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Worksheetsbiodiversity bio 102
Total questions: 151
Worksheet time: 8hrs 33mins
Prokaryotic, aka eubacteria
bacteria
archea
eukaryote
plasmid
prokaryotic, extremophiles
bacteria
archaea
eukaryote
protist
What is an extremeophile?
long filamentous polymeric protein structures located at the surface of bacterial cells
oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis and chemolithotrophs (can use energy stored in bonds of inorganic molecules)
small, unicellular organisms with NO membrane bound organelles and 1 chromosome
archaea that live in extreme conditions
prokaryote
– multicellular organisms that range in size and diversity and contain membrane bound organelles
small, unicellular organisms with NO membrane bound organelles and 1 chromosome
outer protective covering of prokaryotic structure in addition to the cell wall
small, circular DNA
Eukaryotes
DNA is transferred from one cell to another via a mating bridge that connects the two cells
small, unicellular organisms with NO membrane bound organelles and 1 chromosome
multicellular organisms that range in size and diversity and contain membrane bound organelles
simple in structure, used for locomotion
only containing one cell; single-celled organisms l (i.e., prokaryotes)
unicellular
plasmid
flagellum
nucleoid
small, circular DNA
capsule
plasmid
cocci
nucleoid
oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis and chemolithotrophs (can use energy stored in bonds of inorganic molecules)
plasmid
capsule
peptidoglycan
metabolic diversity
outer protective covering of prokaryotic structure in addition to the cell wall
plasmid
capsule
fimbriae
spirilla
DNA is transferred from one cell to another via a mating bridge that connects the two cells
chemoheterotrophs
conjunction pilus
flagellum
sexual reproduction
Where is DNA stored in prokaryotes?
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
Fimbriae
What makes up the cell walls that protect bacteria?
peptidoglycan
fimbriae
chitin
plasmid
thick peptidoglycan cell walls
gram positive
gram negative
thin peptidoglycan cell walls BUT contains a second membrane outside of the cell wall
gram positive
gram negative
what is gram staining?
A process where bacteria are injected into each other to replicate
when organisms make their own food using light
A form of asexual reproduction
A process used to identify bacteria (positive or negative) that dies peptidoglycan purple
an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, CO2, and other chemicals
heterotrophic
autotrophic
photoautotroph
chemoautotroph
Consumers that depend on other sources for their food (can’t make their own)
chemoautotroph
chemoheterotroph
Heterotrophic
photoheterotroph
make their own food using light (photosynthesis)
chemoautotrophs
photoautotrophs
photoheterotrophs
chemoheterotrophs
make their own food by breaking down inorganic compounds (ammonia, hydrogen gas, etc.)
chemoautotrophs
chemoheterotrophs
saprotrophs
autotrophs
use light as energy source but obtain organic carbon made by other organisms
chemoheterotrophs
photoheterotrophs
photoautotrophs
photoautotrophs
obtain energy by “eating”
heterotrophic
chemoautotrophs
photoheterotrophs
chemoheterotrophs
decomposer bacteria (type of chemoheterotroph)
heterotrophic
autotrophic
saprotrophs
cilia
prokaryotes break down dead organic matter and release carbon dioxide through cellular respiration
carbon cycle
nitrogen cycle
nitrogen fixation
binary fission
nitrogen fixing bacteria in the soil and within the roots of nodules of some plants convert nitrogen has in the atmosphere into ammonia
nitrogen fixation
nitrogen cycle
carbon cycle
horizontal gene transfer
what is a prokaryotes role in the nitrogen cycle?
binary fission
nitrogen fixation
to release enzymes in the dirt
to produce CO2
asexual reproduction by separation of the chromosome into two daughter cells
budding
binary fission
conjugation
alternation of generations
horizontal gene transfer:
transformation
transduction
conjugation
budding
cells take up prokaryotic DNA directly from the environment
conjugation
transduction
tranformation
bacteriophages (viruses) inject DNA from one prokaryote into another
transaction
conjugation
transformation
DNA is transferred from one cell to another via a mating bridge that connects the two cells after the pilus draws the two bacteria close enough to form the bridge
conjugation
transduction
transformation
a disease that occurs in a usually high number of individuals in a population at the same time
pandemic
endemic
epidemic
outbreak
a widespread, usually worldwide, epidemic
pandemic
endemic
epidemic
outbreak
a disease that is constantly present, usually at a low and predictive incidence, in a population
epidemic
antibiotic
endemic
cold
a chemical, produced either by microbes or synthetically, that is hostile to the growth of other organisms
antibiotic
prokaryote
microbe
capsule
symbiosis
organisms being able to live in conjunction with another (can be positive or negative)
asexual reproduction where 1 chromosome spilts into 2 daughter cells
DNA transferred from one cell to another via mating bridge
each individual has a normal microbial flora
free-living protist
phagotrophic microorganisms
disease causing
protist that have cilia
how protist digest food
can cause disease in humans or other organisms
ciliates
sap robes
lichens
parasitic
hair-like appendages used for propelling movement
flagella
cilia
euglena
pseudopodia
“fake foot”; type of transportation used to anchor and pull forward
flagella
cilia
pseudopodia
euglena
whip-like tail used to propel
flagella
cilia
euglena
pseudopodia
protist; move and ingest their food with pseudopods; use phagolysosomes to digest food
euglena
paramecium
amoeba
saprobe
type of protist that uses flagella
amoeba
cilia
paramecium
euglena
type of protist that have cilia
amoeba
paramecium
symbionts
euglena
obtain nutrition by photoautotrophic OR heterotopic routes, depending on whether sunlight or organic nutrients are available
phototrophs
mixotrophs
autotrophs
phagocytosis
what is phagocytosis?
a type of asexual reproduction
how protists reproduce
how protists eat and digest their food
the act of spores being released
reproduction that doesn’t involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes
sexual reproduction
asexual reproduction
binary fission
budding
asexual reproduction by separation of the chromosome into two daughter cells
horizontal gene transfer
binary fission
asexual reproduction
budding
asexual reproduction where tiny buds are produced that go on to divide and grow to the size of the parental protists
budding
binary fission
transduction
conjugation
reproduction involving meiosis and fertilization
asexual reproduction
sexual reproduction
types of aquatic environments include:
grassland
freshwater
snow
trees
damp soil
protist, can be found in oceans, freshwater, snowbanks, tree bark, and turtles’ backs
red algae
brown algae
green algae
carrageenan
chlorophyta
dinoflagellate
brown algae
red algae
green algae
green algae that plants are thought to be derived from
charophyta
chlorophyta
chytridiomycota
cephalopoda
protist, live in warmer seawater
green algae
red algae
brown algae
carrageenan
derived from red algae; used for capsules, dental impressions, cosmetics, culture medium, electrophoresis, food prep, etc.
silica
carrageenan
agar
bioluminescence
derived from red algae an emulsifying agent used in chocolate, low-fat foods, toothpaste, and cosmetics
agar
diatoms
carrageenan
ciliates
protist, live in cold waters along rocky coasts
brown algae
red algae
green algae
chlorophyta
protist, most numerous unicellular algae in the oceans, significant portion of phytoplankton (cell wall contains silica aka sand)
zooflagellates
diatoms
ciliates
trypansoma
example of diatoms
ciliate
silica
phytoplankton
dinoflagellate
what is silica?
snow
sand
dirt
chitin
diatoms are used as filtering agents, sound-proofing, and polishing abrasives
nitrogen cycle
diatomaceous earth
nitrogen fixation
symbiosis
colorless heterotrophs, known for causing various diseases in humans
zooflagellates
dinoflagellates
slime mold
ciliate
zooflagellate, causes African sleeping sickness & chagas disease
lichen
giardia
trichomonas
trypanosoma
zooflagellate, most common flagellate in human digestive tract that causes
trypanosoma
giardia
ciliate
malaria
zooflagellate, sexually transmitted protist
trichomonas
giardia
dinoflagellate
lichen
used to digest food with some protists
zygomycota
phagocytosis
phagolysosomes
saprobe
among the most complex protozoans, holozoic (swallow food whole), contain two nuclei of differing types
ciliates
zooflagellates
dinoflagellates
slime molds
micronucleus
heredity nuclei
metabolism nuclei
macronucleus
metabolism nuclei
heredity nuclei
protist, encased in cellulose armor and have two flagella that fit in grooves between the plates, emits bioluminescence in breaking waves
slim
mycelium
dinoflagellate
septate fungi
slime molds...
protist, feed like fungi and make spores BUT no cell walls & contain flagellated cells
saprobes, release elements from decaying matter, making them available to other living organisms
fungi that are multinucleated
fungus; considered to be the most primitive fungi, found everywhere, digestive flora of ruminants
malaria
parasitic protist caused by tsetse flies
parasitic protist carried by mosquitos
sac fungi; a yeast that causes fungal infections
type of fungal infection that presents as a red ring on skin
African sleeping sickness
parasitic protist caused by tsetse flies
saprobes, release elements from decaying matter, making them available to other living organisms
cells release digestive enzymes and then absorb resultant nutrient molecules, external digestion
sac fungi; source of the familiar antibiotic called penicillin
cells release digestive enzymes and then absorb resultant nutrient molecules, external digestion
septate fungi
fungi decomposers
Heterotrophic Fungi
enzymes are secreted into the surrounding environment to break down organic material
Heterotrophic Fungi
hyphae
Phagolysosomes
external digestion
vast networks of thread-like filaments that make up the mycelium; grow from the top
hyphae
mycelium
glycogen
chitin
multicellular body of fungi
chitin
hyphae
mycelium
septate
root of fungus, symbiotic relationship with roots of plants and fungi
mycleium
mycorrhiza
hyphae
sporangium
fungi that have hyphae with cross walls
septate fungi
non-septate fungi
zygote
sac fungi
fungi that are multinucleated
aspergillus
chitin
septet fungi
aseptate fungi
make up the cell walls of fungi, like an insects exoskeleton
chitin
hyphae
mycelium
mycorrhiza
how fungi store excess food
phagocytosis
sporangium
glycogen
phagolysosomes
hyphae that contain paired haploid nuclei
zygote
mycorrhiza
dikaryotic/heterokaryotic
Zygomycota
asexual reproduction method, caused by nuclear fusion producing diploid nucleus
budding
spores
diplontic
lignin
a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum
sperm cell
gamete
yeast
zygote
having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
zygote
haploid (1n)
diploid (2n)
gamete
containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
haploid (n)
diploid (2n)
gamete
zygote
what does a sporangium do?
collects water and other nutrients to distribute throughout the organism
release/ creates spores in fungi and seedless plants
a form of asexual reproduction
attracts other fungi for symbiosis
fungus; mainly saprotrophs decomposing animal and plant remains
Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
saprobes
zooflagellates
example of zygomucota:
oral thrush
aspergillus
slime mold
black bread mold
fungus; considered to be the most primitive fungi, found everywhere, digestive flora of ruminants
septate fungi
Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
endophytes
fungus; molds, aspergillus, penicillium, yeast, and candida albicans
spectate fungi
sac fungi
lichens
endophytes
Mold
sac fungi; normally found on bread, used to make soy sauce
seed plant; flowering plant, most recently evolved, Anthophyta
invertebrate; platyhelminths
sac fungi; a yeast that causes fungal infections
aspergillus
sac fungi; normally found on bread, used to make soy sauce
fungi; typical toadstools, mushrooms, etc., can cause plant disease, mycelium composed of septate hyphae
sac fungi; a group of green molds used to produce soy sauce by fermentation of soybeans, and citric and gallic acids as well
gymnosperm; slow-growing of tropical and subtropical regions
sac fungi; source of the familiar antibiotic called penicillin
mold
aspergillus
penicillium
yeast
sac fungi; can be beneficial and harmful to humans, unicellular, reproduce by budding
candida albicans
yeast
mold
club fungi
sac fungi; a yeast that causes fungal infections
yeast
candida albicans
lichens
ringworm
fungi; typical toadstools, mushrooms, etc., can cause plant disease, mycelium composed of septate hyphae
mycorrhizal relationships
sac fungi
endophytes
club fungi
type of symbiotic relationship between fungi and plants, mycelia use their hyphae to channel water and minerals from the soil into the plant
parasitic
mycorrhizal relationships
Heterotrophic
endophytes
– type of symbiotic relationship between fungi and plants, the fungi lives inside the tissue of plant without damaging the hosttype of symbiotic relationship between fungi and plants, the fungi lives inside the tissue of plant without damaging the host
mycorrhizal relationships
parasitic relations
endophytes
vestigial relations
type of mutualistic symbiosis, fungus lives in close contact with a photosynthetic organism
endophytes
mycorrhizal relationships
lichens
xylem
what is ringworm?
a disease causing protist
arthropoda
type of fungal infection
a parasitic protozoa
plants that are very small and low to the ground
nonvascular plants
vascular plants
plants that are able to transport water and food from photosynthesis throughout the plant; contain xylem & phloem
vascular plants
nonvascular plants
lignin...
rigid molecules in plant stems for support In tall growth
transports water & minerals from soil up
transports products of photosynthesis throughout the entire plant
protects leaves and plants from desiccation
transports water & minerals from soil upz
stomata
phloem
xylem
spores
transports products of photosynthesis throughout the entire plant
phloem
zygote
xylem
roots
protects leaves and plants from desiccation
peptidoglycan wall
phloem
stomata
waxy cuticle
tiny openings or pores in plant tissue that allow for gas exchange
stomata
metabolites
ribosomes
sporophytes
the process of switching between haplontic and diplontic generations
alternation of generations
horizontal gene transfer
sexual reproduction
diplontic
haplontic, the dominant haploid stage in alternation of generations
angiosperm
gametophyte
bryophyte
sporophyte
mature haploid male or female cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote; sex cells
gametes
gametophyte
bryophyte
zygote
dependent on gametophyte, produces haploid spores that will grow into the haploid gametophyte
gametophyte
bryophytes
sporophyte
sporophyll
refers to life cycle in which there is a dominant haploid stage
zygote
rhizoids
diplontic
haplontic
diplontic...
refers to a life cycle in which diploid is a dominant stage
refers to life cycle in which there is a dominant haploid stage
having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
nonvascular plants that thrive in damp habitats and have 3 phyla: liverworts, hornworts, mosses
gametophyte
Bryophytes
endophyte
Zygomycota
Liverworts
bryophyte (hepaticophyta)
bryophyte (anthocerotophyta)
bryophytes (Bryophyta)
Hornworts
bryophyte (hepaticophyta)
bryophytes (Bryophyta)
bryophyte (anthocerotophyta)
Mosses
bryophyte (anthocerotophyta)
bryophytes (Bryophyta)
bryophyte (hepaticophyta)
an extensive network that can absorb water and minerals from soil to distribute throughout the plant and stabilize taller plants
strobilli
sporangia
hyphae
roots
improve photosynthesis, microphyll and megaphylls
roots
leaves
spores
xylem
leaves that were modified structurally to bear sporangia (i.e., mature fern fronds, flowers)
megaphyll
microphyll
sporophyll
leaf
lignified for mechanical strength, support, to make it impermeable to water
rhizoids
waxy cuticle
vascular tissue
strobilli
roots; attach bryophytes to the substrate but do not provide a strong anchor for plant
rhizoids
roots
sproangia
Porifera
microphyll
an extensive network that can absorb water and minerals from soil to distribute throughout the plant and stabilize taller plants
type of leaf; much larger, with a pattern of branching veins
type of leaf; is small and has a very simple vascular system with a single
leaves that were modified structurally to bear sporangia (i.e., mature fern fronds, flowers)
megaphyll
structures that make/ store spores
type of leaf; is small and has a very simple vascular system with a single unbranched vein running though the center of the leaf
seedless vascular plant; most primitive, small evergreen plant consisting of stem and microphylls
type of leaf; much larger, with a pattern of branching veins
what is a fern frond?
a type of vascular tissue
a type of sporophyll
a species of angiosperm
a type of strobilli
cone-like structures that contain sporangia (i.e., pine cones)
strobilli
sporangia
horsetails
sporophylls
seedless vascular plant; most primitive, small evergreen plant consisting of stem and microphylls
whisk ferns
horsetails
club mosses
ferns
seedless vascular plant; lacks both roots and leaves, conspicuous green stems with knob-shaped sporangia
whisk ferns
horsetails
club mosses
ferns
seedless vascular plant; thin leaves originating at joints
whisk ferns
horsetails
club mosses
ferns
seedless vascular plant; most advanced group of seedless vascular plants
whisk ferns
horsetails
club mosses
ferns
what are the two types of seed plants
gametophytes
gymnosperms
ginkgophytes
angiosperms
coniferophyte, cycadophyte, gnetophyta, and ginkophyta
dinoflagellates
chytridiomycota
gymnosperm
angiosperm
flowering plant, most recently evolved, Anthophyta
dinoflagellates
chytridiomycota
gymnosperm
angiosperm
male gametophyte, allows for dispersal of sperm without water dependency
cycads
dicots
pollen
spores
“baby plant”; embryo protected by integument; contains food supply for embryo
integument
seeds
ovule
seed coat
cones
An extra layer or two of sporophyte tissue that hardens
seed coat
ovule
seed
tissue
within pollen grains, dispersed by wind or a pollinator, no water needed
conifers (Coniferophyte)
ginkgophytes (Ginkgophyte)
male (micro) gametophytes
female (mega) gametophytes
develop within an ovule, enclosed within diploid sporophyte tissue in angiosperm
conifers (Coniferophyte)
ginkgophytes (Ginkgophyte)
male (micro) gametophytes
female (mega) gametophytes
the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells
ovaries
cones
ovules
pollen
gymnosperms; separate female and male gametes, pollinations by wind, lack flowers and fruits, have ovule exposed on a scale
conifers
cycads
gnetophytes
cones
conifers (Coniferophyte)
gymnosperm; slow-growing of tropical and subtropical regions
gymnosperm; produces pines, spruces, firs, cedars, and others
gymnosperm; only gymnosperm with xylem
gymnosperm; only one living species remains, flagellated sperm, dioecious
cycads (Cycadophyte)
gymnosperm; slow-growing of tropical and subtropical regions
gymnosperm; produces pines, spruces, firs, cedars, and others
gymnosperm; only gymnosperm with xylem
gymnosperm; only one living species remains, flagellated sperm, dioecious
gnetophytes (Gnetophyta)
gymnosperm; slow-growing of tropical and subtropical regions
gymnosperm; produces pines, spruces, firs, cedars, and others
gymnosperm; only gymnosperm with xylem
gymnosperm; only one living species remains, flagellated sperm, dioecious
ginkgophytes (Ginkgophyte)
gymnosperm; slow-growing of tropical and subtropical regions
gymnosperm; produces pines, spruces, firs, cedars, and others
gymnosperm; only gymnosperm with xylem
gymnosperm; only one living species remains, flagellated sperm, dioecious
dioecious...
male gametophyte, allows for dispersal of sperm without water dependency
male and female reproductive structures form on different trees
extracellular surroundings of cells and is made up of organic and inorganic material
produces by dicots (think trees and rings for each year they
angiosperm; flowering plant, only have one cotyledon
monocot
dicot
angiosperm; flowering plant, have two cotyledons
monocot
dicot
what do dicots produce that monocots do not?
seeds
wood
pollen
leaves
organisms that have or consist of many cells or more than one cell
prokaryote
unicellular
multicellularity
heterotrophy
