WorksheetsMarine Semester Exam Review
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 1hrs 28mins
Pick out key points from stimulus material or give a step by step account of a structure or process
(a)
Give a concise answer, with no supporting argument
(a)
There is no unique answer or use knowledge in a novel situation
(a)
Work out information given; make a connection between 2 or more pieces of information
(a)
Give a critical account; may often require 2 sides of an argument to be considered
(a)
Present a formal statement, usually implies measuring or carrying out a procedure and then calculating
(a)
Use a mathematical process to find the answer from given or measured values;always shw working
(a)
Give reasons, this will require knowledge of the underlying theory
(a)
Use a measuring instrument
(a)
What is manipulated/tested/changed and it's range of values?
(a)
What you are measuring. How are you measuring it? (units - metric) (quantitative data)
(a)
Everything that is kept the same in an experiment (ie salinity, pH, temp., amount of light, organism species, ect)
(a)
What is a scientific prediction called?
(a)
How is a hypothesis written?
(a)
What are the steps in a practical procedure?
1. observation
2. collect background info/research
3. formulate hypothesis
4. plan experiment/data collection
5. conclusion
1. observation
2. hypothesis
3. research
4. plan experiment/data collection
5. conclusion
1. collect background info/research
2. formulate hypothesis
3. experiment
4. conclusion
1. observation
2. plan
3. formulate hypothesis
4. experiment/data collection
5. analyze
Work out hazards/risks of environment, how do you avoid harming specimens?
(a)
Suggest safe and ethical precautions can you take in this example: You are investigating the distribution of different species of snail along the littoral zone of a rocky shore, the hazards are the rocks and tidal changes, and the risks are you could slip, fall, and get caught in the tide.
Safety precautions: wear slip resistant footwear
Ethics: do not remove snails from habitat, mark method shouldn't harm the snails, always return snails back to habitat
Safety precautions: no shoes, sun glasses
Ethics: pet the snails to make them feel safe
Safety precautions: apply sunblock and watch where you walk
Ethics: feed and fan snails so they don't die of overheating or lack of food
Safety precautions: wear a lab coat, safety goggles, gloves, and hair tied back
Ethics: ensure snails are alive
Group with the changes/manipulations applied (ie snails in water with a pH of 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6)
(a)
Group in normal conditions (ie snails in water with a pH of 8.1)
(a)
Guide for setting up results of calculations
- use a single table
- large enough for data and results of calculations
- ruled lines
- border around it
- IV in 1st column/x-axis
- DV in 2nd column/y-axis
- use pencil
- must be clear and accurate
- can be presented in a table, graph, or drawing
- no shading
-label with units
-use x and bullzeye for plotting points
-only graphs allowed
-use pencil
-free hand lines
- use pen
-label with units
-be specific
-use x and bullzeye for plotting points
-use straight lines but no need for ruler
-just write them in a chart
Outliers, different than the remainder of the data
anomalies
confounding variable
stand out point
asymptote
Possible reasons for anomalies
human error
field based experiment where you don't have full control of environment
mutations/gene defects in specimens used
old/broken technology
Possible ways to improve an experiment
use a wider sample size
perform more trials or have another scientist perform the same experiment
adding more control variables
increasing randomization techniques (ie quadrat sampling, benthic surveys, mark capture release)
improving measuring techniques
"As blank increases, blank decreases.", "Blank has a gradual decrease when blank is at 15 degrees celsius." "The blank is constant at blank" "There is a max/min at blank" "The range is blank"
patterns in data
trends in data
both patterns and trends in data (includes comparison of data)
none of the above
Dense central region within Earth (made of mostly iron and some nickle ect)
(a)
A region of a semi-solid molten rock area with in the interior of Earth between core and crust, holds magma
(a)
Nearly liquid layer made of upper most part of mantle right before crust
(a)
Outermost layer of rocks on Earth
(a)
The dense basaltic layer of crust - sea floor
(a)
Thicker, less dense crust
(a)
Continental and oceanic plates/rocky outer part of earth
(a)
The process where large sections (plates) of Earth's crust are in constant movement over the fluid mantle (evidence is plate boundaries and what they create ie trenches)
(a)
A theory supporting the possibility that continents are able to move over Earth's surface (evidence is fossil distribution and the puzzle like fit of the continents/geological structure)
(a)
Divergent plate boundaries occur when plates move in opposite directions what are the geological features that form from this?
mid ocean ridges
volcaneos
new crust
hydrothermal vents
faults
Convergent boundaries occur when two plates move towards each other causing the denser plate to slide under the less dense plate. What are the geological features of this boundary?
faults
earthquakes
trenches
volcano
Transform boundaries occur when plates move in an antiparallel direction and create friction. What are the geological features of this boundary?
faults
earthquakes
hydrothermal vents
trench
What is the zone called where one lithospheric plate slides under the less dense lithospheric plate at a convergent boundary?
(a)
Steps to create a hydrothermal vent
1. cold water seeps through fissures and is superheated by underlying magma
2. water dissolves minerals in the rock
3. superheated water builds up, pressure
4. minerals precipitate forming chimney like vents and superheated water escapes
1. water seeps through fissures
2. water builds up
3. water erupts out
1. cold water seeps through fissures
2. cold water dissolves minerals in the rock
3. cold water builds up, pressure
4. minerals precipitate forming chimney like vents and cold water escapes
1. superheated water dissolves minerals in the rock
2. superheated water builds up
3. superheated water escapes
Flat sandy region of ocean floor found between trenches and the continental rise, 3k-6k deep, can be formed at transform boundaries, wide expanses between trenches, or weathered and eroded sea mounts/ocean ridges
(a)
The result of displaced water caused by an earthquake and seismic waves, oscillation (water moves in a circle with long, high-energy waves)
(a)
Why is the water coming from hydrothermal vents under pressure, hot, and rich in minerals?
as cold water enters the vents through cracks/fissures, underlying magma superheats the cold water and minerals from the rock/oceanic crust dissolve into the hot water and all the water above pushes down and creates high pressure levels
it's not hot or rich in minerals
dead organisms are in the water and the sun heats the water
the magma touches the cold water and they mix together making the cold water hot and mineral rich
The wearing/breaking down of rocks through physical, chemical, or organis matters
(a)
A natural process where material is worn away from the Earth's surface and transported elsewhere
(a)
Rocky shore
low biodiversity
unstable due to wave speed
resistant to erosion and weathering because it's made of granite and igneous rock
little sedimentation due to speed of waves
Sandy shore
low biodiversity
unstable
high erosion and weathering
high sedimentation
Muddy shore
low biodiversity
stable due to lack of water movement
low erosion and weathering
high sedimentation
Estuary
high biodiversity
stable
low erosion and weathering
lack of sedimentation
Delta
low biodiversity
unstable
high erosion
low weathering (soil is already super small like silt)
high sedimentation where the river widens
The area of the shore where land meets the sea
(a)
Sedimentation is affected by
particle size
water speed
water temperature
pH of water
The difference between tides and currents
tides are formed by the gravitational force of the moon and sun as well as the centrifugal force, but currents are formed by wind patterns
currents are formed by the gravitational force of the moon and sun as well as the centrifugal force, but tides are formed by wind patterns
the are synynoms
tide is laundry detergent and current is a time period
These tides form when the sun, earth, and moon are aligned (the moon must be in new or full phase), tide amplitude/range is the highest here
(a)
When the earth moon and sun are aligned creating a lunar eclipse
(a)
When the moon, sun, and earth form a 90/right degree angle (moon must be in 3/4 or 1/4 crescent) lowest tidal range
(a)
How do you calculate tidal range/amplitude?
(highest tide-lowest tide)
(lowest tide-highest tide)
(highest tide)(lowest tide)
(highest tide)/(lowest tide)
What are additional factors that affect tidal range?
geological features of shore
location
position/distance of sun and moon to earth
pH of water
What is kinetic particle theory?
solid=least kinetic energy, liquid=more kinetic energy, gas=most kinetic energy
solid=most kinetic energy, liquid=more kinetic energy, gas=least kinetic energy
solid=more kinetic energy, liquid=least kinetic energy, gas=most kinetic energy
solid, liquid, gas=same kinetic energy
Kinetic energy = ________
energy of motion
kinetic energy
units of measurement for energy
potential energy
Bond where the sharing of electrons form electron pairs between atoms
(a)
Weak bond always represented by a dashed line between a hydrogen atom and an electron negative atom like oxygen
(a)
Bond between two oppositely charged atoms
(a)
What are the special properties hydrogen bonds give water?
cohesion and adhesion
polarity
high specific heat
lower density as a solid
universal solvent
Between molecular (+) attract (-)
(a)
Concentration of solid particles of salts dissolved in sea water measured in PPT
(a)
The substance dissolved in a solvent
(a)
Substance that does the dissolving of the solute
(a)
A liquid mixture containing a solute and solvent
(a)
The process of a solvent dissolving a solute
(a)
How does an increase in temperature affect salinity?
an increase in temperature will decrease salinity
an increase in temperature will increase salinity
it won't affect salinity
Which choice best describes the change in temperature and salinity throughout the water column?
at the surface the water has a high temperature and a low salinity; at the sea floor the water has a low temperature and a high salinity (cold water and salt is dense so they sink to the seafloor and the sun warms up surface water)
salinity and temp. is the same throughout
at the surface the water has a low temperature and a high salinity; at the sea floor the water has a high temperature and a low salinity
The layer in the ocean where the dissolved oxygen is the lowest
(a)
Rapid decrease in temp. over depth
(a)
Rapid inc. in salinity over depth
(a)
inc. in density over depth
(a)
Describe the difference between the oxygen minimum layer in the tropics vs temperate vs polar
polar: higher DO levels because oxygen is trapped in cold water, tropical: lowest DO levels because hot water allows DO to escape, temperate: middle because water isn't as warm as tropical (cold water=less KE so oxygen doesn't move, warm water=more KE, easier for oxygen to escape)
polar: lowest DO levels tropical: highest DO levels
temperate: middle
all are the same
Which of the following correctly describes affects on salinity?
Runoff - decreases salinity, dilutes by adding fresh water
Precipitation - decreases salinity, dilutes by adding fresh water
Evaporation - increases salinity by removing water and keeping salts
How do you draw covalent bonds?
1.atomic # of atoms to figure out # of electrons
2.determine which atom will be bigger or smaller (by # of electrons)
3. label circles/atoms
4.determine # of valence electrons
5. draw electrons of smaller atom (x or dot)
6.fill small atom valence shell
7.draw large atoms electrons (opposite x or dot)
8. check octet rule
1.determine which atom will be bigger or smaller (by # of protons)
2.determine # of electrons
3. draw electrons of smaller atom (x or dot)
4.fill all atom shells
5. draw large atoms electrons (same x or dot)
6. check octet rule
just draw 2 overlapping circles and label
Most accurate reading of pH, it gives precise numbers up to the 10s place, expensive/difficult to transport
(a)
Easily accessible, cheaper, not as accurate, difficult to interpret
(a)
pH paper, cheap, quick/easy to use, not precise
(a)
What does a basic pH mean?
Acidic or high concentration of hydrogen ions (below 7)
Neutral or equal concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions (7)
Alkaline or high concentration of hydroxide ions (above 7)
What does an acidic pH mean?
What does a neutral pH mean?
Which accurately explains the effects on density of seawater caused by water temperature, pressure and salinity?
density of water inc as salinity inc, density of water inc as temp dec, density of water inc as pressure inc
density of water inc as salinity dec, density of water inc as temp inc, density of water inc as pressure dec
they don't effect density
they all inc as density inc
State the reason ice can float is because the density of ice is lower than seawater.
ice forms a lattice structure as hydrogen bonds break to form ice
when salt water becomes ice it leaves salt behind inc salinity and density of water while decreasing salinity and density of the ice
as seawater freezes the hydrogen bonds expand decreasing the mass/volume (density)
How to patches of ice help polar enviornments?
ice acts as a thermal insulator and prevents heat loss from water molecules below it
the jagged underneath part of the ice acts as a substrate for algae attachment inc photosynthesis
it creates a habitat for arctic animals
they don't
Density is dependent on _________ and _______
(a)
How does salinity and temperature mix?
mixing at the surface is due to wind, waves, currents, and upwelling; mixing in deeper depths is due to dense water sinking, deep currents, and upwelling
they don't
mixing at the surface is due to people swimming in the ocean; mixing in deeper depths doesn't occur
mixing at the surface is due photosynthesis; mixing in deeper depths is due to gravity
What is the difference between agricultural and regular runoff?
agricultural contains minerals and salts that inc salinity and regular contains freshwater that dec salinity
agricultural contains farm animals that inc biodiversity of oceans and regular enlarges oceans
there is no difference
regular contains minerals and salts that inc salinity and agricultural contains freshwater that dec salinity
The ratio of any 2 major ions dissolved in seawater is constant
(a)
The pattern of magnetic stripes on the ocean floor due to reversals in the Earth's magnetic field and seafloor spreading
(a)
The movement of fluids or air based on density differences caused by differing temperature (occur in mantle)
(a)
The mixing of air in and out of atmosphere and ocean
(a)
Locations with 2 high and 2 low each day (in 12.5 hour intervals)
(a)
Locations with 1 high and 1 low each day
(a)
A force that is exerted by cooling, subsiding rock on the spreading lithospheric plates at a mid ocean ridge
(a)
A force at a subduction boundary that the sinking edge of the subduction exerts on the rest of the plate
(a)
Having two opposite states of being on either end (like North or South pole), or when opposite sides of a molecule have contrasting partile electrical charges (like water)
(a)
2 high tides and 2 low tides of different size every lunar day
(a)
Which are true about salinity?
volcanic activity puts more salts/minerals into seawater increasing salinity
runoff adds more freshwater decreasing salinity
atmospheric dissolution decreases salinity since gasses take space where salt could be
