Protein that makes up most of the thin myofilaments in a sarcomere muscle fiber

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Change in voltage of a cell membrane in response to a stimulus that results in transmission of an electrical signal; unique to neurons and muscle fibers

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Production of ATP in the presence of oxygen

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Formation of blood capillary networks

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Broad, tendon-like sheet of connective tissue that attaches a skeletal muscle to another skeletal muscle or to a bone

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Enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP to ADp

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Loss of structural proteins from muscle fibers

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Heart's ability to control its own contractions

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Regulatory protein that facilitates contraction in smooth muscles

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Striated muscle found in the heart; join to one another at intercalulated discs and under the regulation of pacemaker cells, which contract as one unit to pump blood through the circulatory system. Cardiac muscle is under involuntary control.

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Muscle contraction that shortens the muscle to move a load

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Ability to shorten (contract) forcibly

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Twitch Contraction phase when tension increases

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Phosphagen used to store energy from ATP and transfer it to muscle

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Sacroplasmic structure that attaches to the sarcolemma and shortens the muscle as thin filaments slide past thick filaments

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To reduce the voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell's plasma membrane (the sarcolemma for a muscle fiber), making the inside less negative than at rest.

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Cell structure that anchors the ends of cardiac muscle fibers to allow contraction to occur

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Muscle contraction that lengthens the muscle as the tension is diminished

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Ability to stretch and to rebound

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Loose, and well-hydrated connective tissue covering each muscle fiber in a skeletal muscle.

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Outer layer of connective tissue around a skeletal muscle

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Ability to undergo neural stimulation

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The sequence of events from motor neuron signaling to skeletal muscle fiber to contraction of the fiber's sarcomeres

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Ability to lengthen (extend)

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Bundle of muscle fibers within a skeletal muscle

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Muscle fiber that primarily uses anaerobic glycolysis

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Intermediate muscle fiber that is between slow oxidative and fast glycolytic fibers

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Replacement of muscle fibers by scar tissue

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Anaerobic breakdown to glucose to ATP

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Modification of contraction strength

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Process in which one cell splits to produce new cells

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Addition of structural proteins to muscle fibers

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Abnormally low muscle tone caused by the absence of low-level contractions

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Part of the sarcolemma that connects cardiac tissue, and contains gap junctions and desmosomes

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Muscle contraction that occurs with no change in muscle length

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Muscle contraction that involves changes in muscle length

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Product of anaerobic glycolysis

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Subset of a cross-bridge in which actin and myosin remain locked together

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The time when a twitch does not produce contraction

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Sarcolemma of muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction, with receptors for the neurotransmitter

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Motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers it innervates

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Force generated by the contraction of the muscle; tension generated during isotonic contractions and isometric contractions

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Muscle-forming stem cell

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Long, cylindrical organelle that runs parallel within the muscle fiber and contains the sarcomeres

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Instrument used to measure twitch tension

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Protein that makes up most of the thick cylindrical myofilament within a sarcomere muscle tissue

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The synapse between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the section of the membrane of a muscle fiber with receptors for the acetylcholine released by the terminal

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Amount of oxygen needed to compensate for ATP producing without oxygen during contraction

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A cell that triggers action potentials in smooth muscle

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Stem cell that regenerates smooth muscle cell

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Connective tissue that bundles skeletal muscle fibers into fascicles within a skeletal muscle

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Action of myosin pulling actin inward (toward the M line)

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Product of glycolysis that can be used in aerobic respiration or converted to lactic acid

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Increase in the number of motor units involved in contraction

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Period after twitch contraction when tension decreases

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Plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber

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Age-related muscle atrophy

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Cytoplasm of a muscle cell

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Specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which stores, releases, and retrieves Ca++

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Stem cell that helps to repair muscle cells

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Striated, multinucleated muscle in the skin that is associated with hair follicles; assists in moving materials in the walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and internal passageways

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Blocks of paraxial mesoderm cells

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Relaxation of smooth muscle tissue after being stretched

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Space between a nerve (axon) terminal and a motor end-plate

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Projection of the sarcolemma into the interior of the cell

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A continuous fused contraction

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The thick myosin strands and their multiple heads projecting from the center of the sarcomere toward, but not all to way to, the Z-disks

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Thin strands of actin and its troponin-tropomyosin complex projecting from the Z-disks toward the center of the sarcomere

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Stepwise increase in contraction tension

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The grouping of one T-tubule and two terminal cisternae

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Regulatory protein that covers myosin binding sites to prevent actin from binding to myosin

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Regulatory protein that binds to actin, tropomyosin, and calcium

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Single contraction produced by one action potential

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Enlargement of neurons that release neurotransmitters into synaptic clefts

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Smooth muscle found in the walls of visceral organs

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Membrane proteins that open sodium channels in response to a sufficient voltage change, and initiate and transmit the action potential as Na+ enters through the channel

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Addition of successive neural stimuli to produce greater contraction

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