WorksheetsAP BIOLOGY REVIEW
Total questions: 157
Worksheet time: 26hrs 10mins
Name
Class
Date
1.
Define DNA
a)
Deoxyribonucleic acid; a double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule that determines the structure of proteins
b)
In animals, a set of morphological and developmental traits that are integrated into a functional whole—the living animal.
c)
The development of body shape and organization.
d)
switch that controls whether or not the operon system is "on" or "off"
e)
A series of genes in an E.Coli bacteria that code for proteins that digest lactose. These genes can be turned on or off.
2.
Define chromosome
a)
These consist of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones; located in the nucleus
b)
This gene codes for Ras protein, a G protein that relays a growth signal from a growth-factor receptor on the plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinases that ultimately results in the stimulation of the cell cycle. Many ras oncogenes have a point mutation that leads to a hyperactive version of the Ras protein that can lead to excessive cell division.
c)
Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence.
d)
stretch of DNA required for enzyme production that is comprised of a promoter, reppressor, operator, and structural genes
e)
A specific small molecule that inactivates the repressor in an operon.
3.
Define euchromatin
a)
The state of genetic material in its loose form in the nucleus
b)
a tumor-suppressor gene that codes for a specific transcription factor that promotes the synthesis of cell cycle-inhibiting proteins
c)
The addition of methyl groups (—CH3) to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis; may serve as a long-term control of gene expression.
d)
This operon can be inhibited when a specific small molecule binds allosterically to a regulatory protein. Ex=trp operon is a negative gene regulation
e)
A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of a specific gene.
4.
Define heterochromatin
a)
The state of genetic material and its fully condensed coils
b)
series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo
c)
The attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins.
d)
A protein that binds to an operator and physically blocks RNA polymerase from binding to a promoter site
e)
Cancer-causing genes that are formed due to mutations
5.
Define double helix
a)
The structure of DNA where two strands wrap around each other to form a long, twisted ladder
b)
Genes that code for proteins that monitor and check cell cycle progression. When these genes mutate, tumor suppressor proteins lose normal function
c)
unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells
d)
usually off, but can be stimulated (induced) when a specific small molecule interacts with a regulatory protein (example lac operon)
e)
normal cellular genes that are important regulators of normal cellular processes, they promote growth. alterations in the expression of these cells result in oncogenes
6.
Who are Watson & Crick?
a)
These two scientists were the first to define the structure of a DNA molecule
b)
Deoxyribonucleic acid; a double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule that determines the structure of proteins
c)
the structural adaptation of some body part for a particular function
d)
genes that code for the production of reppressors
e)
The development of body shape and organization.
7.
Define nucleotide
a)
The monomers of nucleic acid; the repeated subunits of DNA molecules. Each contains a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
b)
These consist of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones; located in the nucleus
c)
In animals, a set of morphological and developmental traits that are integrated into a functional whole—the living animal.
d)
A series of genes in an E.Coli bacteria that code for proteins that digest lactose. These genes can be turned on or off.
e)
Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence.
8.
Define purine and give two examples
a)
A nucleotide with a double-ringed nitrogenous base; the two in DNA are adenine and guanine
b)
The state of genetic material in its loose form in the nucleus
c)
This gene codes for Ras protein, a G protein that relays a growth signal from a growth-factor receptor on the plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinases that ultimately results in the stimulation of the cell cycle. Many ras oncogenes have a point mutation that leads to a hyperactive version of the Ras protein that can lead to excessive cell division.
d)
A specific small molecule that inactivates the repressor in an operon.
e)
The addition of methyl groups (—CH3) to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis; may serve as a long-term control of gene expression.
9.
Define pyrimidine and give two examples
a)
A nucleotide with a single-ringed nitrogenous base; the two in DNA are cytosine and thymine
b)
The state of genetic material and its fully condensed coils
c)
a tumor-suppressor gene that codes for a specific transcription factor that promotes the synthesis of cell cycle-inhibiting proteins
d)
A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of a specific gene.
e)
The attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins.
10.
Define dioxyribose
a)
The five-carbon sugar in a DNA nucleotide
b)
The structure of DNA where two strands wrap around each other to form a long, twisted ladder
c)
series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo
d)
Cancer-causing genes that are formed due to mutations
e)
unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells
11.
Define the role of hydrogen bonds in DNA
a)
This type of bond holds together the two DNA strands by linking complementary nitrogenous bases; this contributes to DNA's secondary structure, a double helix
b)
These two scientists were the first to define the structure of a DNA molecule
c)
Genes that code for proteins that monitor and check cell cycle progression. When these genes mutate, tumor suppressor proteins lose normal function
d)
normal cellular genes that are important regulators of normal cellular processes, they promote growth. alterations in the expression of these cells result in oncogenes
e)
the structural adaptation of some body part for a particular function
12.
Which bases are complements in DNA base pairing?
a)
Adenine pairs with thymine
b)
The monomers of nucleic acid; the repeated subunits of DNA molecules. Each contains a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
c)
Deoxyribonucleic acid; a double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule that determines the structure of proteins
d)
The development of body shape and organization.
e)
In animals, a set of morphological and developmental traits that are integrated into a functional whole—the living animal.
13.
Cytosine pairs with guanine
a)
These two scientists were the first to define the structure of a DNA molecule
b)
A nucleotide with a double-ringed nitrogenous base; the two in DNA are adenine and guanine
c)
These consist of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones; located in the nucleus
d)
Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence.
e)
This gene codes for Ras protein, a G protein that relays a growth signal from a growth-factor receptor on the plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinases that ultimately results in the stimulation of the cell cycle. Many ras oncogenes have a point mutation that leads to a hyperactive version of the Ras protein that can lead to excessive cell division.
14.
Define antiparallel
a)
Running alongside but in an opposite orientation. The term is used to describe the relative orientation of the two strands of a DNA molecule, which run in opposite directions (5′ to 3′ and 3′ to 5′).
b)
A nucleotide with a single-ringed nitrogenous base; the two in DNA are cytosine and thymine
c)
The state of genetic material in its loose form in the nucleus
d)
The addition of methyl groups (—CH3) to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis; may serve as a long-term control of gene expression.
e)
a tumor-suppressor gene that codes for a specific transcription factor that promotes the synthesis of cell cycle-inhibiting proteins
15.
A-T and T-A requires how many H-bonds?
a)
Two
b)
The five-carbon sugar in a DNA nucleotide
c)
The state of genetic material and its fully condensed coils
d)
The attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins.
e)
series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo
16.
C-G and G-C requires how many H-bonds?
a)
Three
b)
This type of bond holds together the two DNA strands by linking complementary nitrogenous bases; this contributes to DNA's secondary structure, a double helix
c)
The structure of DNA where two strands wrap around each other to form a long, twisted ladder
d)
unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells
e)
Genes that code for proteins that monitor and check cell cycle progression. When these genes mutate, tumor suppressor proteins lose normal function
17.
What is DNA main role?
a)
Directing the manufacture of proteins
b)
Adenine pairs with thymine
c)
These two scientists were the first to define the structure of a DNA molecule
d)
the structural adaptation of some body part for a particular function
e)
Deoxyribonucleic acid; a double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule that determines the structure of proteins
18.
Define DNA replication
a)
The copying of DNA to pass on information
b)
These two scientists were the first to define the structure of a DNA molecule
c)
The monomers of nucleic acid; the repeated subunits of DNA molecules. Each contains a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
d)
In animals, a set of morphological and developmental traits that are integrated into a functional whole—the living animal.
e)
These consist of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones; located in the nucleus
19.
Define conservative replication
a)
A proposed mechanism for DNA replication that suggested replication resulted in a DNA molecule consisting of two new, and no parental, strands. The mechanism has been disproven.
b)
Running alongside but in an opposite orientation. The term is used to describe the relative orientation of the two strands of a DNA molecule, which run in opposite directions (5′ to 3′ and 3′ to 5′).
c)
A nucleotide with a double-ringed nitrogenous base; the two in DNA are adenine and guanine
d)
This gene codes for Ras protein, a G protein that relays a growth signal from a growth-factor receptor on the plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinases that ultimately results in the stimulation of the cell cycle. Many ras oncogenes have a point mutation that leads to a hyperactive version of the Ras protein that can lead to excessive cell division.
e)
The state of genetic material in its loose form in the nucleus
20.
Define semi-conservative replication
a)
A model (born out by experimental evidence) for DNA replication in which each DNA strand acts as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand.
b)
Two
c)
A nucleotide with a single-ringed nitrogenous base; the two in DNA are cytosine and thymine
d)
a tumor-suppressor gene that codes for a specific transcription factor that promotes the synthesis of cell cycle-inhibiting proteins
e)
The state of genetic material and its fully condensed coils
21.
Define the role of helicase
a)
This enzyme unwinds our double helix into two strands
b)
Three
c)
The five-carbon sugar in a DNA nucleotide
d)
series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo
e)
The structure of DNA where two strands wrap around each other to form a long, twisted ladder
22.
Define the role of DNA polymerase
a)
This enzyme adds nucleotides to an existing strand
b)
Directing the manufacture of proteins
c)
This type of bond holds together the two DNA strands by linking complementary nitrogenous bases; this contributes to DNA's secondary structure, a double helix
d)
Genes that code for proteins that monitor and check cell cycle progression. When these genes mutate, tumor suppressor proteins lose normal function
e)
These two scientists were the first to define the structure of a DNA molecule
23.
Define the role of ligase
a)
This enzyme brings together the Okazaki fragments
b)
The copying of DNA to pass on information
c)
Adenine pairs with thymine
d)
Deoxyribonucleic acid; a double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule that determines the structure of proteins
e)
The monomers of nucleic acid; the repeated subunits of DNA molecules. Each contains a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
24.
Define the role of topoisomerase
a)
This enzyme cuts and rejoins the helix
b)
A proposed mechanism for DNA replication that suggested replication resulted in a DNA molecule consisting of two new, and no parental, strands. The mechanism has been disproven.
c)
These consist of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones; located in the nucleus
d)
A nucleotide with a double-ringed nitrogenous base; the two in DNA are adenine and guanine
25.
Define the role of RNA primase
a)
This enzymes catalyzes the synthesis of RNA primers
b)
A model (born out by experimental evidence) for DNA replication in which each DNA strand acts as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand.
c)
Running alongside but in an opposite orientation. The term is used to describe the relative orientation of the two strands of a DNA molecule, which run in opposite directions (5′ to 3′ and 3′ to 5′).
d)
The state of genetic material in its loose form in the nucleus
e)
A nucleotide with a single-ringed nitrogenous base; the two in DNA are cytosine and thymine
26.
Define origins of replication
a)
The specific sites at which DNA replication begins
b)
This enzyme unwinds our double helix into two strands
c)
Two
d)
The state of genetic material and its fully condensed coils
e)
The five-carbon sugar in a DNA nucleotide
27.
Define leading strand
a)
During replication, the strand of DNA that is synthesized continuously in the direction of the replication fork.
b)
This enzyme adds nucleotides to an existing strand
c)
Three
d)
The structure of DNA where two strands wrap around each other to form a long, twisted ladder
e)
This type of bond holds together the two DNA strands by linking complementary nitrogenous bases; this contributes to DNA's secondary structure, a double helix
28.
Define replication fork
a)
One half of a replication bubble; a y-shaped structure on the DNA molecule along which replication takes place
b)
This enzyme brings together the Okazaki fragments
c)
Directing the manufacture of proteins
d)
These two scientists were the first to define the structure of a DNA molecule
e)
Adenine pairs with thymine
29.
Define replication bubble
a)
A portion of the DNA molecule that has opened, providing a site for two replication forks. Multiple replication bubbles along the DNA molecule speed of the process of replication.
b)
This enzyme cuts and rejoins the helix
c)
The copying of DNA to pass on information
d)
The monomers of nucleic acid; the repeated subunits of DNA molecules. Each contains a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
30.
Define lagging strand
a)
During replication, the DNA strand that grows discontinuously and in the direction opposite of the replication fork.
b)
This enzymes catalyzes the synthesis of RNA primers
c)
A proposed mechanism for DNA replication that suggested replication resulted in a DNA molecule consisting of two new, and no parental, strands. The mechanism has been disproven.
d)
A nucleotide with a double-ringed nitrogenous base; the two in DNA are adenine and guanine
e)
Running alongside but in an opposite orientation. The term is used to describe the relative orientation of the two strands of a DNA molecule, which run in opposite directions (5′ to 3′ and 3′ to 5′).
31.
Define Okazaki fragments
a)
The noncontinuous segments of newly synthesized DNA along the lagging strand
b)
The specific sites at which DNA replication begins
c)
A model (born out by experimental evidence) for DNA replication in which each DNA strand acts as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand.
d)
A nucleotide with a single-ringed nitrogenous base; the two in DNA are cytosine and thymine
e)
Two
32.
How is RNA different from DNA?
a)
1. RNA is single-stranded, not double stranded
b)
During replication, the strand of DNA that is synthesized continuously in the direction of the replication fork.
c)
This enzyme unwinds our double helix into two strands
d)
The five-carbon sugar in a DNA nucleotide
e)
Three
33.
2. The five-carbon sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose
a)
True
b)
False
c)
This enzyme adds nucleotides to an existing strand
d)
This type of bond holds together the two DNA strands by linking complementary nitrogenous bases; this contributes to DNA's secondary structure, a double helix
e)
Directing the manufacture of proteins
34.
3. The nitrogenous base uracil replaces the DNA base thymine
a)
These cellular organelles are the sites of protein synthesis
b)
A portion of the DNA molecule that has opened, providing a site for two replication forks. Multiple replication bubbles along the DNA molecule speed of the process of replication.
c)
This enzyme brings together the Okazaki fragments
d)
Adenine pairs with thymine
e)
The copying of DNA to pass on information
35.
Define messenger RNA (mRNA)
a)
The type of RNA that copies the information stored in the strand of DNA
b)
During replication, the DNA strand that grows discontinuously and in the direction opposite of the replication fork.
c)
This enzyme cuts and rejoins the helix
d)
A proposed mechanism for DNA replication that suggested replication resulted in a DNA molecule consisting of two new, and no parental, strands. The mechanism has been disproven.
36.
Define ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
a)
The type of RNA, produced in the nucleolus, that makes up part of the ribosomes
b)
The noncontinuous segments of newly synthesized DNA along the lagging strand
c)
This enzymes catalyzes the synthesis of RNA primers
d)
Running alongside but in an opposite orientation. The term is used to describe the relative orientation of the two strands of a DNA molecule, which run in opposite directions (5′ to 3′ and 3′ to 5′).
e)
A model (born out by experimental evidence) for DNA replication in which each DNA strand acts as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand.
37.
Define the role of a ribosome
a)
These cellular organelles are the sites of protein synthesis
b)
1. RNA is single-stranded, not double stranded
c)
The specific sites at which DNA replication begins
d)
Two
e)
This enzyme unwinds our double helix into two strands
38.
Define transfer RNA (tRNA)
a)
The type of RNA that shuttles amino acids to the ribosomes;it functions as the translator from nucleotide into amino acid in protein synthesis
b)
These two scientists were the first to define the structure of a DNA molecule
c)
During replication, the strand of DNA that is synthesized continuously in the direction of the replication fork.
d)
Three
e)
This enzyme adds nucleotides to an existing strand
39.
What are the three basic steps of protein synthesis?
a)
1. Transcription
b)
These cellular organelles are the sites of protein synthesis
c)
One half of a replication bubble; a y-shaped structure on the DNA molecule along which replication takes place
d)
Directing the manufacture of proteins
e)
This enzyme brings together the Okazaki fragments
40.
2. RNA processing
a)
the sequence of events through which the primary transcript from a gene acquires its mature form
b)
The type of RNA that copies the information stored in the strand of DNA
c)
A portion of the DNA molecule that has opened, providing a site for two replication forks. Multiple replication bubbles along the DNA molecule speed of the process of replication.
d)
The copying of DNA to pass on information
e)
This enzyme cuts and rejoins the helix
41.
3. Translation
a)
the process in living cells in which proteins are produced using RNA molecules as templates. The generated protein is a sequence of amino acids (Occurs within a cell)
b)
The type of RNA, produced in the nucleolus, that makes up part of the ribosomes
c)
During replication, the DNA strand that grows discontinuously and in the direction opposite of the replication fork.
d)
A proposed mechanism for DNA replication that suggested replication resulted in a DNA molecule consisting of two new, and no parental, strands. The mechanism has been disproven.
e)
This enzymes catalyzes the synthesis of RNA primers
42.
Define transcription
a)
The process of copying the genetic code from DNA into the form of mRNA
b)
These cellular organelles are the sites of protein synthesis
c)
The noncontinuous segments of newly synthesized DNA along the lagging strand
d)
A model (born out by experimental evidence) for DNA replication in which each DNA strand acts as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand.
e)
The specific sites at which DNA replication begins
43.
What are the three phases of both transcription and translation?
a)
1. Initiation
b)
The type of RNA that shuttles amino acids to the ribosomes;it functions as the translator from nucleotide into amino acid in protein synthesis
c)
1. RNA is single-stranded, not double stranded
d)
This enzyme unwinds our double helix into two strands
e)
During replication, the strand of DNA that is synthesized continuously in the direction of the replication fork.
44.
2. Elogation
a)
biological process in which a biological entity is made longer
b)
1. Transcription
c)
This enzyme adds nucleotides to an existing strand
d)
One half of a replication bubble; a y-shaped structure on the DNA molecule along which replication takes place
45.
3. Termination
a)
a biological process where a biological entity is being ended or completed
b)
the process in living cells in which proteins are produced using RNA molecules as templates. The generated protein is a sequence of amino acids
c)
This enzyme brings together the Okazaki fragments
d)
A portion of the DNA molecule that has opened, providing a site for two replication forks. Multiple replication bubbles along the DNA molecule speed of the process of replication.
46.
Define promoter
a)
A sequence of DNA nucleotides that signals where transcription will begin and where RNA polymerase binds
b)
a biological process where a biological entity is being ended or completed
c)
The type of RNA that copies the information stored in the strand of DNA
d)
This enzyme cuts and rejoins the helix
e)
During replication, the DNA strand that grows discontinuously and in the direction opposite of the replication fork.
47.
Define RNA polymerase
a)
An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of the mRNA strand during transcription
b)
The process of copying the genetic code from DNA into the form of mRNA
c)
The type of RNA, produced in the nucleolus, that makes up part of the ribosomes
d)
This enzymes catalyzes the synthesis of RNA primers
e)
The noncontinuous segments of newly synthesized DNA along the lagging strand
48.
Define heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)
a)
The newly made RNA molecule
b)
1. Initiation
c)
These cellular organelles are the sites of protein synthesis
d)
The specific sites at which DNA replication begins
e)
1. RNA is single-stranded, not double stranded
49.
Define exon
a)
A coding segment in a eukaryotic gene
b)
a biological process where a biological entity is being ended or completed
c)
The type of RNA that shuttles amino acids to the ribosomes;it functions as the translator from nucleotide into amino acid in protein synthesis
d)
During replication, the strand of DNA that is synthesized continuously in the direction of the replication fork.
50.
Define intron
a)
Noncoding sequences within genes that are between 20-40 nucleotides long that exist in pairs of upside-down and backward versions of each other
b)
a biological process where a biological entity is being ended or completed
c)
1. Transcription
d)
One half of a replication bubble; a y-shaped structure on the DNA molecule along which replication takes place
51.
Define spliceosome
a)
An assembly of proteins and RNA that function in the removal of introns from an mRNA strand
b)
A sequence of DNA nucleotides that signals where transcription will begin and where RNA polymerase binds
c)
A portion of the DNA molecule that has opened, providing a site for two replication forks. Multiple replication bubbles along the DNA molecule speed of the process of replication.
d)
The type of RNA that copies the information stored in the strand of DNA
52.
Define poly(A) tail
a)
The section of adenine nucleotides from 30-200 base pairs long that is added to the 3′ end of a newly synthesized mRNA strand for protection from degradation and to aid in export from the nucleus
b)
An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of the mRNA strand during transcription
c)
During replication, the DNA strand that grows discontinuously and in the direction opposite of the replication fork.
d)
The type of RNA, produced in the nucleolus, that makes up part of the ribosomes
53.
Define mRNA processing
a)
Final changes that are made in a mRNA strand, such as 5′ capping, adding a poly(A) tail, and removing segments of the strand
b)
The newly made RNA molecule
c)
The process of copying the genetic code from DNA into the form of mRNA
d)
The noncontinuous segments of newly synthesized DNA along the lagging strand
e)
These cellular organelles are the sites of protein synthesis
54.
Define 5' cap
a)
Methylated guanine nucleotide that is added to the 5′ end of a newly synthesized mRNA strand for protection from degradation
b)
A coding segment in a eukaryotic gene
c)
1. Initiation
d)
1. RNA is single-stranded, not double stranded
e)
The type of RNA that shuttles amino acids to the ribosomes;it functions as the translator from nucleotide into amino acid in protein synthesis
55.
Define codon
a)
A sequence of DNA, three nucleotides in length, that translates into a single amino acid
b)
Noncoding sequences within genes that are between 20-40 nucleotides long that exist in pairs of upside-down and backward versions of each other
c)
1. Transcription
56.
Define anticodon
a)
A sequence of three nucleotides on a transfer RNA molecule that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence on a messenger RNA molecule; they are specific to the amino acid carried by tRNA
b)
An assembly of proteins and RNA that function in the removal of introns from an mRNA strand
57.
Define initiation
a)
The beginning of translation, characterized by the formation of an initiation complex, the messenger RNA strand, a charged tRNA, and the small ribosomal subunit
b)
The section of adenine nucleotides from 30-200 base pairs long that is added to the 3′ end of a newly synthesized mRNA strand for protection from degradation and to aid in export from the nucleus
c)
A sequence of DNA nucleotides that signals where transcription will begin and where RNA polymerase binds
d)
The type of RNA that copies the information stored in the strand of DNA
58.
What three binding sites do ribosomes contain?
a)
An A site, a P site, and an E site
b)
Final changes that are made in a mRNA strand, such as 5′ capping, adding a poly(A) tail, and removing segments of the strand
c)
An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of the mRNA strand during transcription
d)
The type of RNA, produced in the nucleolus, that makes up part of the ribosomes
e)
The process of copying the genetic code from DNA into the form of mRNA
59.
Define A site
a)
The site for the attachment of new tRNA
b)
Methylated guanine nucleotide that is added to the 5′ end of a newly synthesized mRNA strand for protection from degradation
c)
The newly made RNA molecule
d)
These cellular organelles are the sites of protein synthesis
e)
1. Initiation
60.
Define P site
a)
The site occupied by the initator tRNA; P stands for polypeptide
b)
A sequence of DNA, three nucleotides in length, that translates into a single amino acid
c)
A coding segment in a eukaryotic gene
d)
The type of RNA that shuttles amino acids to the ribosomes;it functions as the translator from nucleotide into amino acid in protein synthesis
61.
Define E site
a)
The site for the exiting of tRNA
b)
A sequence of three nucleotides on a transfer RNA molecule that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence on a messenger RNA molecule; they are specific to the amino acid carried by tRNA
c)
Noncoding sequences within genes that are between 20-40 nucleotides long that exist in pairs of upside-down and backward versions of each other
d)
1. Transcription
62.
What is the codon for the initiation of protein synthesis?
a)
A-U-G, which codes for the amino acid methionine
b)
The beginning of translation, characterized by the formation of an initiation complex, the messenger RNA strand, a charged tRNA, and the small ribosomal subunit
c)
An assembly of proteins and RNA that function in the removal of introns from an mRNA strand
d)
A sequence of DNA nucleotides that signals where transcription will begin and where RNA polymerase binds
63.
Define elongation
a)
The addition of amino acids to mRNA
b)
An A site, a P site, and an E site
c)
The section of adenine nucleotides from 30-200 base pairs long that is added to the 3′ end of a newly synthesized mRNA strand for protection from degradation and to aid in export from the nucleus
d)
An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of the mRNA strand during transcription
64.
Define termination
a)
The end of the synthesis of a polypeptide, caused by a stop codon
b)
The site for the attachment of new tRNA
c)
Final changes that are made in a mRNA strand, such as 5′ capping, adding a poly(A) tail, and removing segments of the strand
d)
The process of copying the genetic code from DNA into the form of mRNA
e)
The newly made RNA molecule
65.
Define stop codon, and give three examples
a)
Sequences of nucleotides on the messenger RNA strand, such as U-G-A, U-A-A, and U-A-G, that signal the end of translation
b)
The site occupied by the initator tRNA; P stands for polypeptide
c)
Methylated guanine nucleotide that is added to the 5′ end of a newly synthesized mRNA strand for protection from degradation
d)
1. Initiation
e)
A coding segment in a eukaryotic gene
66.
Define primary structure
a)
The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein
b)
The site for the exiting of tRNA
c)
A sequence of DNA, three nucleotides in length, that translates into a single amino acid
d)
Noncoding sequences within genes that are between 20-40 nucleotides long that exist in pairs of upside-down and backward versions of each other
67.
Define secondary structure
a)
The twisting of a polypeptide into either an alpha helix or beta-pleated sheets
b)
A-U-G, which codes for the amino acid methionine
c)
A sequence of three nucleotides on a transfer RNA molecule that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence on a messenger RNA molecule; they are specific to the amino acid carried by tRNA
d)
An assembly of proteins and RNA that function in the removal of introns from an mRNA strand
68.
Define tertiary structure
a)
The folding of a polypeptide into a three-dimensional structure
b)
The addition of amino acids to mRNA
c)
The beginning of translation, characterized by the formation of an initiation complex, the messenger RNA strand, a charged tRNA, and the small ribosomal subunit
d)
A sequence of DNA nucleotides that signals where transcription will begin and where RNA polymerase binds
e)
The section of adenine nucleotides from 30-200 base pairs long that is added to the 3′ end of a newly synthesized mRNA strand for protection from degradation and to aid in export from the nucleus
69.
Define quaternary structure
a)
When two or more polypeptides get together
b)
The end of the synthesis of a polypeptide, caused by a stop codon
c)
An A site, a P site, and an E site
d)
An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of the mRNA strand during transcription
e)
Final changes that are made in a mRNA strand, such as 5′ capping, adding a poly(A) tail, and removing segments of the strand
70.
Define chaperon proteins (aka chaperonins)
a)
Proteins that help other proteins fold properly and make the process of folding more efficient
b)
Sequences of nucleotides on the messenger RNA strand, such as U-G-A, U-A-A, and U-A-G, that signal the end of translation
c)
The site for the attachment of new tRNA
d)
The newly made RNA molecule
e)
Methylated guanine nucleotide that is added to the 5′ end of a newly synthesized mRNA strand for protection from degradation
71.
Define mutation
a)
A defect in the chromosome or changes in the normally occurring DNA sequence
b)
The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein
c)
The site occupied by the initator tRNA; P stands for polypeptide
d)
A coding segment in a eukaryotic gene
e)
A sequence of DNA, three nucleotides in length, that translates into a single amino acid
72.
Define base substitution (point) mutation
a)
A mutation when one base is substituted for another
b)
The twisting of a polypeptide into either an alpha helix or beta-pleated sheets
c)
The site for the exiting of tRNA
d)
Noncoding sequences within genes that are between 20-40 nucleotides long that exist in pairs of upside-down and backward versions of each other
e)
A sequence of three nucleotides on a transfer RNA molecule that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence on a messenger RNA molecule; they are specific to the amino acid carried by tRNA
73.
Griffith
a)
Bacterial Transformation: Scientist who revealed that harmless bacteria have the ability to transform themselves into virulent bacteria by absorbing some genetic factor form another bacterium
b)
The folding of a polypeptide into a three-dimensional structure
c)
A-U-G, which codes for the amino acid methionine
d)
An assembly of proteins and RNA that function in the removal of introns from an mRNA strand
e)
The beginning of translation, characterized by the formation of an initiation complex, the messenger RNA strand, a charged tRNA, and the small ribosomal subunit
74.
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
a)
Isolated and purified bacterial transformation factor and proved that it was, in fact, DNA
b)
When two or more polypeptides get together
c)
The addition of amino acids to mRNA
d)
The section of adenine nucleotides from 30-200 base pairs long that is added to the 3′ end of a newly synthesized mRNA strand for protection from degradation and to aid in export from the nucleus
e)
An A site, a P site, and an E site
75.
Hershey and Chase
a)
Carried out experiments that lent strong support to the theory that DNA is the genetic material; tagged bacteriophages with isotope (P & S)
b)
Proteins that help other proteins fold properly and make the process of folding more efficient
c)
The end of the synthesis of a polypeptide, caused by a stop codon
d)
Final changes that are made in a mRNA strand, such as 5′ capping, adding a poly(A) tail, and removing segments of the strand
e)
The site for the attachment of new tRNA
76.
None
a)
Ignore
b)
A defect in the chromosome or changes in the normally occurring DNA sequence
c)
Sequences of nucleotides on the messenger RNA strand, such as U-G-A, U-A-A, and U-A-G, that signal the end of translation
d)
Methylated guanine nucleotide that is added to the 5′ end of a newly synthesized mRNA strand for protection from degradation
e)
The site occupied by the initator tRNA; P stands for polypeptide
77.
Proved that DNA from the phage nucleus, not protein from the phage coat, was infecting bacteria
a)
Hershey and Chase . The Hershey and Chase experiments used bacteriophages, or viruses capable of infecting bacteria, in order to determine whether genes were made of proteins or DNA. Hershey and Chase labeled the protein coats of one set of bacteriophages with sulfur and the DNA of a second set with phosphorus.
b)
A mutation when one base is substituted for another
c)
The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein
d)
A sequence of DNA, three nucleotides in length, that translates into a single amino acid
e)
The site for the exiting of tRNA
78.
Rosalind Franklin
a)
Carried out X-ray crystallography analysis of DNA that showed DNA to be a helix
b)
Bacterial Transformation: Scientist who revealed that harmless bacteria have the ability to transform themselves into virulent bacteria by absorbing some genetic factor form another bacterium
c)
The twisting of a polypeptide into either an alpha helix or beta-pleated sheets
d)
A sequence of three nucleotides on a transfer RNA molecule that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence on a messenger RNA molecule; they are specific to the amino acid carried by tRNA
e)
A-U-G, which codes for the amino acid methionine
79.
Watson and Crick
a)
Proposed the double-helix structure of DNA and hypothesized that DNA might replicate by semiconservative replication
b)
Isolated and purified bacterial transformation factor and proved that it was, in fact, DNA
c)
The folding of a polypeptide into a three-dimensional structure
d)
The beginning of translation, characterized by the formation of an initiation complex, the messenger RNA strand, a charged tRNA, and the small ribosomal subunit
e)
The addition of amino acids to mRNA
80.
Meselson and Stahl
a)
Proved that DNA replicates in a semiconservative fashion
b)
Carried out experiments that lent strong support to the theory that DNA is the genetic material; tagged bacteriophages with isotope (P & S)
c)
When two or more polypeptides get together
d)
An A site, a P site, and an E site
e)
The end of the synthesis of a polypeptide, caused by a stop codon
81.
None
a)
oops
b)
mistake
c)
Proteins that help other proteins fold properly and make the process of folding more efficient
d)
The site for the attachment of new tRNA
e)
Sequences of nucleotides on the messenger RNA strand, such as U-G-A, U-A-A, and U-A-G, that signal the end of translation
82.
Cultured bacteria in a medium containing heavy nitrogen and then a medium containing light nitrogen; after extracting the DNA, they demonstrated that the replicated NDA consisted of one heavy strand and one light strand
a)
Like the lab we just did
b)
Ignore
c)
A defect in the chromosome or changes in the normally occurring DNA sequence
d)
The site occupied by the initator tRNA; P stands for polypeptide
e)
The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein
83.
Semiconservative replication
a)
DNA replicates using the parent strand as a template, creating a strand made from one parent and new DNA
b)
Carried out X-ray crystallography analysis of DNA that showed DNA to be a helix
c)
A mutation when one base is substituted for another
d)
The site for the exiting of tRNA
e)
The twisting of a polypeptide into either an alpha helix or beta-pleated sheets
84.
DNA
a)
Polymer of nucleotides, repeating sequence of A, T, C, G
b)
Proposed the double-helix structure of DNA and hypothesized that DNA might replicate by semiconservative replication
c)
Bacterial Transformation: Scientist who revealed that harmless bacteria have the ability to transform themselves into virulent bacteria by absorbing some genetic factor form another bacterium
d)
A-U-G, which codes for the amino acid methionine
e)
The folding of a polypeptide into a three-dimensional structure
85.
Purines
a)
A and G; double rings
b)
Proved that DNA replicates in a semiconservative fashion
c)
Isolated and purified bacterial transformation factor and proved that it was, in fact, DNA
d)
The addition of amino acids to mRNA
e)
When two or more polypeptides get together
86.
Pyramidines
a)
T and C; single rings
b)
Carried out experiments that lent strong support to the theory that DNA is the genetic material; tagged bacteriophages with isotope (P & S)
c)
Carried out experiments that lent strong support to the theory that DNA is the genetic material; tagged bacteriophages with isotope (P & S)
d)
The end of the synthesis of a polypeptide, caused by a stop codon
e)
Proteins that help other proteins fold properly and make the process of folding more efficient
87.
Hydrogen bond
a)
Binds complementary strands together; allow for DNA to be easily unzipped
b)
Carried out experiments that lent strong support to the theory that DNA is the genetic material; tagged bacteriophages with isotope (P & S)
c)
Sequences of nucleotides on the messenger RNA strand, such as U-G-A, U-A-A, and U-A-G, that signal the end of translation
d)
A defect in the chromosome or changes in the normally occurring DNA sequence
88.
None
a)
HUH
b)
DNA replicates using the parent strand as a template, creating a strand made from one parent and new DNA
c)
The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein
d)
A mutation when one base is substituted for another
89.
double between A and T
a)
ignore
b)
Polymer of nucleotides, repeating sequence of A, T, C, G
c)
Carried out X-ray crystallography analysis of DNA that showed DNA to be a helix
d)
The twisting of a polypeptide into either an alpha helix or beta-pleated sheets
e)
Bacterial Transformation: Scientist who revealed that harmless bacteria have the ability to transform themselves into virulent bacteria by absorbing some genetic factor form another bacterium
90.
triple between C and G
a)
ignore
b)
A and G; double rings
c)
Proposed the double-helix structure of DNA and hypothesized that DNA might replicate by semiconservative replication
d)
The folding of a polypeptide into a three-dimensional structure
e)
Isolated and purified bacterial transformation factor and proved that it was, in fact, DNA
91.
Antiparallel
a)
DNA strands run in opposite directions: 5 to 3 and 3 to 5
b)
T and C; single rings
c)
Proved that DNA replicates in a semiconservative fashion
d)
When two or more polypeptides get together
e)
Carried out experiments that lent strong support to the theory that DNA is the genetic material; tagged bacteriophages with isotope (P & S)
92.
Nucleotide
a)
Sugar (5-carbon sugar), phosphate, base (A, C, T, G)
b)
Binds complementary strands together; allow for DNA to be easily unzipped
c)
Proteins that help other proteins fold properly and make the process of folding more efficient
93.
DNA Replication
a)
Copying of DNA to make new strand in S phase
b)
Carried out experiments that lent strong support to the theory that DNA is the genetic material; tagged bacteriophages with isotope (P & S)
c)
A defect in the chromosome or changes in the normally occurring DNA sequence
94.
Replication fork
a)
Site of DNA replication
b)
Carried out experiments that lent strong support to the theory that DNA is the genetic material; tagged bacteriophages with isotope (P & S)
c)
DNA replicates using the parent strand as a template, creating a strand made from one parent and new DNA
d)
A mutation when one base is substituted for another
e)
Carried out X-ray crystallography analysis of DNA that showed DNA to be a helix
95.
Leading strand
a)
Strand that forms continuously toward the fork in the 5 to 3 direction
b)
Carried out experiments that lent strong support to the theory that DNA is the genetic material; tagged bacteriophages with isotope (P & S)
c)
Polymer of nucleotides, repeating sequence of A, T, C, G
d)
Bacterial Transformation: Scientist who revealed that harmless bacteria have the ability to transform themselves into virulent bacteria by absorbing some genetic factor form another bacterium
e)
Proposed the double-helix structure of DNA and hypothesized that DNA might replicate by semiconservative replication
96.
Lagging strand
a)
Strand that forms away from the replication fork in discontinuous segments
b)
DNA strands run in opposite directions: 5 to 3 and 3 to 5
c)
A and G; double rings
d)
Isolated and purified bacterial transformation factor and proved that it was, in fact, DNA
e)
Proved that DNA replicates in a semiconservative fashion
97.
Okazaki fragments
a)
Discontinuous segments of DNA that are formed along the lagging strand
b)
Sugar (5-carbon sugar), phosphate, base (A, C, T, G)
c)
T and C; single rings
d)
Carried out experiments that lent strong support to the theory that DNA is the genetic material; tagged bacteriophages with isotope (P & S)
98.
DNA polymerase
a)
Enzyme that attaches nucleotides to DNA template strand; works in the 5' to 3' direction
b)
Copying of DNA to make new strand in S phase
c)
Binds complementary strands together; allow for DNA to be easily unzipped
99.
DNA helicase
a)
Enzyme in charge of untwisting and unzipping DNA for replication
b)
Site of DNA replication
c)
DNA replicates using the parent strand as a template, creating a strand made from one parent and new DNA
100.
RNA primer
a)
Short strand of RNA that is the initiation site of replication
b)
Strand that forms continuously toward the fork in the 5 to 3 direction
c)
Carried out X-ray crystallography analysis of DNA that showed DNA to be a helix
d)
Polymer of nucleotides, repeating sequence of A, T, C, G
101.
DNA ligase
a)
Joins Okazaki fragments together
b)
Strand that forms away from the replication fork in discontinuous segments
c)
Proposed the double-helix structure of DNA and hypothesized that DNA might replicate by semiconservative replication
d)
A and G; double rings
102.
Primase
a)
Enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make primer
b)
Discontinuous segments of DNA that are formed along the lagging strand
c)
DNA strands run in opposite directions: 5 to 3 and 3 to 5
d)
Proved that DNA replicates in a semiconservative fashion
e)
T and C; single rings
103.
Single strand binding proteins
a)
Scaffolding that holds two strands of DNA apart as they are copied
b)
Enzyme that attaches nucleotides to DNA template strand; works in the 5' to 3' direction
c)
Sugar (5-carbon sugar), phosphate, base (A, C, T, G)
d)
Binds complementary strands together; allow for DNA to be easily unzipped
104.
Protein synthesis
a)
the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA
b)
Enzyme in charge of untwisting and unzipping DNA for replication
c)
Copying of DNA to make new strand in S phase
105.
Gene expression
a)
conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein
b)
Short strand of RNA that is the initiation site of replication
c)
Site of DNA replication
d)
DNA replicates using the parent strand as a template, creating a strand made from one parent and new DNA
106.
Transcription
a)
(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
b)
Joins Okazaki fragments together
c)
Strand that forms continuously toward the fork in the 5 to 3 direction
d)
Polymer of nucleotides, repeating sequence of A, T, C, G
107.
Translation
a)
(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
b)
Enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make primer
c)
Strand that forms away from the replication fork in discontinuous segments
d)
A and G; double rings
e)
DNA strands run in opposite directions: 5 to 3 and 3 to 5
108.
Messenger RNA
a)
RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
b)
Scaffolding that holds two strands of DNA apart as they are copied
c)
Discontinuous segments of DNA that are formed along the lagging strand
d)
T and C; single rings
e)
Sugar (5-carbon sugar), phosphate, base (A, C, T, G)
109.
Codons
a)
A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
b)
the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA
c)
Enzyme that attaches nucleotides to DNA template strand; works in the 5' to 3' direction
d)
Binds complementary strands together; allow for DNA to be easily unzipped
e)
Copying of DNA to make new strand in S phase
110.
Reading Frame
a)
grouping of codons that must be read in a 5' to 3' so that the language can be understood
b)
conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein
c)
Enzyme in charge of untwisting and unzipping DNA for replication
d)
Site of DNA replication
111.
Promoter
a)
A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA.
b)
(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
c)
Short strand of RNA that is the initiation site of replication
d)
Strand that forms continuously toward the fork in the 5 to 3 direction
112.
RNA polymerase
a)
Enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription
b)
(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
c)
Joins Okazaki fragments together
d)
Strand that forms away from the replication fork in discontinuous segments
113.
Terminator
a)
A special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule
b)
RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
c)
Enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make primer
d)
DNA strands run in opposite directions: 5 to 3 and 3 to 5
e)
Discontinuous segments of DNA that are formed along the lagging strand
114.
TATA Box
a)
A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex.
b)
A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
c)
Scaffolding that holds two strands of DNA apart as they are copied
d)
Sugar (5-carbon sugar), phosphate, base (A, C, T, G)
e)
Enzyme that attaches nucleotides to DNA template strand; works in the 5' to 3' direction
115.
Transcription factors
a)
A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes
b)
grouping of codons that must be read in a 5' to 3' so that the language can be understood
c)
the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA
d)
Copying of DNA to make new strand in S phase
e)
Enzyme in charge of untwisting and unzipping DNA for replication
116.
Transcription initiation complex
a)
The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to a promoter.
b)
A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA.
c)
conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein
d)
Site of DNA replication
e)
Short strand of RNA that is the initiation site of replication
117.
Poly-A tail
a)
The modified end of the 3' end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides.
b)
Enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription
c)
(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
d)
Strand that forms continuously toward the fork in the 5 to 3 direction
e)
Joins Okazaki fragments together
118.
5' cap
a)
the 5 end of a pre mrna molecule modified by the addition of a cap of guanine nucleotide.
b)
A special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule
c)
(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
d)
Strand that forms away from the replication fork in discontinuous segments
e)
Enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make primer
119.
Introns
a)
A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene.
b)
A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex.
c)
RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
d)
Discontinuous segments of DNA that are formed along the lagging strand
e)
Scaffolding that holds two strands of DNA apart as they are copied
120.
Exons
a)
A coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons, which are expressed, are separated from each other by introns.
b)
A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes
c)
A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
d)
Enzyme that attaches nucleotides to DNA template strand; works in the 5' to 3' direction
e)
the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA
121.
RNA splicing
a)
process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together
b)
The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to a promoter.
c)
grouping of codons that must be read in a 5' to 3' so that the language can be understood
d)
Enzyme in charge of untwisting and unzipping DNA for replication
e)
conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein
122.
Splicesome
a)
a complex of specialized RNA and protein subunits that removes introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA segment.
b)
The modified end of the 3' end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides.
c)
A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA.
d)
Short strand of RNA that is the initiation site of replication
e)
(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
123.
Ribozymes
a)
An enzymatic RNA molecule that catalyzes reactions during RNA splicing.
b)
the 5 end of a pre mrna molecule modified by the addition of a cap of guanine nucleotide.
c)
Enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription
d)
Joins Okazaki fragments together
e)
(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
124.
Transfer RNA
a)
type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
b)
A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene.
c)
A special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule
d)
Enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make primer
e)
RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
125.
A-site
a)
holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain
b)
A coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons, which are expressed, are separated from each other by introns.
c)
A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex.
d)
Scaffolding that holds two strands of DNA apart as they are copied
e)
A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
126.
P-site
a)
holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
b)
process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together
c)
A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes
d)
the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA
e)
grouping of codons that must be read in a 5' to 3' so that the language can be understood
127.
E-site
a)
Site from which the discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome
b)
a complex of specialized RNA and protein subunits that removes introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA segment.
c)
The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to a promoter.
d)
conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein
e)
A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA.
128.
Anticodon
a)
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
b)
An enzymatic RNA molecule that catalyzes reactions during RNA splicing.
c)
The modified end of the 3' end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides.
d)
(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
e)
Enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription
129.
Tolemerase
a)
Adds telomeres to the ends of chromosome
b)
type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
c)
the 5 end of a pre mrna molecule modified by the addition of a cap of guanine nucleotide.
d)
(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
e)
A special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule
130.
Nucleoid
a)
A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
b)
holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain
c)
A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene.
d)
RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
e)
A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex.
131.
Chromatin
a)
DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes
b)
holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
c)
A coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons, which are expressed, are separated from each other by introns.
d)
A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
e)
A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes
132.
rRNA
a)
The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins froms the structure of ribosomes whic coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons
b)
Site from which the discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome
c)
process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together
d)
grouping of codons that must be read in a 5' to 3' so that the language can be understood
e)
The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to a promoter.
133.
Missense mutation
a)
A point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a codon that specifies a different amino acid.
b)
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
c)
a complex of specialized RNA and protein subunits that removes introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA segment.
d)
A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA.
e)
The modified end of the 3' end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides.
134.
Nonsense mutation
a)
A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.
b)
Adds telomeres to the ends of chromosome
c)
An enzymatic RNA molecule that catalyzes reactions during RNA splicing.
d)
Enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription
e)
the 5 end of a pre mrna molecule modified by the addition of a cap of guanine nucleotide.
135.
Mutagen
a)
A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.
b)
A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
c)
type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
d)
A special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule
e)
A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene.
136.
Operator
a)
switch that controls whether or not the operon system is "on" or "off"
b)
DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes
c)
holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain
d)
A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex.
e)
A coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons, which are expressed, are separated from each other by introns.
137.
Operon
a)
stretch of DNA required for enzyme production that is comprised of a promoter, reppressor, operator, and structural genes
b)
The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins froms the structure of ribosomes whic coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons
c)
holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
d)
A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes
e)
process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together
138.
Repressible operon
a)
This operon can be inhibited when a specific small molecule binds allosterically to a regulatory protein. Ex=trp operon is a negative gene regulation
b)
A point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a codon that specifies a different amino acid.
c)
Site from which the discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome
d)
The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to a promoter.
e)
a complex of specialized RNA and protein subunits that removes introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA segment.
139.
Repressor
a)
A protein that binds to an operator and physically blocks RNA polymerase from binding to a promoter site
b)
A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.
c)
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
d)
The modified end of the 3' end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides.
e)
An enzymatic RNA molecule that catalyzes reactions during RNA splicing.
140.
Inducible operon
a)
usually off, but can be stimulated (induced) when a specific small molecule interacts with a regulatory protein (example lac operon)
b)
A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.
c)
Adds telomeres to the ends of chromosome
d)
the 5 end of a pre mrna molecule modified by the addition of a cap of guanine nucleotide.
e)
type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
141.
Regulatory genes
a)
genes that code for the production of reppressors
b)
switch that controls whether or not the operon system is "on" or "off"
c)
A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
d)
A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene.
e)
holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain
142.
lac operon
a)
A series of genes in an E.Coli bacteria that code for proteins that digest lactose. These genes can be turned on or off.
b)
stretch of DNA required for enzyme production that is comprised of a promoter, reppressor, operator, and structural genes
c)
DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes
d)
A coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons, which are expressed, are separated from each other by introns.
e)
holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
143.
inducer
a)
A specific small molecule that inactivates the repressor in an operon.
b)
This operon can be inhibited when a specific small molecule binds allosterically to a regulatory protein. Ex=trp operon is a negative gene regulation
c)
The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins froms the structure of ribosomes whic coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons
d)
process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together
e)
Site from which the discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome
144.
activator
a)
A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of a specific gene.
b)
A protein that binds to an operator and physically blocks RNA polymerase from binding to a promoter site
c)
A point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a codon that specifies a different amino acid.
d)
a complex of specialized RNA and protein subunits that removes introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA segment.
e)
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
145.
oncogenes
a)
Cancer-causing genes that are formed due to mutations
b)
usually off, but can be stimulated (induced) when a specific small molecule interacts with a regulatory protein (example lac operon)
c)
A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.
d)
An enzymatic RNA molecule that catalyzes reactions during RNA splicing.
e)
Adds telomeres to the ends of chromosome
146.
proto-oncogenes
a)
normal cellular genes that are important regulators of normal cellular processes, they promote growth. alterations in the expression of these cells result in oncogenes
b)
genes that code for the production of reppressors
c)
A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.
d)
type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
e)
A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
147.
morphogenesis
a)
The development of body shape and organization.
b)
A series of genes in an E.Coli bacteria that code for proteins that digest lactose. These genes can be turned on or off.
c)
switch that controls whether or not the operon system is "on" or "off"
d)
holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain
e)
DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes
148.
epigenetic inheritance
a)
Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence.
b)
A specific small molecule that inactivates the repressor in an operon.
c)
stretch of DNA required for enzyme production that is comprised of a promoter, reppressor, operator, and structural genes
d)
holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
e)
The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins froms the structure of ribosomes whic coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons
149.
DNA methylation
a)
The addition of methyl groups (—CH3) to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis; may serve as a long-term control of gene expression.
b)
A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of a specific gene.
c)
This operon can be inhibited when a specific small molecule binds allosterically to a regulatory protein. Ex=trp operon is a negative gene regulation
d)
Site from which the discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome
e)
A point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a codon that specifies a different amino acid.
150.
Histone acetylation
a)
The attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins.
b)
Cancer-causing genes that are formed due to mutations
c)
A protein that binds to an operator and physically blocks RNA polymerase from binding to a promoter site
d)
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
e)
A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.
151.
Stem cell
a)
unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells
b)
normal cellular genes that are important regulators of normal cellular processes, they promote growth. alterations in the expression of these cells result in oncogenes
c)
usually off, but can be stimulated (induced) when a specific small molecule interacts with a regulatory protein (example lac operon)
d)
Adds telomeres to the ends of chromosome
e)
A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.
152.
Differentiation
a)
the structural adaptation of some body part for a particular function
b)
The development of body shape and organization.
c)
genes that code for the production of reppressors
d)
A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
e)
switch that controls whether or not the operon system is "on" or "off"
153.
Body plan
a)
In animals, a set of morphological and developmental traits that are integrated into a functional whole—the living animal.
b)
Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence.
c)
A series of genes in an E.Coli bacteria that code for proteins that digest lactose. These genes can be turned on or off.
d)
DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes
e)
stretch of DNA required for enzyme production that is comprised of a promoter, reppressor, operator, and structural genes
154.
ras gene
a)
This gene codes for Ras protein, a G protein that relays a growth signal from a growth-factor receptor on the plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinases that ultimately results in the stimulation of the cell cycle. Many ras oncogenes have a point mutation that leads to a hyperactive version of the Ras protein that can lead to excessive cell division.
b)
The addition of methyl groups (—CH3) to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis; may serve as a long-term control of gene expression.
c)
A specific small molecule that inactivates the repressor in an operon.
d)
The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins froms the structure of ribosomes whic coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons
e)
This operon can be inhibited when a specific small molecule binds allosterically to a regulatory protein. Ex=trp operon is a negative gene regulation
155.
p53 gene
a)
a tumor-suppressor gene that codes for a specific transcription factor that promotes the synthesis of cell cycle-inhibiting proteins
b)
The attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins.
c)
A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of a specific gene.
d)
A point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a codon that specifies a different amino acid.
e)
A protein that binds to an operator and physically blocks RNA polymerase from binding to a promoter site
156.
Hox genes
a)
series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo
b)
unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells
c)
Cancer-causing genes that are formed due to mutations
d)
A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.
e)
usually off, but can be stimulated (induced) when a specific small molecule interacts with a regulatory protein (example lac operon)
157.
Tumor suppressor gene
a)
Genes that code for proteins that monitor and check cell cycle progression. When these genes mutate, tumor suppressor proteins lose normal function
b)
the structural adaptation of some body part for a particular function
c)
normal cellular genes that are important regulators of normal cellular processes, they promote growth. alterations in the expression of these cells result in oncogenes
d)
A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.
e)
genes that code for the production of reppressors
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