Worksheetsapes Chapter 15,16, and 17
Total questions: 97
Worksheet time: 54mins
What is the central case study of Chapter 15 about?
The impact of climate change on freshwater systems
The use of renewable energy in West Texas
Fracking and its impact on fresh water in West Texas
The history of water rights in the American West
Why are conflicts over water likely to get worse in the American West?
Due to the increase in population and urbanization
Because of the overuse of water for agriculture
As a result of climate change leading to more long-term droughts
Due to the contamination of water sources by industrial waste
What does hydraulic fracturing (fracking) involve?
Drilling vertically into the Earth and using solar energy to extract oil
Drilling horizontally into the Earth and using targeted explosions to create fractures in shale
Using large amounts of water to dissolve minerals and extract natural gas
Drilling into non-porous shale and using wind energy to extract oil
What percentage of the fracking wells drilled in the United States from 2011 to 2014 were in water-scarce areas?
One-fourth
One-half
Three-fourths
All of them
What is the fracking industry doing to address the issue of water use?
Stopping all fracking activities to conserve water
Developing new techniques that require less water or use briny groundwater
Importing water from other regions to continue fracking
Using desalinated ocean water for fracking processes
What percentage of Earth's water is considered fresh water?
97.5%
2.5%
10%
50%
What is the term used to describe the area of land drained by a river and all its tributaries?
Aquifer
Recharge zone
Drainage basin
Floodplain
What is groundwater?
Water located atop Earth's surface
Water that falls from the sky as rain
Water that resides within pores in soil or rock beneath the surface
Bodies of standing surface water
What is an aquifer?
A body of standing surface water
A river system
Porous, spongelike formations of rock, sand, or gravel that can hold water
The upper layer of water in the ocean
What is the water table?
The boundary between zones where water infiltrates Earth's surface and reaches an aquifer.
The upper layer of an aquifer.
The lower layer of an aquifer.
The area where rivers converge.
What is an artesian aquifer?
An aquifer with no impermeable upper layer to confine it
An aquifer under less pressure and can be readily recharged by surface water
An aquifer trapped between lower layers of less permeable substrate
An aquifer that is completely filled with water
What are the areas called that are flooded periodically within a river’s course?
Aquifers
Recharge zones
Drainage basins
Floodplains
How many zones are there in lakes or ponds?
Two
Three
Four
Five
What is the term for the region ringing the edge of a water body?
Benthic zone
Littoral zone
Limnetic zone
Profundal zone
Which zone of a lake or pond supports phytoplankton?
Benthic zone
Littoral zone
Limnetic zone
Profundal zone
What type of lakes and ponds are low in nutrients and high in oxygen?
Eutrophic water bodies
Oligotrophic lakes and ponds
Profundal water bodies
Limnetic water bodies
What is consumptive use of water?
Removing water from an aquifer and returning it
Temporarily removing water from an aquifer
Removing water from an aquifer and not returning it
Introducing pollutants into water
What percentage of our annual fresh water is allotted to agriculture globally?
70%
20%
10%
50%
Which ecosystems are included in freshwater wetlands?
Deserts and forests
Oceans and seas
Marshes, swamps, bogs, and vernal pools
Mountains and valleys
Why is groundwater more easily depleted than surface water?
Groundwater is not as abundant as surface water.
Groundwater aquifers have unlimited water supply.
Most aquifers recharge very slowly.
Groundwater is not used for bottled water.
What happens when aquifers are mined?
The water table rises.
Water tables drop.
It has no effect on the water table.
Aquifers recharge faster.
What ecological impact does bottled water have?
It has no substantial ecological impact.
Bottled water reduces plastic waste.
Bottled water contributes to air pollution.
Bottled water exerts a substantial ecological impact.
What is a common method used by people to control floods along rivers?
Building skyscrapers near riverbanks.
Planting more trees along the riverbanks.
Constructing levees along riverbanks.
Removing existing dams.
What is the purpose of a dam?
To decrease the amount of water in rivers.
To prevent fish migration.
To create reservoirs for human use.
To increase the speed of river flow.
Some dams are being removed to (a) .
increase the risk of flooding.
restore riparian ecosystems.
build larger dams in their place
create more land for agriculture
Why is building large dams not considered a viable solution for water shortages anymore?
Because they are too expensive to maintain.
Because all suitable sites for large dams are already used.
Because they do not store enough water.
Because they increase water quality.
Which method of desalination mimics the hydrologic cycle by heating and condensing vapor?
Reverse osmosis
Membrane filtration
Distillation
Xeriscaping
What is a concern associated with desalination?
It is a low energy-consuming process
It promotes aquatic life at water intakes
It generates concentrated salty waste
It reduces the cost of water significantly
How can farmers improve water efficiency in agriculture?
By increasing the amount of water used
By planting crops not suited to the local climate
By lining irrigation canals to prevent leaks
By not adopting efficient irrigation methods
What is xeriscaping?
A water-saving step taken by industries
Landscaping using plants adapted to arid conditions
A market-based approach to water conservation
A desalination process
What is one of the water-saving measures adopted by some municipalities?
Increasing government subsidies of inefficient practices
Recycling treated municipal wastewater for irrigation and industrial uses
Letting water become a fully priced commodity
Selective breeding of crops
Some economists suggest (a) as a market-based strategy to achieve sustainable water use.
Increasing government subsidies
Making water a fully priced commodity
Banning all forms of water conservation
Encouraging the use of more water in agriculture
What is a potential downside of making water a fully priced commodity, according to some concerns?
It would decrease water availability to the world's poor
It would make water less expensive
It would decrease income disparity
It would ensure sustainable water use for all
What is the industrial use of water considered to be when compared to agricultural use, according to the text?
Less profitable
Equally profitable
70 times more profitable
Not profitable at all
What do many people worry about regarding the privatization of water supplies?
It will lead to water scarcity
It will increase water pollution
Firms will have little incentive to allow equitable access to water
It will resolve water disputes
What is a key benefit of decentralization of control over water?
It increases industrial use of water
It can help conserve water
It privatizes water supplies
It leads to more water disputes
What are the two main sources of water pollution mentioned in the text?
Point sources and nonpoint sources
Industrial and agricultural sources
Natural and artificial sources
Chemical and biological sources
Which of the following is a concern due to its ability to mimic hormones that regulate physiology and stimulate growth, development, and sexual maturity?
Pathogens
Endocrine disruptors
Toxic chemicals
Waterborne diseases
What can cause disease-causing organisms to enter drinking water supplies?
Properly treated sewage
Inadequately treated sewage or animal waste from feedlots, chicken farms, or hog farms
Filtration processes
Decentralization of water control
What causes more human health problems than any other type of water pollution?
Nutrient pollution
Sediment
Plastic debris
Biological pollution by pathogens
What can lead to hypoxic conditions and dead zones in water bodies?
Excess nitrogen and/or phosphorus
Biodegradable wastes
Sediment
Thermal pollution
What is wastewater?
What is a source of microplastics in water bodies?
Eroded soils
Heat or ultraviolet light breaking down discarded plastics
Biodegradable wastes
Excess nitrogen and phosphorus
How does thermal pollution affect aquatic life?
It increases the water's ability to hold dissolved oxygen
It decreases the water's ability to hold dissolved oxygen
It has no effect on the water's ability to hold dissolved oxygen
It increases the levels of nutrients in the water
Which of the following chemicals occur naturally in groundwater and are toxic at high concentrations?
Chlorinated solvents and gasoline
Aluminum, fluorides, nitrates, and sulfates
Heavy metals and petroleum products
Radioactive compounds
What is the most popular method of wastewater disposal in rural areas?
Municipal sewer systems
Septic systems
Landfills
Treatment facilities
During primary treatment at a wastewater treatment facility, what percentage of suspended solids is typically removed?
30%
60%
90%
100%
What contributes to groundwater pollution in several ways, according to the document?
Septic systems
Agriculture
Municipal sewer systems
Treatment facilities
How are organic pollutants degraded during the secondary treatment of wastewater?
By chemical means only
By physical means only
By aerobic bacteria in aerated water
By removing them with solid waste
What percentage of the world's water supply is fresh water?
0.389%
2.522%
30.06%
97.476%
What type of well is shown penetrating both the unconfined and confined aquifers?
Artesian well
Oil well
Monitoring well
Irrigation well
What is found between the upper and lower confining layers of clay in the diagram?
Confined aquifer
Unconfined aquifer
Oil reservoir
Gas layer
According to the diagram, where is the water table located?
Above the unconfined aquifer
Within the confined aquifer
Below the lower confining layer
At the level of the spring
What feature is indicated by the presence of water on the surface connected to an aquifer?
Well
Spring
River
Lake
Based on the diagram, what type of lake is depicted with clear blue water and rocky drop-offs?
Eutrophic lake
Mesotrophic lake
Oligotrophic lake
Artificial lake
What is the term used in the diagram for the layer of sediment that separates two types of lakes?
Thermocline
Epilimnion
Hypolimnion
Mesocline
What is one way to save water while brushing your teeth, shaving, or washing?
Leave the water running
Use a cup of water
Turn off sink faucets
Increase the water pressure
When is the best time to water lawns and yards to conserve water?
In the middle of the day
In the early morning or evening
Late at night
During the hottest part of the day
What can be used for watering lawns and houseplants to save fresh water?
Bottled water
Saltwater
Recycled (gray) water
Mineral water
To reduce water waste when washing cars, it is recommended to (a) .
What is an alternative to traditional lawns that can help conserve water?
Artificial turf
Gravel and stones
Native plants that require little watering
High-water-need tropical plants
Which of the following is considered a non-point source of water pollution?
Sewage treatment plants
Factories and disposal sites
Farms, lawns, and golf courses
Oil tankers
What is a common pollutant from residential neighborhoods and urban streets?
Nutrients, waste, and bacteria
Acid drainage
Eroded soil
Oil spills
Which of the following is an example of a point source of water pollution?
Construction sites
Abandoned mines
Farms, lawns, and golf courses
Sewage treatment plants
What type of pollution is typically associated with oil tankers?
Fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides
Salt on winter roads
Oil spills
Industrial waste and toxic chemicals
Acid drainage is commonly associated with which of the following sources?
Residential neighborhoods
Abandoned mines
Animal feedlots
Golf courses
What term is used to describe an area where water infiltrates the ground and replenishes an aquifer?
Watershed
Recharge zone
Runoff
Wetlands
The upper surface of the zone of saturation, below which the soil is saturated with water, is referred to as (a) .
What is the term for the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or microorganisms into water bodies that degrade water quality?
Desalination
Water pollution
Eutrophic
Xeriscaping
What type of aquifer is bounded above and below by layers of impermeable rock or clay?
Unconfined aquifer
Confined aquifer
Artesian aquifer
Watershed
Which term describes the use of water that evaporates rather than returning to nature as a liquid?
Nonconsumptive use
Consumptive use
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
Who discovered the Great Pacific Garbage Patch?
An unknown sailor
A group of scientists
Captain Charles Moore
A fisherman
What is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch?
A recycling facility in the Pacific Ocean
A 1.6 million km² aggregation of floating debris and plastics in the North Pacific Gyre
A myth about ocean pollution
A large island formed by volcanic activity
How many garbage patches are there in the North Pacific Gyre?
One
Two
Three
Four
What is the main problem caused by plastics that sink to the bottom of the ocean?
They attract fish and marine life
They are quickly degraded by high temperatures
They encounter low temperature and low light conditions that are not favorable for degradation
They are collected and recycled by deep-sea organisms
What is the estimated time it takes for plastics to degrade at sea?
5 to 10 years
10 to 20 years
50 to 60 years
100 to 200 years
Approximately how many metric tons of plastic are added to the ocean each year?
1 million metric tons
4 million metric tons
8 million metric tons
12 million metric tons
What is a key solution to solving the environmental issue of oceanic plastic pollution?
Collecting and recycling ocean plastics
Reducing single-use plastic and preventing its entry into the ocean
Ignoring the problem as it will resolve itself
Increasing the production of biodegradable plastics
What percentage of the Earth's surface is covered by the "world ocean"?
50%
71%
97.5%
85%
What is the primary reason ocean water is salty?
Evaporation of ocean water
Dissolution of underwater volcanic rocks
Ocean basins being repositories for runoff and salts from weathered rocks
High concentrations of algae and plankton
Approximately how much of ocean water by mass is H2O?
50%
96.5%
85%
99%
The salinity of ocean water generally ranges from:
20,000 to 25,000 parts per million
33,000 to 37,000 parts per million
40,000 to 45,000 parts per million
28,000 to 32,000 parts per million
What role do nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus play in the ocean?
They increase the salinity of ocean water
They are essential for marine plant life
They play essential roles in nutrient cycling in marine ecosystems
They cause the ocean water to evaporate more quickly
Up to what depth do waters of the surface zone have similar density due to heating by sunlight and stirring by wind?
About 100 m (328 ft)
About 150 m (490 ft)
About 200 m (656 ft)
About 250 m (820 ft)
What percentage of ocean water by volume is contained in the pycnocline?
2%
18%
80%
100%
Match the following reasons with the correct explanation for the stability of ocean temperatures compared to land temperatures.
The low heat capacity of water
Explanation for why large bodies of water do not fluctuate in temperature as much as land
The high heat capacity of water
Explanation for why large bodies of water absorb and retain heat more efficiently than land
Frequent winds and storms
Explanation for the role of atmospheric conditions in the temperature stability of oceans
The presence of marine life
Explanation for how organisms influence the thermal properties of marine environments
What process occurs when surface currents converge?
Upwelling
Downwelling
Evaporation
Condensation
What could potentially trigger rapid climate change according to scientists?
The interruption of thermohaline circulation
The stabilization of thermohaline circulation
The increase in upwelling processes
The decrease in ocean currents
What is the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)?
What triggers El Niño conditions?
An increase in air pressure in the eastern Pacific and a decrease in the western Pacific
A decrease in air pressure in the eastern Pacific and an increase in the western Pacific
Constant air pressure in both the eastern and western Pacific
Unusually cold waters rising to the surface in the equatorial Pacific
What is the opposite of El Niño events?
El Tornado events
La Niña events
El Huracán events
La Tormenta events
What are tides?
The constant change in sea level due to the moon's gravity
The seasonal change in ocean currents
The migration patterns of marine organisms
The change in water temperature in the ocean
What is a characteristic feature of mangrove roots?
They are very short and stubby to resist water currents
Some of their roots curve upward like snorkels while others curve downward like stilts
They are completely submerged underwater to absorb nutrients
They spread out wide on the surface to collect sunlight
Removing mangroves results in coastal areas losing the ability to slow runoff, filter pollutants, and retain soil.
(a)What are estuaries affected by?
Coastal development, water pollution, habitat alteration, and overfishing
Freshwater influx and saltwater mixing
Kelp forest expansion
Coral reef protection
Match the following descriptions with the correct type of marine life.
A type of coral
Known for building coral reefs
A small marine animal
Can be found in various shapes and sizes in the ocean
A large, brown algae
What is kelp?
A symbiotic algae known as zooxanthellae
Live inside the tissues of coral, providing them with energy
What is a coral reef primarily composed of?
A mass of calcium carbonate from the shells of tiny marine animals known as corals
A collection of various types of kelp
A group of marine mammals
A cluster of saltwater plants
