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WorksheetsFinal exam
Total questions: 68
Worksheet time: 2hrs 16mins
Which gland produces ADH & Oxytocin and from where are they secreted?
Hypothalamus = Secretes
Posterior pituitary = produces
Hypothalamus = produces
pancreas = Secretes
Hypothalamus = produces
Anterior pituitary = Secretes
Hypothalamus = produces
Posterior pituitary = Secretes
Which division of the peripheral nervous system controls voluntary movements, like walking, running, and writing?
somatic motor division
visceral motor division
visceral sensory division
somatic sensory division
Which other organ system also functions to control and regulate body functions?
the cardiovascular system
the lymphatic / immune system
the endocrine system
the reproductive system
For each answer, indicate whether it applies to the sympathetic system
gets activated when you sense a threat
increases blood flow to skeletal muscle
increases movement along the digestive tract
comes out of the cervical spinal cord
innervates the adrenal medulla
Which division of the peripheral nervous system is the ANS?
visceral sensory division
somatic motor division
somatic sensory division
visceral motor division
Where are the adrenal glands located?
within the abdominal cavity
superior to the kidney
all of the above
lateral to the aorta
In the context of anatomy and physiology, what does ANS stand for? (in the answer do not use capital letters)
(a)
If you sit down for an exam and your heart is racing, what is simultaneously happening to your blood pressure?
your blood pressure stays the same
your blood pressure goes up as well
your blood pressure will go down
For each answer, indicate whether it applies to the parasympathetic system
signals travel on the vagus nerve
increases blood flow to skeletal muscle
increases movement along the digestive tract
comes out of the cervical spinal cord
carried on some cranial nerves
Which part of the body regulates both the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system?
the hypothalamus
the adrenal gland
the thalamus
the frontal lobe
Which hormone opposes the effect of calcitonin?
erythropoietin (EPO)
aldosterone
PTH
PRL
A man who is seven feet tall could have an excess of which hormone?
testosterone
GH
testosterone
cortisol
How does the hypothalamus regulate the adrenal medulla?
ANP
angiotensin
aldosterone
ADH
Which 2 hormones have opposing effects on blood glucose levels?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
glucagon and insulin
ADH and ANP
aldosterone and testosterone3
Which 2 hormones increase fluid retention by the kidney, and therefore increase blood pressure?
ANP and EPO
PTH and calcitonin
insulin and glucagon
aldosterone and ADH
Which of these hormones is not produced in the organ from which it is secreted?
PRL
ADH
TSH
GH
What molecule is stored in the colloid at the center of the thyroid follicle?
transferrin
thyroglobulin
TSH
TRH
T3/T4
Which hormone from the adrenal cortex travels to the kidney where it binds to its receptors?
estrogen
aldosterone
testosterone
cortisol
Which 2 hormones regulate the function of the testes (the male gonads)?
oxytocin and prolactin
FSH and LH
epinephrine and norepinephrine
insulin and glucagon
An increase in the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus will lead to an increase in release of which 2 pituitary hormones?
ADH and aldosterone
PTH and calcitonin
FSH and LH
testosterone and estrogen
Which of the following hormones is likely to bind to an intracellular receptor?
GH
PTH
cortisol
PRL
Which of these hormones is made from cholesterol?
oxytocin
testosterone
ADH
insulin
Which hormone is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis?
T3/T4
testosterone
epinephrine
cortisol
The pancreas is described as part of the endocrine system, yet 95% of the pancreatic tissue actually functions as part of the _______ system.
cardiovascular
lymphatic / immune
respiratory
digestive
You travel to the Rocky Mountains to train for the Olympic cycling race. Which hormone will increase, to help your blood carry more oxygen in this low oxygen environment?
TSH
erythropoietin (EPO)
PTH
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
In women, which organ is primarily responsible for producing estrogen and progesterone?
the mammary glands
the adrenal gland
the ovary
the uterus
Which hormone sets the basal metabolic rate, when a person is not exercising or eating?
insulin
PTH
glucagon
T3/T4
cortisol
Which of these scenarios demonstrates positive feedback?
the posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin in increasing amounts until labor is complete and a baby is born
the hypothalamus regulates body temperature by increasing or decreasing TRH release
the parathyroid regulates blood calcium by releasing PTH
the posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin in increasing amounts until labor is complete and a baby is born
Which ion movement is responsible for the depolarization stage of an action potential?
sodium ions moving OUT of the cell
sodium ions moving INTO the cell
potassium ions moving INTO the cell
potassium ions moving OUT of the cell
What will happen to the heart rate if the SA node fails to fire?
the AV node will fire spontaneously
the AV bundle will fire spontaneously
the Purkinje fibers will fire spontaneously
the heart will stop beating
What type of tissue surrounds and protects the coronary vessels, found in the atrioventricular sulcus, the anterior interventricular sulcus, and the posterior interventricular sulcus?
dense irregular connective tissue
adipose loose connective tissue
reticular loose connective tissue
areolar loose connective tissue
Which nerve stimulates the heart, with the effect of slowing the heart rate?
the vagus nerve
the musculocutaneous nerve
the trigeminal nerve
the phrenic nerve
What is the effect of decreasing the resting membrane potential of the tissue of the SA node?
heart rate will increase
heart rate will increase
heart rate will decrease
which option lists the structures of the conducting system in order?
SA node->Purkinje fibers->AV node->AV bundle-
>atrial conducting fibers->L/R bundle branches
SA node->atrial conducting fibers->AV node->AV bundle->L/R bundle branches->Purkinje fibers
SA node->atrial conducting fibers->AV node->AV bundle->Purkinje fibers->L/R bundle branches
SA node->atrial conducting fibers->AV bundle->L/R bundle branches->AV node->Purkinje fibers
An EKG/ECG tracing is a picture of the electrical activity of the heart. Which cells produce the electrical signal that is detected in the EKG?
the Purkinje fibers
the cardiomyocytes themselves
the nerves that innervate the heart
the cells of the conducting system
Which of the following structures has the fastest rate of spontaneous depolarization?
the Purkinje fibers
the AV bundle
the AV node
the SA node
You are analyzing an EKG. You see waves that have the normal shapes, but the rhythm is too fast. Which term describes this phenomenon?
sinus bradycardia
AV block
sinus tachycardia
atrial fibrillation
Which of the following events is unique to the action potential of the cardiac contractile cell?
depolarization
plateau
hyperpolarization
repolarization
Which layer of the heart contains the tissue of the cardiac conducting system?
the epicardium
the pericardium
the myocardium
the endocardium
What happens to membrane potential if calcium ions are allowed to move freely across the cell membrane of a cardiomyocyte?
membrane potential will go up (becoming more positive)
membrane potential will not change
membrane potential will go down (becoming more negative)
What is the first event that is represented in the EKG tracing?
ventricular repolarization
atrial repolarization
ventricular depolarization
atrial depolarization
Cardiac muscle functions as a "syncytium," meaning that this group of individual cells functions as one cell. What microscopic structure enables the cardiac muscle cells to function as one?
the myoglobin
the gap junction
the striations
the mitochondria
Which chamber of the heart performs the majority of the work of the heart in pumping blood?
left ventricle
right ventricle
left atrium
right atrium
Why do cardiomyocytes contain large amounts of myoglobin?
to store glycogen
to store ATP
to store oxygen
to store glucose
There is a painful condition resulting from inflammation of the tissue surrounding the heart. The pain is felt each time the heart beat. Using your knowledge of heart anatomy, please identify the term for this condition.
pleuritis
peritonitis
pericarditis
Movement of the ___ ion allows for repolarization of the membrane during the action potential
calcium
potassium
sodium
The shape of your heart within the thoracic cavity is largely determined by the size and shape of which chamber?
left atrium
left ventricle
right atrium
right ventricle
The cardiac skeleton provides an anchoring structure for all of the heart's ___.
membranes
nodes
valves
myocytes
What effect does stimulating the vagus nerve have on cardiac output?
It decreases CO because it decreases HR.
It increases CO because it increases HR.
It increases CO because it increases SV.
It decreases CO because it decreases SV.
What effect does increased aldosterone have on cardiac output? (and you should think about how this effect happens)
It increases CO because it increases HR.
It increases CO because it increases SV.
It decreases CO because it decreases HR.
It decreases CO because it decreases SV.
Which of these would be a normal value for ejection fraction in a healthy person at rest? (Ejection fraction is the % of EDV that is pumped out as SV)
60%
20%
90%
Which chamber of the heart generates the highest systolic pressure?
left ventricle
left atrium
right atrium
right ventricle
What is the most likely potential effect of a blockage in the anterior interventricular artery?
aortic stenosis
left-sided heart failure
right-sided heart failure
tricuspid valve regurgitation
Which of these vessels does not drain into the right atrium?
the superior sagittal sinus
the inferior vena cava
the coronary sinus
the superior vena cava
If the SA node is sick or damaged and does not fire, the AV node will take over (although it paces the heart at a slower rate). In this situation, which part of the EKG tracing will be missing?
the QRS complex
the P wave
the R-R interval
the T wave
Problems breathing would be most consistent with which type of heart problem?
AV bundle block
endocarditis
left-sided congestive heart failure
idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis
Which of the following is true regarding the effects of AcetylCholine (ACh) on the heart?
ACh is a negative ionotropic agent.
ACh is a negative chronotropic agent.
ACh is a positive chronotropic agent.
ACh is a positive ionotropic agent.
Which layer of the heart wall contains coronary arteries? (the ones you learned in lab)
the endocardium
the epicardium
the myocardium
the parietal pericardium
If the sympathetic system causes an increase in the diastolic blood pressure of the aorta, what will be the effect on cardiac output?
Increased CO because of increased HR.
Increased CO because of increased SV.
Decreased CO because of decreased HR.
Decreased CO because of decreased SV.
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does blood move out of the heart?
isovolumetric relaxation phase
ventricular filling phase
ventricular ejection phase
isovolumetric contraction phase
How does activation of the sympathetic system change cardiac output?
Sympathetic activation can increase heart rate.
Sympathetic activation can increase stroke volume.
Sympathetic activation can increase both heart rate and stroke volume.
Sympathetic activation does not affect heart rate or stroke volume.
What is the effect of the hormone glucagon on cardiac output?
Glucagon increases CO because it increases HR.
Glucagon increases CO because it increases both HR and SV.
Glucagon increases CO because it increases SV.
Where do the coronary arteries (right and left) originate?
superior to the cusps of the aortic valve
superior to the leaflets of the bicuspid valve
superior to the cusps of the pulmonary valve
superior to the leaflets of the tricuspid valve
My grandmother once thought she was dying because her dosage of a calcium-channel blocker (that she was taking to lower her blood pressure) was too high. What happened to her, to make her think she was dying?
her heart beat jumped around, as if she had worms crawling around in her chest
she had chest pain that radiated down her left arm
she had intense substernal pain every time her heart beat
her heart rate slowed to the point where she thought it would stop
Transposition of the great vessels is a lethal cardiac birth defect. Why is it so important to keep the ductus arteriosus (a shortcut between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta) open prior to surgical correction of this defect?
otherwise, the hemoglobin will not be able to carry oxygen
otherwise, the left ventricle does not have enough muscle mass to contract
otherwise, the fossa ovalis does not close between the right and left atria
otherwise, the pulmonary and systemic circulations are not connected
We have probably all heard of famous athletes, often basketball players, who drop dead on the court due to a "heart condition" called IHSS or HOCM. In this condition, the heart muscle has thickened to the point that part of the heart wall gets in the way of blood leaving the heart. What is the immediate effect on cardiac output?
Decreased CO because of decreased SV.
Increased CO because of increased HR.
Decreased CO because of decreased HR.
Increased CO because of increased SV.
During which phase of the cardiac cycle can blood flow through the capillaries within cardiac muscle, bringing oxygen to working cardiac muscle?
ventricular filling phase
ventricular ejection phase
isovolumetric contraction phase
isovolumetric relaxation phase
What effect does increased venous return have on cardiac output?
It decreases CO because it decreases SV.
It increases CO because it increases SV.
It decreases CO because it decreases HR.
It increases CO because it increases HR.
