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Unit 2: The Enlightenment & Revolution

Total questions: 90

Worksheet time: 3620secs

Name
Class
Date
1.

Why does the Enlightenment matter now?

a)

It led to the Scientific Revolution

b)

It changed Europeans' view of government and society

c)

It resulted in the Age of Reason

d)

It brought great change to Western civilization

2.

According to Thomas Hobbes, why did people need a strong ruler?

a)

To protect their natural rights

b)

To maintain law and order

c)

To ensure equality among citizens

d)

To promote self-government

3.

What were John Locke's natural rights?

a)

Life, liberty, and property

b)

Equality, justice, and freedom

c)

Order, stability, and obedience

d)

Wealth, power, and privilege

4.

Which philosopher believed in the power of reason?

a)

Voltaire

b)

Montesquieu

c)

Rousseau

d)

Mary Wollstonecraft

5.

What were the core beliefs of the philosophes?

a)

Faith, tradition, and superstition

b)

Reason, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty

c)

Authority, obedience, and hierarchy

d)

Ignorance, fear, and oppression

6.

Which writer used satire to criticize the clergy, aristocracy, and government?

a)

Isaac Newton

b)

François Marie Arouet (Voltaire)

c)

Baron de Montesquieu

d)

Jean Jacques Rousseau

7.

What concept did Montesquieu propose to prevent any individual or group from gaining total control of the government?

a)

Separation of powers

b)

Divine right of kings

c)

Absolute monarchy

d)

Dictatorship

8.

Which philosopher's ideas about separation of powers and checks and balances influenced the United States Constitution?

a)

Isaac Newton

b)

François Marie Arouet (Voltaire)

c)

Baron de Montesquieu

d)

Jean Jacques Rousseau

9.

Which philosopher was passionately committed to individual freedom?

a)

Isaac Newton

b)

François Marie Arouet (Voltaire)

c)

Baron de Montesquieu

d)

Jean Jacques Rousseau

10.

According to Rousseau, why should citizens be the authors of society's laws?

a)

Because citizens have the power to enforce the laws

b)

Because citizens have the knowledge to create fair laws

c)

Because citizens have the authority to punish lawbreakers

d)

Because citizens have the resources to implement the laws

11.

Why does Montesquieu believe that disobeying laws leads to a loss of liberty?

a)

Because it leads to anarchy and mob rule

b)

Because it allows abusive rulers to take control

c)

Because it undermines the authority of the government

d)

Because it prevents the establishment of fair and just laws

12.

Which Enlightenment thinker believed in the idea of a direct democracy guided by the 'general will' of society?

a)

Jean Jacques Rousseau

b)

Baron de Montesquieu

c)

John Locke

d)

Cesare Beccaria

13.

According to Beccaria, what should be the basis for determining the degree of punishment for a crime?

a)

The social status of the accused

b)

The severity of the punishment

c)

The personal beliefs of the judge

d)

The seriousness of the crime

14.

Which Enlightenment thinker argued for the abolishment of capital punishment?

a)

Jean Jacques Rousseau

b)

Baron de Montesquieu

c)

John Locke

d)

Cesare Beccaria

15.

Which Enlightenment thinker believed in the separation of powers and influenced the U.S. Declaration of Independence?

a)

Montesquieu

b)

Voltaire

c)

Beccaria

d)

Wollstonecraft

16.

Which Enlightenment thinker's ideas influenced the guarantee of freedom of speech and reduction of censorship in Europe?

a)

Montesquieu

b)

Voltaire

c)

Beccaria

d)

Wollstonecraft

17.

Which Enlightenment thinker advocated for the abolition of torture and influenced criminal law reform?

a)

Montesquieu

b)

Voltaire

c)

Beccaria

d)

Wollstonecraft

18.

Which Enlightenment thinker's ideas influenced the reduction of persecution and the guarantee of religious freedom?

a)

Montesquieu

b)

Voltaire

c)

Beccaria

d)

Wollstonecraft

19.

Which Enlightenment writer argued for women's education and equality in marriage?

a)

Mary Astell

b)

Mary Wollstonecraft

c)

Emilie du Châtelet

d)

Rousseau

20.
In general the Enlightenment philosophers believed in which of the following?
a)
expanding women's rights
b)
all Church decrees
c)
progress for society
d)
authoritarian rule
21.
What did John Locke consider to be people's natural rights and how did he say these rights should be protected?
a)
the right to be selfish and ambitious; protected by a social contract
b)
the right to life liberty and property; protected by forming governments
c)
the right to overthrow a government; protected by a constitution
d)
the right to freedoms of religion and speech; protected by a republic
22.
His book Leviathan laid out the case for needing an absolute authority to keep the peace in any form of government
a)
John Locke
b)
Jean Jacques Rousseau
c)
Charles Montesquieu
d)
Thomas Hobbes
23.
The Declaration of Independence was written by
a)
John Adams
b)
Benjamin Franklin
c)
Thomas Jefferson
d)
Patrick Henry
24.
The Bill of Rights of the United States was influenced by
a)
Voltaire
b)
John Locke
c)
Jean Jacques Rousseau
d)
All of them
25.
The division of South Africa's government into executive- judicial- and legislative branches reflects the principle of
a)
federalism
b)
popular sovereignty
c)
individual rights
d)
separation of powers
26.
The European philosophical movement that emphasized natural rights and the value of reason was known as the
a)
Enlightenment
b)
Reformation
c)
Renaissance
d)
Scientific Revolution
27.
The Constitution of the United States of America reflects the idea that a government's authority comes from
a)
God
b)
majority rule
c)
the people
d)
the state
28.
The philosophical idea that people are willing to give up some individual freedoms in the interests of law and order is known as
a)
absolutism
b)
natural law
c)
the social contract
d)
voluntary association
29.
In the American Declaration of Independence "unalienable rights" refers to rights that
a)
the government cannot take away
b)
are granted by the state
c)
are protected by law
d)
foreigners do not possess
30.
What was Montesquieu's influence on the U.S. Constitution?
a)
public elections
b)
branches of government
c)
the Bill of Rights
d)
representatives
31.
Which of the following men contradicted the ideas in the U.S. Constitution?
a)
Baron de Montesquieu
b)
Thomas Hobbes
c)
John Locke
d)
Rene Descartes
32.
How did the Declaration of Independence embody Enlightenment ideals?
a)
It stated that all titles of nobility should be abolished
b)
It protected the rights of the accused and prohibited cruel punishment
c)
It set up a system of checks and balances for the U.S. government
d)
It said that people have rights of life liberty and the pursuit of happiness
33.

Which of the following is NOT considered a natural right according to John Locke?

a)

Life

b)

Liberty

c)

Property

d)

Pursuit of Happiness

34.

Enlightenment thinkers believed decisions made by the government should be based on

a)

Religious beliefs

b)

Divine right of kings

c)

Natural law and reason

d)

Traditional conservative values

35.

Voltaire strongly believed in

a)

The right to a fair trial

b)

Freedom of speech and religion

c)

The right to peacefully assemble

d)

The importance of women

36.

Locke and Rousseau would be most likely to support

a)

A return to feudalism in Europe

b)

A society ruled by the Catholic church

c)

A society in which the people choose their leaders

d)

The acceptance of divine right

37.

Thomas Hobbes believed that people were naturally cruel and selfish, and therefore needed which kind of government to keep them in check?

a)

Absolute monarchy

b)

Constitutional Monarchy

c)

Democracy

d)

Plutocracy

38.

Montesquieu believed that the purpose of the concept of Separation of Powers was to

a)

Make the government less efficient

b)

Weaken the monarchy

c)

Ensure that no branch of government was too strong

d)

Promote social reform

39.

Locke claimed that if the government was not doing what was best for its citizens, then the citizens had the right to

a)

Refuse to pay taxes

b)

Start a revolution and overthrow it

c)

Move to another country

d)

Go on strike and refuse to work

40.

Which of the following is NOT a key Enlightenment idea?

a)

Humans have natural rights

b)

We can solve problems by reasoning

c)

The church should have more power

d)

The government exists to serve the people

41.

Natural rights are best defined as

a)

An exchange between the citizens and the government

b)

The economic interests of each individual person

c)

An individual's duty to his fellow man

d)

Rights that belong to all people because they are human beings

42.

According to Voltaire, the separation of which 2 groups was essential?

a)

Catholics and Protestants

b)

Upper class and lower class

c)

Church and State

d)

Men and women

43.

Adam Smith's most important contributions to the Enlightenment revolved around which discipline?

a)

Science

b)

Government

c)

Politics

d)

Economics

44.

How did Hobbes view human nature?

a)

We are inquisitive and industrious.

b)

We are naturally selfish and quick to fight.

c)

We are naturally ignorant

d)

We are naturally kind and helpful to others

45.

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe about government?

a)

some government control is necessary, but it should be kept to a minimum

b)

the government should control all aspects of our lives

c)

the government should be led by an absolute monarch

46.

Which Enlightenment philosopher believed that governments should be based on majority rule?

a)

Rousseau

b)

Voltaire

c)

Locke

d)

Hobbes

47.

Which Enlightenment philosopher argued that power comes from the "Consent of the Governed?"

a)

Hobbes

b)

Locke

c)

Voltaire

d)

Rousseau

48.

The division of power between a central government and state governments is called

a)

The United States

b)

the Supremacy Clause

c)

the Necessary and Proper Clause

d)

federalism

49.
Use the excerpt below to answer the question.
In every government there are three sorts of power; the legislative; the executive, in respect to things dependent on the law of nations; and the executive, in regard to things that depend on the civil law.
—The Spirit of Laws, Baron de Montesquieu, 1748

Which principle of the U.S. Constitution was most influenced by the concepts expressed in this excerpt?
a)
separation of powers
b)
federalism
c)
individual rights
d)
social contract
50.
Which principle is demonstrated in the first 3 words of the U.S. Constitution, "We the People"?
a)
Limited government
b)
Consent of the governed
c)
Democracy
d)
Representative government
51.

The European Enlightenment influenced the writing of:

a)

the Declaration of Independence

b)

the Bible

c)

the Manga Carta

52.
An essential aspect of the Enlightenment was its advocacy of the . . .
a)
return to traditional medieval values
b)
overseas expansion by Western Europe
c)
the use of reason for logical and rational thinking
d)
strengthening the power of organized religions
53.
Thomas Jefferson adopted whose ideas when writing about inalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness?
a)
Baron De Montesquieu
b)
John Locke
c)
Thomas Hobbes
d)
Voltaire
54.
Which of the following books/Ideals would be associated with Thomas Hobbes?
a)
"The Social Contract"
b)
Power should rest with the people
c)
The best form of government is a strong monarch
d)
Power should derive from the church
55.
The writings of the enlightenment philosophers in Europe encouraged later political revolutions through their support of . . . 
a)
Socialism
b)
Imperialism
c)
Natural Rights
d)
Divine Rights
56.

Baron De Montesquieu said the best way to protect liberty was to

a)

make governments all powerful

b)

give one person complete power

c)

divide the powers of government

d)

have no government

57.

He argued that people accused of crimes had certain rights, and he advocated abolishing torture.

a)

Locke

b)

Voltaire

c)

Wollstonecraft

d)

Beccaria

58.

Who advocated for equal education for women?

a)

Wollstonecraft

b)

Hobbes

c)

Locke

d)

Voltaire

59.

What is a Salon?

a)

a place to have your hair styled

b)

A gathering of people primarily to discuss ideas of the philosophes

c)

place where people gathered to share paintings of animals in tiny hats

d)

place where people gathered to worship

60.
The Catholic Church considered some thinkers of the Scientific Revolution to be heretics because they
a)
loved anatomy
b)
traveled frequently to Africa
c)
questioned claims made in biblical passages.
d)
valued natural resources.
61.
The work of which scientist was most strongly condemned by the church?
a)
Galileo 
b)
Kepler
c)
Lloyd 
d)
John Adams
62.
The idea that the sun is the center of our universe
a)
Hawkin Theory
b)
Heliocentric 
c)
Applied astronomy 
d)
Geocentric 
63.

Before the scientific revolution the people believed kings got their power to rule

a)

from Congress / Parliament

b)

from the people (democratic elections)

c)

from the worldwide web

d)

from God (divine right)

64.

who was an inventor of one of the first telescopes?

a)

Ptolemy

b)

Nicolaus

c)

Galileo

d)

Abraham Lincon

65.
According to Copernicus, the sun  
a)
Revolved around the earth
b)
Was the center of the Universe
c)
Was the biggest star
d)
 Had many moons
66.
What is the step-by-step process for performing scientific research?
a)
Scientific Revolution
b)
Newton's Law of Motion
c)
Scientific Method
d)
Heliocentric Theory
67.
Which of the following was developed by Isaac Newton?
a)
the heliocentric theory
b)
the scientific method
c)
the theory of scientifc rationalism
d)
the theory of universal gravitation
68.

Which statement about the Scientific Revolution in Europe is accurate?

a)

The existence of natural laws was rejected.

b)

Scientists questioned traditional beliefs about the universe.

c)

New ideas supported the geocentric theory of Ptolemy.

d)

The Bible was used to justify new scientific findings.

69.

Which pair of ideas were central to the Scientific Revolution?

a)

social stability and economic self-sufficiency

b)

observation and experimentation

c)

technology and military expansion

d)

scarcity and interdependence

70.

One way in which the Scientific Revolution and

the Enlightenment were similar is that they:

a)

encouraged the spread of new ideas

b)

strengthened traditional institutions

c)

led to the Protestant Reformation

d)

rejected Renaissance individualism

71.

Seventeenth-century scholars Galileo Galilei and René Descartes faced serious challenges to their scientific theories because their ideas

a)

were based on the Bible

b)

contradicted traditional medieval European beliefs

c)

relied only on teachings from non-Christian cultures

d)

were not supported by scientific investigations

72.

What influence did the Scientific Revolution have on the Enlightenment in Europe?

a)

Natural laws were used to explain human affairs.

b)

Economic growth was slowed by the lack of useable technology.

c)

Scientific truths were used to justify absolute monarchies.

d)

The emphasis on religious doctrine led to the rejection of scientific ideas.

73.

The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers were based on:

a)

efforts to achieve salvation

b)

faith in human reason

c)

traditional practices

d)

the inevitability of poverty

74.

Why is the Enlightenment considered a turning point in world history?

a)

The factory system was used to mass-produce goods.

b)

Martin Luther broke away from the Roman Catholic Church.

c)

Europeans changed their thinking about the role of government.

d)

The Columbian exchange occurred.

75.

Which step did Catherine the Great take that is consistent with Enlightenment ideas?

a)

ordering the burning of books

b)

strengthening the institution of serfdom

c)

expanding Russian territory into Ukraine

d)

considering a law code that would treat all citizens equally

76.

Enlightenment thinkers encouraged the improvement of society through the:

a)

teachings of the church

b)

use of reason

c)

development of absolutism

d)

establishment of a rigid social hierarchy

77.

According to John Locke, the purpose of government is to:

a)

protect the natural rights of individuals

b)

serve the monarch

c)

create overseas settlements

d)

stimulate the economy

78.

Idea that God created the universe and let it run on its own

a)

geocentric

b)

tilt-a-whirl

c)

methodism

d)

deism

79.

Philosopher, scientist proving one kind of blood circulates through the heart

a)

Harvey

b)

Wesley

c)

Boyle

d)

Galileo

80.

What was Voltaire implying when he stated, “I disagree with what you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it.”

a)

citizens should have the freedom of speech

b)

citizens should always agree with leaders

c)

absolute rulers should limit negative speech

d)

one might use free speech but could be killed for doing so

81.

Which of the following is one of Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

a)

planets move in elliptical orbits around the Sun

b)

gravitational force between two objects decreases as the distance squared

c)

an object in motion remains in motion

d)

inner planets orbit in a different direction than outer ones

82.

Rooms used for gathering upper class members of society to share ideas of the Enlightenment were known as

a)

Libraries

b)

Salons

c)

Stations

d)

Parlors

83.
Who is the father of the Scientific Method
a)
Kepler
b)
Copernicus
c)
Galileo
d)
Bacon
84.
The idea that people should use reasons to understand the world.
a)
natural rights
b)
rationalism
c)
scientific method
d)
geocentric theory
85.
Humanism...
a)
emphasized the Bible
b)
leads to happier lives
c)
encourages people to learn Latin and Greek
d)
focuses on the potential of humans to achieve 
86.

"Secular" means ...

a)

separate

b)

secluded

c)

not based on religion

d)

seconded

87.

The theories of the Enlightenment Thinkers eventually influenced the _____________ revolution(s)

a)

French

b)

American

c)

Russian

d)

Iranian

88.

The Effects of the Scientific Revolution include ...

a)

it Inspired the Enlightenment

b)

New understandings about how the world works

c)

Changes in how people relied on the teachings of their church

d)

A focus on reason and common sense

e)

All of these

89.

Causes of the Scientific Revolution include...

a)

Travel and Exploration of the world

b)

New Technologies (Like Telescope)

c)

A natural human desire to challenge old ways of thinking

d)

Curiosity

e)

all of these are correct

90.
During the Scientific Revolution, European scientists focused their work on explaining
a)
how government affects the individual.
b)
Life
c)
advanced chemistry
d)
the workings of the natural world

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