CONCERNED WITH CHARACTER.

STAND TO QUERIES ABOUT WHAT THERE IS TO DO.

IS THE BRANCH OF PHILOSOPHY THAT STUDIES MORALITY OR THE RIGHTNESS OR WRONGNESS OF HUMAN CONDUCT.

ARGUMENTS CAME FROM REASON.

ARE CONCERNED WITH THE IMPERATIVE ('OUGHT-NESS')

RULES TELL US WHAT IS OR IS NOT ALLOWED IN A PARTICULAR CONTEXT OR SITUATION.

SERVE AS A FOUNDATION FOR ANY HEALTHY SOCIETY. WITHOUT RULES, SOCIETY WOULD LIKELY FALL INTO ANARCHY.

SPEAK OF A CODE OR SYSTEM OF BEHAVIOR IN REGARD TO STANDARDS OF RIGHT AND WRONG BEHAVIOR.

IT MAY BE INHERITED FROM CULTURE OR FAMILY BACKGROUND.

IS A CONFLICT IN WHICH YOU HAVE TO CHOOSE BETWEEN TWO (2) OR MORE ACTIONS AND HAVE MORAL REASONS FOR CHOOSING EACH ACTION.

IN MORALITY, ARGUMENTS CAME FROM ____.

THE NORMS WHICH WE HAVE ABOUT THE TYPES OF ACTIONS WHICH WE BELIEVE TO BE MORALLY ACCEPTABLE AND MORALLY UNACCEPTABLE.

DEAL WITH MATTERS WHICH CAN EITHER SERIOUSLY HARM OR BENEFIT HUMAN BEINGS.

THE RULES THAT ARE UNRELATED TO MORAL OR ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS.

EXAMPLES: RULES OF ETIQUETTE, FASHION STANDARDS, RULES IN GAMES, AND VARIOUS HOUSE RULES.

MORAL STANDARDS DEAL WITH MATTERS WHICH CAN SERIOUSLY INJURE OR BENEFIT HUMAN BEINGS.

IT IS NOT THE CASE WITH MANY NON-MORAL STANDARDS.

A PERSON HAS THE MORAL OBLIGATION TO DO SOMETHING, THEN S/HE IS SUPPOSED TO DO THAT EVEN IF IT CONFLICTS WITH OTHER NON-MORAL STANDARDS, EVEN SELF-INTEREST.

A PERSON MAY BE AESTHETICALLY JUSTIFIED IN LEAVING BEHIND HIS/HER FAMILY IN ORDER TO DEVOTE HIS/HER LIFE TO PAINTING, BUT MORALLY, ALL THINGS CONSIDERED, S/HE PROBABLY IS NOT JUSTIFIED. IT MAY BE PRUDENT TO LIE TO SAVE ONE’S DIGNITY, BUT IT IS MORALLY WRONG TO DO SO.

NOT INVENTED, FORMED, OR GENERATED BY AUTHORITATIVE BODIES OR PERSONS SUCH AS NATIONS' LEGISLATIVE BODIES.

THE VALIDITY OF THESE STANDARDS LIES IN THE SOUNDNESS OR ADEQUACY OF THE REASONS THAT ARE CONSIDERED TO SUPPORT AND JUSTIFY THEM.

SIMPLY PUT, IT MEANS THAT EVERYONE SHOULD LIVE UP TO MORAL STANDARDS.

“DO UNTO OTHERS WHAT YOU WOULD DO UNTO YOU.”

MORAL STANDARDS DO NOT EVALUATE STANDARDS ON THE BASIS OF THE INTERESTS OF A CERTAIN PERSON OR GROUP, BUT ONE THAT GOES BEYOND PERSONAL INTERESTS TO A UNIVERSAL STANDPOINT IN WHICH EACH PERSON'S INTERESTS ARE IMPARTIALLY COUNTED AS EQUAL.

PRESCRIPTIVITY INDICATES THE PRACTICAL OR ACTION-GUIDING NATURE OF MORAL STANDARDS. THESE MORAL STANDARDS ARE GENERALLY PUT FORTH AS INJUNCTIONS OR IMPERATIVES.

COMES FROM THE GREEK WORD " MORES ".

WHAT IS COMMON TO THE TWO WELL-KNOWN CASES IS CONFLICT.

IN THE CONCEPT OF ETHICS, A PERSON WHO HAS TO DEAL WITH MORAL DILEMMAS IS CONSIDERED AS A MORAL AGENT.

IN EACH CASE, AN AGENT REGARDS HIM/HERSELF AS HAVING MORAL REASONS TO DO EACH OF THE TWO (2) ACTIONS, BUT DOING BOTH IS NOT POSSIBLE.

SALIENT FEATURES OF MORAL DILEMMA (A)

THE AGENT IS REQUIRED TO DO EACH OF TWO (OR MORE) ACTIONS.

SALIENT FEATURES OF MORAL DILEMMA (B)

THE AGENT CAN DO EACH OF THE ACTIONS, BUT THE AGENT CANNOT DO BOTH (OR ALL).

SALIENT FEATURES OF MORAL DILLEMA (C)

THE AGENT THUS SEEMS CONDEMNED TO MORAL FAILURE; NO MATTER WHAT SHE DOES, SHE WILL DO SOMETHING WRONG (OR FAIL TO DO SOMETHING THAT SHE OUGHT TO DO).

THIS SITUATION INVOLVES TWO OR MORE MORAL REQUIREMENTS THAT CONFLICT WITH EACH OTHER.

THE AGENT HARDLY KNOWS WHICH OF THE CONFLICTING MORAL REQUIREMENTS TAKES PRECEDENCE OVER THE OTHER.

HE OR SHE IS NOT AWARE OF WHICH OPTION IS MORALLY RIGHT OR WRONG, AND DUTIES ARE CONFLICTING IN THE SITUATION. HENCE, THE AGENT OUGHT TO ANALYZE THE SITUATION THAT ONE OPTION MUST BE BETTER THAN THE OTHER.

A MOTHER PROMISED HER SON TO BE HOME EARLY, BUT THERE’S AN URGENT SITUATION – A SICK OLDER ADULT WHO NEEDS TO BE BROUGHT TO THE HOSPITAL.

IT INVOLVES TWO OR MORE CONFLICTING MORAL REQUIREMENTS.

NEITHER OF THOSE CONFLICTING MORAL REQUIREMENTS OVERRIDES THE OTHER NOR IS STRONGER THAN THE OTHER.

THE MORAL AGENT CAN HARDLY CHOOSE BETWEEN THE CONFLICTING MORAL REQUIREMENTS.

A MILITARY DOCTOR IS ATTENDING TO THE MEDICAL AID OF THE WOUNDED SOLDIERS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE WAR. TWO SOLDIERS URGENTLY NEED A BLOOD TRANSFUSION, BUT ONLY ONE BAG OF BLOOD IS AVAILABLE AT THE MOMENT.

IT IS A DILEMMA CAUSED BY THE AGENT’S MISTAKE.

A CANDIDATE IS RUNNING FOR THE POSITION OF MAYOR. HE PROMISED THE CITIZENS TO PROTECT THE FOREST SURROUNDING THE CITY TO GAIN VOTES. BUT HE SEEKS FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROM A MINING COMPANY. AFTER THE ELECTIONS, HE WON THE POSITION, AND AT THE SAME TIME, THE MINING COMPANY WAS ALLOWED TO PERFORM THE MINING OPERATION IN THE VICINITY.

THIS SITUATION PLACES THE AGENT IN MORAL CONFLICT DUE TO CERTAIN EVENTS IN THE WORLD.

THE PROBLEM OF WORLD HUNGER IS A ____ THAT CAN BE SOLVED. STILL, THE GOVERNMENT AND OTHER AGENCIES FAIL TO ADDRESS IT. WE ARE THROWN INTO THE WORLD, AND AS A SOURCE OF THE ANSWER TO THAT SOLUTION, WE ARE IMPOSED, OR WE ARE TASKED TO ADDRESS THAT PROBLEM AND SOLVE IT.

IT IS A SITUATION IN WHICH MORE THAN ONE POSSIBLE ACTION IS OBLIGATORY.

IN THE SITUATION IN A WAR-TORN COUNTRY, YOUNG CHILDREN ARE FORCED TO JOIN THE RANKS AS SOLDIERS IN THE WAR DUE TO THE LACK OF ARMED FORCES IN THE COUNTRY.

IT INVOLVES CASES IN WHICH ALL POSSIBLE ACTIONS ARE PROHIBITED.

SUPPOSE THAT A PERSON PROMISED HER FRIEND TO CHAT WITH HER AT PRECISELY 3 P.M. DUE TO A LAPSE IN MEMORY, SHE PROMISED ANOTHER PERSON TO CHAT WITH HIM AT THE SAME TIME. NO MATTER WHAT SHE WILL DO, SHE WILL FAIL TO SATISFY THE DICTATES OF MORALITY

IT IS A SITUATION WHERE AN AGENT IS COMPELLED TO ACT ON TWO OR MORE EQUALLY THE SAME MORAL OPTIONS. HOWEVER, HE CANNOT CHOOSE BOTH.

A MEDICAL DOCTOR FOUND OUT THAT HER PATIENT HAS HIV. THE MEDICAL DOCTOR MAY EXPERIENCE TENSION BETWEEN THE LEGAL REQUIREMENT TO REPORT THE CASE AND THE DESIRE TO RESPECT CONFIDENTIALITY. HOWEVER, THE MEDICAL CODE OF ETHICS ACKNOWLEDGES OUR OBLIGATION TO FOLLOW LEGAL REQUIREMENTS AND TO INTERVENE TO PROTECT THE VULNERABLE

IT OCCURS IN SITUATIONS THAT INVOLVE SEVERAL PERSONS LIKE A FAMILY, AN ORGANIZATION, OR A COMMUNITY THAT IS EXPECTED TO COME UP WITH A CONSENSUAL DECISION ON A MORAL ISSUE AT HAND.

IT ALSO REQUIRES MORE THAN CHOOSING WHAT IS RIGHT. IT ALSO ENTAILS THAT THE PERSONS INVOLVED REACHED A CONSENSUS. THE MORAL OBLIGATION TO DO WHAT IS RIGHT BECOMES MORE COMPLICATED.

AN ORGANIZATION MAY HAVE TO CHOOSE BETWEEN COMPLYING WITH THE WAGE LAW BY CUTTING ITS WORKFORCE OR BY RETAINING ITS CURRENT WORKFORCE BY PAYING THEM BELOW THE REQUIRED MINIMUM WAGE

ARE EXPERIENCED AND RESOLVED ON A PERSONAL LEVEL. SINCE MANY ETHICAL DECISIONS ARE PERSONALLY MADE, MOST MORAL DILEMMAS FALL UNDER THIS LEVEL.

ETHICAL CASES ENCOUNTERED AND RESOLVED BY SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS. THIS CATEGORY INCLUDES MORAL DILEMMAS IN BUSINESS, THE MEDICAL FIELD, AND THE PUBLIC SECTOR.

CASES INVOLVING NETWORKS OF INSTITUTIONS AND OPERATIVE THEORETICAL PARADIGMS. AS THEY USUALLY ENCOMPASS MULTI-SECTORAL INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS, THEY MAY BE LARGER IN SCOPE AND EXTENT THAN ORGANIZATIONAL DILEMMAS.

IT IS LARGELY INTERPRETED AS THE CAPACITY TO DO WHATEVER ONE WANTS WITHOUT HINDRANCE AND LIMITATION.

MISUNDERSTOOD AS DOING ANYTHING I WANT.

ONE THAT IS ALWAYS COUPLED WITH RESPONSIBILITY.

ACCORDING TO GABRIEL MARCEL, FREEDOM IS THE ABILITY TO ACT SIGNIFICANTLY.

IT IS A GIFT GIVEN TO US BY GOD.

ARISTOTLE STATED THAT THE HUMAN PERSON AS A MORAL AGENT MUST EXERCISE PRACTICAL RATIONALITY IN ORDER TO DETERMINE HOW TO PURSUE HIS OR HER ULTIMATE END.

HE CONSIDERED FREEDOM AND REASON AS NECESSARY FACULTIES FOR CONSCIOUSLY MAKING SENSE OF THINGS ( EVENTS, OCCURRENCES, PHENOMENA, SITUATIONS).

EXISTENTIALIST PHILOSOPHER JEAN-PAUL SARTRE’S CONCEPT OF FREEDOM IS NOT THE FREEDOM TO DO SOMETHING OR ANYTHING.

THE HUMAN PERSON IS “ABSOLUTELY FREE”.

JEAN-PAUL SARTRE SAID “YOU ARE FREE” BECAUSE HE BELIEVED A PERSON ALWAYS HAS A CHOICE,

HIS IDEA WAS THAT FREEDOM IS THE CAPACITY TO CHOOSE, THAT EVEN NOT CHOOSING IS A CHOICE.

EVEN THOUGH INDIVIDUALS MUST MAKE THEIR OWN CHOICES BECAUSE THEY ARE FREE, THESE CHOICES (THOUGH FREELY MADE) ALSO HAVE CONSEQUENCES.

THESE CONSEQUENCES TO FREEDOM ARE SOMETHING THAT THE PERSON MUST ENDURE.

ONLY HUMAN BEINGS ARE RATIONAL, AUTONOMOUS, AND SELF-CONSCIOUS.

ONLY HUMAN BEINGS CAN ACT MORALLY OR IMMORALLY.

ONLY HUMAN BEINGS ARE PART OF THE MORAL COMMUNITY.

IS THE SUM TOTAL OF THE LEARNED BEHAVIOR OF A GROUP OF PEOPLE THAT ARE GENERALLY CONSIDERED TO BE THE TRADITION OF THOSE PEOPLE AND ARE TRANSMITTED FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION.

INCLUDES ALL THE THINGS INDIVIDUALS LEARN WHILE GROWING UP AMONG A PARTICULAR GROUP: ATTITUDES, STANDARDS OF MORALITY, RULES OF ETIQUETTE, PERCEPTIONS OF REALITY, LANGUAGE, NOTIONS ABOUT THE PROPER WAY TO LIVE, BELIEFS ABOUT HOW FEMALES AND MALES SHOULD INTERACT, IDEAS ABOUT HOW THE WORLD WORKS AND SO FORTH. WE CALL THIS CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE.

A CULTURE IS A “WAY OF ____” OF A GROUP OF PEOPLE.

THIS SO-CALLED “WAY OF LIFE” ACTUALLY INCLUDES MORAL VALUES AND BEHAVIORS, ALONG WITH KNOWLEDGE, BELIEFS, AND SYMBOLS THAT THEY ACCEPT, GENERALLY WITHOUT THINKING ABOUT THEM, AND THAT ARE PASSED ALONG BY COMMUNICATION AND IMITATION FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.

CULTURE SHAPES ____ BEHAVIOR.

MAINTAINS THAT AN ACT IS ETHICAL IN A CULTURE THAT APPROVES OF IT, BUT IMMORAL IN ONE THAT DISAPPROVES OF IT.

WHAT IS DEEMED MORAL WITHIN ONE GROUP MAY BE TOTALLY DESPICABLE TO THE MEMBERS OF ANOTHER GROUP, AND VICE VERSA.

SOCIETY OR PEOPLE, IN GENERAL, WOULD POSSIBLY BE IN ____.