Original words and form of a written or printed

work- an edited or amended copy of an original

work; a work containing such text.

Gives a short background on the theme for the reader.

The main part of the essay; the part of the essay which has to be the most informative among the other two.

It is the summary of the text and it must accomplish tying together all of the important points in the text by way of a summary and draw a final conclusion for the reader.

It has a specific subject; what the paper is about.

It has a specific purpose: to persuade; to

inform; to argue

It addresses a specific audience.

Group of professionals who can understand texts with minimum textual cues, sometimes none, and a use of highly technical vocabulary that only an expert of the subject matter can understand.

Readers who may not necessarily be part of the academic and professional circle, who understand texts with some textual cues, like giving some examples and explanations for emphasis and for clarification.

A reader who needs full assistance in understanding the text.

It uses first person pronoun such as (I, we, me, etc). The readers see the text through the speaker or writer’s eyes since he/she experience it.

Generally, only used in instructional writing. It is told from the perspective of “you”. Uses the pronouns “you” and “your”.

The author tells the text in third person such as (they, she, he, it etc.); the narrator only knows what that character knows.

It uses appropriate and formal language.

Providing knowledge.

Making someone believe on a particular

thing or idea.

The writer should establish himself as the authority of the subject matter.

The writer must present substantial

and tangible evidence to affirm his claims.

The writer should convince the audience and get their sympathy to address their knowledge and feelings about the subject matter.

Expressing opposite stand on a

given topic.

Belief or opinion that a writer intends to defend in his or her argumentative essay. This claim needs to be something that other people might not agree with.

Must be specific as to time, place, people involved, and situation.

Involve judgments, appraisals, and

evaluations (art, literature, music, film, food etc.)

Often presents conditions and

rules.

Refers to how the information within a written text is organized, helping students understand that a text might present a main idea and details.

Narrates an event/story with characters, setting, conflict, point of view, and plot.

This text structure gives readers a chronological of events or a list of steps in a procedure.

This structure presents the causal

relationship between a specific event, idea, or

concept and the events, ideas, or concepts that

follow.

This type of structure sets up a problem or problem, explains the solution, and then discusses the effects of the solution.

This type of text examines the similarities and differences between two or more people, events, concepts, ideas, etc.

This type of text structure features a detailed description of something to give the reader a mental picture.

Is a sentence

that makes an assertion about a topic and predicts how the topic will be developed. It does not simply announce a topic: it says something about the topic.

Announces the purpose, scope, and direction of the paper. It tells the reader what to expect in a paper and what the specific focus will be

Is a one or two-sentence encapsulation of your paper’s main point, main idea, or main message; addressed and defended in the body paragraphs and the conclusion.

It contains the purpose, scope, and direction of the paper. It tells the reader what to expect in a paper and what the specific focus will be.

Something said to have happened or

supposed to be true, a statement that can be tested by experimentation, observation, or research and shown to be true or untrue.

Is a conclusion reached by someone after

looking at the facts; based on what people believe

to be facts (probable facts and probable lies), feeling, or judgment about something.

Information collected and processed directly by the researcher, such as observations, surveys, interviews, and focus groups.

Information retrieved through pre-existing sources: research articles, Internet or library searches, etc.

A process of shortening a passage/s or a texts/s

without sacrificing its basic meaning or main thought.

It is essential to select major idea, key

words and phrases, special terms and interpretations

presented in the original resource.

It is a process of removing

unnecessary data. As cited earlier, try to reject

repetitions, examples, illustrations, anecdotes, redundant, expressions, tables and statistical data.

This technique includes synthesis. It

is a mode of combining several sentences into one

sentence.

In this format, the summarized idea comes before the citation.

In this format, the summarized idea comes after the citation. The author's name/s is/are connected by an appropriate reporting verb

In this format, the summarized idea comes after the date when the material was published.

Sometimes as synopsis, are all the same. These texts aim to precisely condense a larger work to present only the key ideas. They tell the audience the gist of what has been read, listened to, or viewed.

Presents a picture of the main ideas and the

subsidiary ideas of any subject.

Is the standard format most people learned in hhigh school English.

Each topic, or thought, is written out as a full sentence.

Similar to the alphanumeric outline, the primary difference between is that it is written using decimals to note each heading and subheading.

It is a process of restating a text or passage without sacrificing its meaning using our own words.

To steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own; to use (another’s production) without crediting the source; to commit literary theft; to present as new and

original an idea or product derived from an existing source In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud.

It intends to protect original works of authorship

including literary works, musical works, graphic works, architectural works, and artistic expressions

A short essay that presents a writer’s response or reaction to one or more texts; to analyze information, interpret its meaning, and give comments on a certain text or media, and composed in the first person and assumes a subjective point of view.

Not simply summaries but are critical assessments, analyses, or evaluation of different works. As advanced forms of writing, they involve your skills in critical thinking and recognizing arguments.

It is a brief - two pages, three at most - with just

enough detail to lay out the basics of the grant

proposal; a document which summarizes what your

project is about, why it is important, and how you

intend to carry it out.

Reflects primarily on the author’s life and the political, economic, and sociological context in his time.

Structural purpose of a

particular text without considering any outside

influence. The key in understanding a text is through a text itself.

The belief in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes.

Is concerned with differences

between economic classes an implications of a

capitalist system, such as the continuing conflicts

between the working class and the elite.