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WorksheetsIntro to WDM Quiz
Total questions: 69
Worksheet time: 2hrs 50mins
What is the dispersion effect in optical transmission?
The spreading of light pulses over time due to various modes of propagation
The conversion of light into electrical signals
The absorption of light by the optical medium
The reflection of light at the interface of two different optical mediums
What does Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) refer to?
Occurs because the optical signal has a certain spectral width and each spectral component propagates at different speeds, arriving at the destination at different times.
The dispersion of light in a vacuum
Occurs because of the asymmetry of the fiber material.
The distribution of light intensity in a polarized beam
What does Chromatic Dispersion (CD) refer to?
Occurs because the optical signal has a certain spectral width and each spectral component propagates at different speeds, arriving at the destination at different times.
The dispersion of light in a vacuum
Occurs because of the asymmetry of the fiber material.
The distribution of light intensity in a polarized beam
List the 3 basic classes of single-mode fiber.
Non-Dispersion Shifted, Dispersion-Shifted, Non-Zero Dispersion-Shifted Fiber and Multimode
Step-index, Graded-shifted, and Dispersion-shifted
Non-Dispersion Shifted, Dispersion-Shifted, Non-Zero Dispersion-Shifted Fiber
Step-index, Multimode, and Polarization-maintaining
List the characteristics of Non-Dispersion Shifted Fiber (NDSF).
Low attenuation and zero dispersion at 1310 nm
High dispersion at 1550 nm
Zero dispersion at 1550 nm
High attenuation at 1310 nm
Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF) (a) in the 1550 nm wavelength.
Which of the following is a characteristic of Non-Zero Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (NZDF)?
Zero dispersion at 1550 nm
High dispersion at all wavelengths
Designed to have non-zero dispersion at 1550 nm
Used primarily for long-distance telegraphy
How does a WDM system work?
By converting electrical signals into binary data
By amplifying light signals to travel longer distances
By splitting light into different wavelengths for simultaneous transmission
By encrypting data for secure transmission
What is the difference between a CWDM and DWDM system?
CWDM systems have a wider channel spacing compared to DWDM systems with 8 usable channels.
DWDM systems use lower wavelengths than CWDM systems with a grid in C and L bands.
CWDM systems require more power than DWDM systems.
There is no difference; CWDM and DWDM are the same.
What advantages does Flexgrid have over fixed grid?
Flexgrid provides more flexibility in layout design
Flexgrid space is created acording to the spectral width of each channel.
Flexgrid allows easier alignment and distribution of space among items
All of the above
Which advantages does PSK offer compared to Amplitude Modulation?
more tolerant to nonlinear effects
Better noise immunity
improve spectral efficiency (more bits per unit of bw)
All of the above
Name the building blocks of the WDM Network.
Transmitters, Receivers, Wavelength Selective Devices
Cables, Modems, Routers
Optical Transponder, OMD/SFD, Wavelength Router, Amplifier, Dispersion Compensation Module
Amplifiers, Antennas, Satellites
Which of the following best describes the basic characteristic of OADM architectures (FOADM, ROADM, TOADM, CCD_F)?
FOADM is fixed, ROADM is reconfigurable, TOADM is tunable, and CDC_F is based on coherent crosstalk detection
All architectures are based on fixed optical add-drop multiplexing.
ROADM, TOADM, and CCD_F are older technologies compared to FOADM.
There is no significant difference between FOADM, ROADM, TOADM, and CCD_F.
What does it mean to be contentionless in a ROADM architecture?
Capability to drop the same channel from different degrees
It refers to the architecture's ability to automatically detect and resolve network conflicts.
It signifies the architecture's capacity for unlimited bandwidth.
It indicates the architecture's reliance on physical switches for routing.
Imagine Hannah, Grace, and Abigail are working on a project to improve the efficiency of data transmission over fiber optic networks. They are exploring the use of Optical Amplifiers to boost the signal strength for better data integrity over long distances. Describe the main differences between the three types of Optical Amplifiers they might consider:
installed on the receiver side and higher gain
Pre-Amplifier
installed on the transmitter side and generally low gain and high output power
Booster
typically installed every 80-100km with high output power.
In-Line Amplifier
What advantages does the Raman Amplifier offer compared with the EDFA?
Higher output power
Lower noise figure
More flexible gain spectrum
All of the above
Harper, Jackson, and Ava are working on a project to calculate the power budget for an amplified DWDM link in their university's advanced networking lab. Which parameters must they consider in their calculations?
(a)
What is "Cross-Connection" in the optical domain?
A method to clean optical fibers
A network configuration to increase bandwidth
The process of connecting two or more optical signals in a switching system
A type of optical fiber
Which of the following best describes the difference between services and trails in an optical domain?
Services refer to the end-to-end connectivity between two points, while trails are the physical paths.
Trails are services offered by the optical domain, and services are the physical paths.
Services and trails are interchangeable terms in the optical domain.
There is no difference between services and trails in an optical domain.
The advantages of the OADM configuration with respect to LT or hub include .
allow optical channels to be locally terminated or pass through
OADM node
LT nodes generate/terminate optical channels at two locations
LT node
OADM nodes allow express channels channels without OEO conversion.
OADM node
Can drop or forward express nodes but require OEO conversion. Multiple degress per node are supported.
Hub node
Support one degree
LT node
How are the TOADM features implemented?
Through software updates
Mux/Demux and CWR
Mux/Demux and WR
Manually
What is the CWR?
Tunable Circuit Pack
Tunable Ports (CLS)
Fixed Circuit Pack
Static Filter Device
What is the CWR?
Uses a receiving/drop-side switch plus transmitting/add-side optical combiner.
Fixed Circuit Pack
Uses a transmitting/drop-side switch plus receiving/add-side optical combiner.
What are the restrictions introduced by the FOADM node configuration in a university's network system used by students Aiden, Grace, and Emma?
manual intervention is required to rea-arrange fibers connecting OSC
Mux/Demux block uses Static filter Devices (SFDs) that do not allow frequency tunability
manual intervention is required to rea-arrange fibers connecting transponder cards
All of the above
How are the ROADM features implemented?
Mux/Demux and Wavelength Router (WR) tunable circuit pack
By using electrical amplifiers
Utilizing simple on/off modulation
Implementing direct laser modulation
The Wavelength Selective Switch (WSS) based card used in a transmitting/drop-side optical splitter and receiving/add-side switch that has unidirectional MESH OUT ports for degree expansion and unidirectional ADD IN ports to gather traffic
CWR pack
WR pack
WSS pack
SFD
The WR pack supports these type of configurations
Any Direction-One Color
Any Direction-Any Color
One Direction-One Color
One Direction-Any Color
There are 3 different network levels. This level provides the network connectivity and traffic aggregation.
(a)
There are 3 different network levels. This level provides the majority of features and functionalities
(a)
There are 3 different network levels. This level provides complex protection architecture and routing flexibility.
(a)
What are the advantages provided by the implementation of a mesh topology?
Higher traffic Availability
Lower Latency
Faster traffic
Single failure Survivability
The main characteristics of the OTN Layer 0 as opposed to the OTN Layer 1 Network are .
OTN layer 0 multiplexes many light-paths into a single fiber
OTN layer 0 allows optical channel switching
OTN layer 1 services are grouped and encapsulated into one wavelength
OTN layer 1 switches electrical signals through the matrix
All of the Above.
(a) adapts the client signal into a tributary signal suitable for the OTN.
(b) supervises end-to-end connection, supports mux/demux of low order ODU into higher order ODU and signal monitoring through Tandem Connection management.
(c) monitors the signal between regeneration points, managed FEC and performance monitoring.
Explain why the ODUflex is efficient in terms of bandwidth usage.
It dynamically adjusts bandwidth allocation according to network conditions.
It uses a fixed bandwidth allocation regardless of network conditions.
It only supports static bandwidth allocation for predefined services.
It does not adjust bandwidth and is not efficient in terms of usage.
Which structure (OPU, ODU, OTu) contains the justification bytes and why?
OPU, because it is designed to adapt the client sinal to the OTN network frame
ODU, because it encapsulates the client's data and adds management and error correction bytes
OUT, because it is responsible for outer transmission and includes justification bytes for synchronization
None of the above
What is the purpose of the Tandem Connection Monitoring bytes?
Enable OCh monitoring across multi-operator networks
To increase the speed of the connection
To encrypt data being transferred
To identify the devices in the network
(a) provide communication channel to exchange management information between nodes
(b) acts between OTU end points
(c) acts between ODU end points
What is a SWDM node?
A type of eletrical network switch
A multi-technology architecture composed of pure photonic
A multi-technology architecture composed of pure photonic and electrical switching
A storage device
Which of the 1830 PSS interfaces are available for node reachability?
Craft interface Terminal
WebUI
OAM LAN
GCC
CLI commands are grouped by
(a)
Why are logs useful?
They help in debugging issues
They are used for decoration
Report historical view of alarms, conditions and events.
They are used to make paper
What are the PM detection points?
Optical Physical Section (OPS)
Digital Clients
Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC)
All of the Above.
The main features and applications of WT are .
Degree to Degree Tests
Degree to Add/Drop block tests
The main features and applications of PCT are .
Degree to Degree Tests
Degree to Add/Drop block tests
PCT is a tool used to check internal fiber connectivity in CDC-F 2.0 nodes in this phase.
Creation
Installation and Commissioning
Analysis
Validation
Basics of Optical Network Design What are the EPT design process steps?
Creation
Validation
Analysis
Commissioning
Basics of Optical Network Design What are the EPT design process steps?
Creation
Defines the EPT network parameters
Validation
Current design is checked for errors
Analysis
Verifies the design against requirements
Commissioning
Creates commissioning files
(a) is a pair of outside plant fibers between two sites, (b) is an object that corresponds to the Optical Multiplex Section (OMS) of the OTN hierarchy and is the path between two optical nodes in different NEs
The main benefits of using EPT during the network design process are .
It handles complex calculations of link parameters
It optimizes performance and costs
It verifies the design
It provides a graphical network overview
All of the above.
What is the "Run Design" task?
Might remove some or all existing design elements
A task in project management
Task to create new network design given requirements and constraints
Task to verify configuration
The main difference between creating a trail or a service is .
Trail is the part that connects the line ports of the optical transponder
A Service contains multiple trails
Service defines and connect the client ports.
Several services can be aggregated over a single trail
Services can be created without creating a trail first.
True
False
Aggregating services over one single trail allows sharing of these.
Bandwidth
Distance
Routing
Protection Type
What are the main reports generated by the EPT?
Bill of Materials, Troubleshooting Reports, Installation Report
Environmental and Sustainability Reports Installation Report, Equipment View
Environmental and Sustainability Reports, Bill of Materials, Equipment View
Bill of Materials, Installation Report, Equipment View
Match the report
Provides the total number of chassis, card, common parts and installation material split into categories and locations
Bill of Materials
Provides information about type and physical location of all part numbers and connectivity in between items to be fibered
Installation
Provides the rack layout of the NEs.
Equipment View
OOB-DCN is implemented by the managed NEs
True
False
Match the following DCN communication interfaces on a PSS-32 node with their correct descriptions.
OAMP
10/100 Mb/s Ethernet interface
OSC
STM-1 OOB communication channel
GCC
Set of bytes in the OTUk/ODUk header
OAMP
Connect nodes to OOB-DCN
OSC, GCC
Establish IB-DCN
What is the NFM-T platform?
A network for mobile telecommunications
A new file management tool
Optical network management Tools for the 1830 PSS portfolio
None of the above
Match the following protection mechanisms with their correct descriptions.
Optical Line Protection (OLP)
Protects optical lines
Optical Multiplexer Section Protection (OMSP)
Protects Line Drivers (amp, OSC) and optical lines
Optical Physical Section Protection (OPS)
Protects channel between transponder and filter
Optical Sub-Network Connection Protection (O-SNCP)
Protects transponder and optical channel
Electrical Sub-Network Connection Protection (E-SNCP)
Protects inside transponder and optical channel
Define an SRG.
Set of physical connections with unique risks
Set of physical connections that share common risk
Shared Reset Group
Set of logical connections that share a common physical port
What are the characteristics of a PRC service?
Fast Protection
Resilient Restoration
Nominal Routing
GMPLS-disabled
Define the nominal and the current route.
Nominal route established when the LSP is setup
Nominal Route is where the signal is actually flowing
Current Route is where the signal is actually flowing
Current route established when the LSP is setup
In series, combined availability of two components in series is (a) than availability of individual components.
In series, combined availability of two components in parallel is (b) than availability of individual components
Match the following advantages and disadvantages of O-SNCP implementation methods with their corresponding protection types.
Y-cable protection
This protection method's advantage is that the OT performs switching
Y-cable
This protection method's disadvantage is that both OTs must be in the same chassis
OPS protection
This protection method's advantage does not require OT to be in the same NE.
OPS Protection
This protection is more survivability
Match the following descriptions of how E-SNCP is implemented on OTN switched nodes with the correct implementation method.
Performed inside the OT and protects the optical channel
Protection method implemented by the matrix card
SNCP-N and SNCP-Nc support ODU level protection
1+1 ODUk SNCP time to perform protection switch is <50ms
None of the above.
How many addresses are needed in a SWDM node?
4
3
2
1
Why is it necessary to synchronize the nodes?
To ensure data consistency across the network to the NFM-T databases
To increase the processing power of individual nodes
To reduce the network bandwidth usage
To make the network topology more complex
How is a SWDM node created?
Through the EQM
Add a optical transponder to a photonic node
Add a L1 cross-connect shelf to a photonic node
Add a L2 cross-connect shelf to an electrical node
What is the CPB loss report?
Checked at Creation
Ensure proper amplifications are present according to EPT design in all spans
Ensure proper loss is present according to EPT design in all spans
Checked during Validation Phase
