association of a particular trait with the genetic constitution of an individual organism, rather than with environmental conditions

(a)  

an Austrian monk; the father of genetics.

(a)  

the science that studies patterns and mechanisms of heredity and Mendel laid the foundations of this field with his seminal work on garden pea plants.

(a)  

Mendel's observations and inferences later became the basis

for the (a)  

other mendelian laws

these segregate and assort during the

production of gametes passed on from parents to offspring

(a)  

Eventually, the unit factors were given the name " (a)   "

inheritance pattern that follows Mendel’s laws

(a)  

inheritance pattern that does not follow mendelian laws

(a)  

Gregor Mendel‘s law stating that when two alleles of an inherited pair is heterozygous, then, the allele that is expressed is dominant whereas the allele that is not expressed is recessive.

(a)  

It is also called the first law of inheritance.

(a)  

segregation states that the two copies of each

genetic factor segregate during the development of gametes, to ensure that each parent’s offspring attains one factor

(a)  

Mendelian law stating that for every pair of unit factors, each of them would assort independently into the newly formed gametes.

(a)  

refers to a trait that is controlled by multiple non-allelic genes

(a)  

group of genes that, when turned on, are expressed as a unit

(a)  

Each of them produces

an effect that adds up to the trait.

(a)  

a trait that arises from polygenic inheritance

(a)  

a form of inheritance wherein only one pair of

alleles or one gene is involved

(a)  

By using a (a)   , the phenotypic ratio of a test cross involving a

single pair of alleles can be predicted easily as it follows Mendelian laws, particularly, the Law of Unit Characters, Law of Segregation, and Law of Independent Assortment.

When one single gene starts affecting multiple traits of living organisms, this phenomenon is known as (a)   .

a human genetic disorder affecting the connective tissues

(a)  

This disease commonly affects the eyes, heart, blood

vessels, and skeleton.

(a)  

caused by a mutation in a human gene resulting in pleiotropy

(a)  

a term coined to describe a specific copy of a gene

(a)  

the DNA sequences controlling our traits

(a)  

usually found in two copies in eukaryotic genomes

(a)  

Each allele occupies a specific region on the chromosome called a (a)  

allele that is expressed

(a)  

allele that is not expressed

(a)  

In humans (as well as other higher forms of living things),

the somatic cell contains (a)   copies of genes.

a process that makes use of meiosis that halves the chromosomal set

(a)  

In particular, the human sex cells (a sperm or an egg cell) will have (a)   chromosomes.

human somatic cell has (a)   chromosomes

At (a)   , the two cells unite forming a zygote with now two sets of chromosomes.

The human zygote, then,

grows by going through (a)   .

refers to the cell containing two sets of homologous chromosomes

wherein each chromosome in a set is obtained from each of the two-parent cells

(a)  

DNA that is packed with some proteins

(a)  

chromosomes that possess similar or corresponding genes for certain traits

(a)  

cells that contain a single set of chromosomes in the nucleus

(a)  

The fusion of two

haploid sex cells results in the formation of a diploid cell called a (a)  

defined as the state of being polyploid, which means having more than two sets of chromosomes in a nucleus

(a)  

Each set of chromosomes is designated by _

(a)  

common in plants and certain groups of fish and amphibians

(a)  

responsible for the creation of thousands of species in today’s planet and will continue to do so

(a)  

responsible for increasing genetic diversity and producing species showing an increase in size, vigor, and an increased resistance to disease

(a)  

genetic makeup of an individual cell or organism that determines or contributes to its phenotype

(a)  

identifies the alleles related to a single trait or to a number of traits

(a)  

used to describe a cell, a nucleus, or an individual organism that carries different or non-identical alleles for a particular trait at the same loci on homologous chromosomes

(a)  

alleles are identical

(a)  

defined as the observable and measurable characteristics of an organism because of the interaction of the genes of the organism, environmental factors, and random variation

(a)  

The phenotype of

an organism will not only entail the observable features such as morphology but it will also include molecules and structures such as RNA and proteins produced as coded by the genes; this is referred to as ” (a)   ”.

a trait that is controlled by a gene or an allele located on the sex chromosome

(a)  

sex chromosomes in human

any of the chromosome not considered as a sex chromosome

(a)  

3 types of RNA

copies the message from DNA and brings it to the ribosomes located in the cytoplasm

(a)  

component of the ribosomes

(a)  

picks up and carries the specific amino acids to the mRNA at the ribosomes

(a)  

RNA is synthesized via a process called (a)  

first step in gene expression

(a)  

It involves copying a gene's DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule.

(a)  

3 stages of transcription

RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called the promoter, found near the

beginning of a gene. Each gene (or group of co-transcribed genes, in bacteria) has its own promoter.

(a)  

One strand of DNA, the template strand, acts as a template for RNA polymerase. As it "reads" this template one base at a time, the polymerase builds an RNA molecule out of complementary nucleotides, making a chain that grows from 5' to 3'.

(a)  

Sequences called terminators signal that the RNA transcript is complete. Once they are transcribed, they cause the transcript to be released from the RNA polymerase.

(a)  

In the mid-1950s, physicist (a)   extended this line of thinking to predict that the genetic code was likely composed of triplets of nucleotides. That is, he proposed that a group of 333 nucleotides in a gene

might code for one amino acid in a protein.

Most codons specify an (a)   .

(a)   "stop" codons mark the end of a protein.

One "start" codon, (a)   , marks the beginning of a protein and encodes the amino acid methionine.

The full set of relationships between codons and amino acids (or stop signals) is called the (a)  

It involves the decoding by a ribosome of an mRNA message into a polypeptide product.

(a)  

It is the process by which a protein is synthesized from the information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).

(a)  

factory for the synthesis of proteins

(a)  

structural RNA molecules and depending on the species

(a)  

The tRNA molecule

interacts with three factors:

a type of cell division in which one cell (the mother) divides to produce two new cells (the daughters) that are genetically identical to itself.

(a)  

the part of the division process in which the DNA of the cell's nucleus is split into two equal sets of chromosomes

(a)  

actually a form of reproduction, adding new individuals to the population

(a)  

The somatic cells of the eukaryotic body go through a sequence of biological events called the (a)   .

The cell cycle consists of these fundamental events:

mitosis phases

In plant cells, though, a (a)   occurs prior to prophase.

organize the mitotic spindles

(a)  

stage in mitosis where chromosomes, spindle, and polar bodies “appear“

(a)  

stage of mitosis in between prophase and metaphase

(a)  

major event is the disintegration of the nuclear envelope, forming many membrane vesicles

(a)  

long protein filaments

(a)  

the chromosomes continue to condense; main highlight of this stage is the alignment of the chromosomes in the equatorial plane (or metaphase plate).

(a)  

the two groups of daughter chromosomes separate and move along the fibers of the central spindle to opposite poles

(a)  

the chromosomes continue to move until two complete daughter nuclei are formed

(a)  

sometimes regarded as the opposite of prophase because the nucleolus and the nuclear membrane “reappear” as they reassemble on each daughter nuclei

(a)  

a separate process whereas in others it is a

part of telophase

(a)  

a form of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms

(a)  

inherited variations in an organism’s appearance or function

(a)  

the consequence of a change in the DNA sequence of a single gene

(a)  

may occur either because of a replication error or as a consequence of altering the DNA by radiation or chemical damage

(a)  

occurs in a genome when a single base pair is added, deleted or

changed

(a)  

occur when a pyrimidine base (i.e., thymine [T] or cytosine [C])

substitutes for another pyrimidine base or when a purine base (i.e., adenine [A] or guanine [G]) substitutes for another purine base

(a)  

occur when a purine base substitutes for a pyrimidine base, or

vice versa; for example, when a TA or CG pair replaces the wild type AT pair

(a)  

some people call this mismatching

(a)  

refers to the insertion or deletion of nucleotide

bases in numbers that are not multiples of three

(a)  

a type of mutation that involves the addition of

one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA

(a)  

can involve the addition of any number of

nucleotides, from a single nucleotide to an entire piece of a chromosome

(a)  

a type of mutation that involves the loss of one or more

nucleotides from a segment of DNA

(a)  

can involve the loss of any number of nucleotides, from a

single nucleotide to an entire piece of a chromosome

(a)  

occurs when a chromosome breaks and the

(typically two) fragmented pieces re-attach to different chromosomes

(a)  

occur when a section of DNA breaks away from a chromosome during the

reproductive process and then reattaches to the chromosome in reversed order

(a)  

nonsense mutation is also called

(a)  

a change in DNA that causes a protein to terminate or end its translation earlier than expected

(a)  

a common form of mutation in humans and in other animals that causes a shortened or nonfunctional protein to be expressed

(a)  

a DNA change that results in different amino acids being

encoded at a particular position in the resulting protein

(a)  

An organism, gene, or chromosome that is different from the wild type due to

mutation(s) is referred to as a (a)  

choosing parents with desirable genes and rejecting parents with undesirable genes

(a)  

he is the world's foremost selective breeder and produced more than 250 varieties of fruit

(a)  

mating closely related to individuals

(a)  

parents with diff. traits are crossed and can also be performed in plants

(a)  

other plant breeding techniques

manipulation of plant species in order to create desired varieties

(a)  

process is like selective breeding ; used to produce new kinds of organisms

(a)  

genes can be cut at specific DNA sequences by proteins known as (a)  

DNA fragments containing the desired gene are obtained and inserted into the DNA that has been removed from the recipient cell

(a)  

has become indispensable for studying biological processes as well as in diagnostic and forensic studies

(a)  

sequencing technology has been used in the large scale sequencing of the human genome and has generated the complete sequencing of many animals, plants, and microbial genome

(a)  

used in criminal investigations

(a)