A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

company that the British granted a monopoly on the tea trade in the colonies as well as a portion of new duties to be collected on tea sales

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed and overcrowded.

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions

the channeling of a nation's entire resources into a war effort

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

This was an infection of the feet caused by cold, wet and insanitary conditions. In the trenches men stood for hours on end in waterlogged trenches without being able to remove wet socks or boots. The feet would gradually go numb and the skin would turn red or blue. If untreated, trench foot could turn gangrenous and result in amputation.

A situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible

an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce.

Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile

A military draft

A French chemist, this man discovered that heat could kill bacteria that otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine, and beer.

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

First to achieve a sustained, controlled flight in a powered airplane

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).

United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code (1791-1872)

Invented the seed drill

Invented the cotton gin

sewing machine

Inventor of the telephone

Invented the light bulb

An English engineer who created the Bessemer process, a process of producing steel, in which impurities are removed by forcing a blast of air through molten iron.

Father of Communism

Measures contributing to cleanliness and good health

A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically.

a combustible black or dark brown rock consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter, found mainly in underground deposits and widely used as fuel.

Movement of people from rural areas to cities

A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient steam engine, patented in 1769.

The process of making a raw material into a finished product; especially in large quantities.

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time. (643, 727)

Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy.

long and narrow strip of water made for boats or for irrigation

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

hired soldier

the basic material from which a product is made.

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

developed a steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines

a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country.

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Allowed the US to give arms to countries (like Great Britain) vital to protecting the US.

Battle of British and German air forces fought over Britain during 1940-1941

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II.

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

A former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland

Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality

German emperor

to avoid war with each other over African territory, European countries met here to decide how to divide up Africa (Africans not invited)

a political system that's not based on beliefs, doctrines, ethics, or morals, but rather on realistic, practical ideas

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

an economic system in which individuals own and operate the majority of businesses that provide goods and services

derived from Karl Marx; a political and economic system that seeks to create a classless society in which the major means of production, such as mines and factories, are owned and controlled by the public.

1825; decided to create such a utopian community in New Lanark, Scotland. Owen reformed the textile mill industry at New Lanark and provided workers with good living conditions, a 10-hour day, free school for their kids, and other incentives designed to encourage good work; founder of Utopian socialism

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903): coined the phrase "Social Darwinism"

(1864-1936) English writer and poet; defined the "white man's burden" as the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him.

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

26th President of the U.S.; fought trusts; aided in Progressive Reforms; built the Panama Canal; increased America's influence overseas

Revolt of Indian soldiers against the British; caused by a military practice in violation of the Muslim and Hindu faiths

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

a conflict between Britain and China, lasting from 1839 to 1842, over Britain's opium trade in China

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of World War I.

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

Payment for war damages

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

(1929) a novel written by Erich Maria Remarque illustrating the horrors of World War I and the experiences of veterans and soldiers. It was extremely popular, but also caused a lot of political controversy when it was first published, and was banned in Germany in the 1930's.

Territory taken by Germany from France as a rest of the Franco Prussian war. Was later returned to France as a result of German defeat in WWI

German submarines used in World War I

nickname for American troops in Europe

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

A friendly understanding between political powers

American military base in Hawaii which was attacked by Japanese in WWII

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944

Battle in which the Nazi advance east through Russia was halted.

British defeat Germans; turning point in North Africa.

The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

German empire

A campaign in the closing days of World War II in the Pacific (April to June 1945)

A strip of land beween the trenches of opposing armies along the Western Front during WW1

Japanese city that was hit with the first atomic bomb on August 6, 1945

"Night of Broken Glass," when Nazis attacked Jews throughout Germany

Prejudice against Jews

Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group

All African American air squadron that will distinguish themselves in combat during WWII

The nickname of women who worked in factories supporting the war effort

Turning point battle in the Pacific during WW2.

American strategy of capturing selected islands in the Pacific in a steady path to Japan

American invasion to get a base near the coast of japan

Led by Vladimir Lenin it was the Russian communist party that took over the Russian goverment during WWI

a wearing down over time

the group of people in southeastern Europe who were the same ethnic group as the Russians

President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.

The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand

a treaty between Russia and Germany stating Russia's withdrawal from the war and letting German gain Poland, Ukraine and other territories to the Germans

Self-proclaimed holy man who claimed to heal the sick and have prophecy. He had much influence over Tsarina Alexandra and she often went to him for advise on political issues.

Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust.

Trials of Nazi leaders charged with crimes against humanity, held in Nuremberg, Germany

Brutal march of American and Filipino prisoners by Japanese soldiers in 1942

Governs the treatment of wounded soldiers and prisoners of war

Forced Relocation of Japanese-Americans into prison camps during World War 2.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances

an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit

China's second five-year plan under the leadership of the impatient Mao, it aimed to speed up economic development while simultaneously developing a completely socialist society. This plan failed and more than 20 million people starved between 1958 and 1960.

Line that divided Korea - Soviet Union occupied the north and United States occupied the south, during the Cold War.

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry.

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.

Dividing line between North and South Vietnam

A group of Communist guerrillas who, with the help of North Vietnam, fought against the South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War.

A hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba

failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs.

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

A doctrine of military strategy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender.

Schoolchildren practiced crawling under their desks and putting their hands over their heads to protect themselves from an atomic bomb attack.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the United States government agency responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

the willingness to go to the brink of war to force an opponent to back down

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO