage (i.e. starch & glycogen) and structural support (cellulose & chitin).

This macromolecule is responsible for structural support, enzymes, antibodies supporting the immune system, and support the regulation and expression of DNA & RNA.

This macromolecule is responsible for long term energy storage, protection of vital organs, and insulation.

This macromolecule is responsible for storing, transmitting, and expressing hereditary information.

Monosaccharides, such as glucose and ribose, are monomers of what macromolecule?

Amino Acids, such as Valine, are monomers of what macromolecule?

What is the primary structure of a protein?

The unique three-dimensional shapes of a protein, Alpha helixes and Beta pleated sheets, are part of a proteins...

A protein that loses its shape due to excess heat, a change in pH, or some other disturbance has...

A nucleotide is made of of what THREE components? Select three answers!

What type of genetic material is typically single stranded, contains the nucleotides A, U, C and G, and has a ribose sugar?

What type of bond holds together complementary nitrogenous bases in DNA?

What type of metabolic pathway leads to the release of energy by the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler compounds (i.e. digestive enzymes break down food and release energy)?

What metabolic pathway is occurring when your body links together amino acids to form muscle protein in response to physical exercise?

What type of energy is stored in molecules such as glucose or glycogen?

What law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed?

Is the breakdown of glucose in cellular respiration exergonic or endergonic?

Which of the following molecules is the primary source of energy for cells?

What components make up a molecule of ATP? Select THREE answers!

Enzymes are made up of what macromolecule?

The name of an enzyme usually contains what suffix?

What biological molecule acts as a catalyst, lowering the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction to take place?

What does "A" represent in the enzyme diagram?

This enzyme hypothesis suggests that the active sight will tighten (slightly change shape) around the substrate.

Enzymes require nonprotein (inorganic) helpers, such as metal ions like zinc or iron, to function properly. These are known as...

What type of inhibitor competes with the substrate for the active site of the enzyme (it is reversible)?

The enzyme Pepsin has an optimal pH of...

The diagram depicts the end product of an enzymatic pathway switching off its own production. This is called...

The inhibitor that is bound to the purple enzyme is binding to the enzymes...

In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the gain of one or more electrons is...

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ --> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy is the equation for what cellular process?

Which of the following processes take place in cellular respiration?

The generation of ATP without the presence of oxygen using an Electron Transport Chain is what type of respiration?

Chemiosmosis, the second stage of oxidative phosphorylation, is the driving force of producing ATP (by ATP Synthase) by transferring ___?___ from the inter-membrane space into the matrix?

6CO2 + 6H2O + Solar Energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 is the equation for what cellular processes?

The process by which glucose is split into two pyruvate producing two ATP and two NADH.

The process by which a proton (hydrogen ion) gradient is used to produce ATP by sending a hydrogen ion through a proton pump.

The process by which glucose is split to produce two ATP and lactic acid or ethanol.

A series of membrane-embedded electron carriers that ultimately create the hydrogen ion gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP.

Photosynthesis takes place in what organelle?

photosynthesis light dependent reactions take place in what component of the chloroplast?

Light for photosynthesis is absorbed in the thylakoids by what photosynthetic pigment?

NADPH is oxidized by the Calvin cycle into NADP+, which means it ___?___ an electron.

In the Calvin cycle, CO₂ is reduced into what molecule? A.K.A. what is the product of the Calvin cycle?

The ultimate goal of photosystems I and II is to produce ___?___ that will be used in the Calvin Cycle.

These types of plants, such as cacti & jade, keep their stomata closed during the day to prevent excess water loss due to a hot, dry climate

What process is defined by the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule such as ADP --> ATP?

The exterior of the lower epidermis of a leaf contains tiny pores called ___?___, which allow the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.

In both cellular respiration and photosynthesis, a series of protein-enzyme complexes pass an electron from one area to another, known as?

Which of the following components are found in BOTH prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Select all that apply!

What Cellular component is responsible for providing protection for the cell and providing a fixed environment in the cell?

What cellular component is responsible for the production of proteins, being found free-floating in the cytoplasm or fixed to the rough ER & nuclear envelope?

What organelle is responsible for the synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cellular products?

What organelle is responsible for the hydrolysis of macromolecules (i.e. proteins & carbohydrates)?

What organelle is responsible for locomotion (present in some eukaryotic [sperm] and prokaryotic cells [E. coli])

This cellular structure is found only in plant cells, and act as a channel through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells.

This cellular component (made of proteins) is responsible for reinforcing a cells shape and aids in cell movement.

This cellular component is an outer layer of protection that maintains a cell's shape and protects the cell from damage (can be made of cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan, etc...).

This non-membranous organelle is responsible for the production of ribosomes.

This organelle is responsible for the synthesis of lipids, the metabolism of carbohydrates, and detoxification of drugs and poisons.

These organelles are responsible for the transport of materials into and out of the cell.

This organelle is found predominantly in plant cells, taking up to 80% of the cell, and is responsible for the storage of materials & wastes.

The phospholipids bilayer is composed of a ___(1)___ head and a ___?___ tail.

What type of transport occurs when molecules are moving from an area of low concentration to high concentration?

The movement of water across a membrane is...

Water travels through special transport proteins known as...

Active transport requires the use of what energy storage molecule?

The following image depicts what type of solution?

The following image depicts what type of solution?

The following image depicts what type of solution?

The sodium-potassium pump is an example of what type of membrane transport?

Large molecules are moved into the cell membrane through the formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane in a process called?

The following image depicts what type of cellular transport?

What is the correct order of steps for cellular communication?

A signaling molecule in cellular communication is known as a...

This type of cell signaling involves long distance communication through the use of hormones (such as epinephrine).

The purpose of a phosphorylation cascade in cell signaling is...

Which of the following enzymes is used to activate a protein by transferring a phosphate group to it?

A cancer cell will signal itself to grow and divide. This is known as what type of cell signaling?

During what cellular process will a cell systematically dismantle and hydrolyze?

What type of molecule is an intracellular signaling molecule that is released by the cell due to exposure to an extracellular signaling molecule?

What is the most common example of a secondary messenger (intracellular signaling molecule)?

On average, what types of cells are smaller?

Cells that have a high surface area to volume ratio (SA:V) are more efficient at...

What type of gradient occurs in the presence of a chemical force and a voltage gradient (i.e. inside of cell is negative, outside of cell is positive)?

What biomolecules are made up ONLY of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen? Select all that apply.

The names of most carbohydrates contain the suffix...