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Horton Earth Systems 2023-24 Final review

Total questions: 153

Worksheet time: 3hrs 2mins

Name
Class
Date
1.
This gas makes up 21% of the atmosphere
a)
ozone
b)
oxygen
c)
nitrogen
d)
water vapor
2.
This layer of the atmosphere contains most of the ozone.
a)
troposphere
b)
thermosphere
c)
mesosphere
d)
stratosphere
3.
This gas makes up 78% of the atmosphere
a)
oxygen
b)
nitrogen
c)
ozone
d)
carbon dioxide
4.
Which of the following is the correct order of the atmosphere layers from Earth to space?
a)
troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere
b)
troposphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere, stratosphere
c)
thermosphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, troposphere, exosphere
d)
troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, exosphere, thermosphere
5.
This is the coldest layer of the atmosphere.
a)
troposphere
b)
thermosphere
c)
mesosphere
d)
stratosphere
6.
This layer is where weather occurs.
a)
troposphere
b)
thermosphere
c)
exosphere
d)
stratosphere
7.
This layer is the hottest.
a)
troposphere
b)
mesosphere
c)
stratosphere
d)
thermosphere
8.
What causes the temperature to increase in the stratosphere?
a)
Nitrogen
b)
Ozone
c)
Water Vapor
d)
carbon dioxide
9.
As you go higher in the troposphere, the temperature _______________.
a)
decreases
b)
increases
c)
stays the same
d)
gets very hot
10.
What is the function of the ozone layer?
a)
to allow UV rays to get to Earth
b)
to block UV rays from getting to Earth
c)
To keep oxygen in
d)
to allow meteors to get to Earth
11.
Layer of the atmosphere most important to a meteorologist:
a)
troposphere
b)
stratosphere
c)
mesosphere
d)
thermosphere
12.
Layer of the atmosphere furthest from Earth's surface:
a)
troposphere
b)
exosphere
c)
mesosphere
d)
stratosphere
13.
As altitude increases in the Troposphere, what happens to the air temperature?
a)
air temperature increases
b)
temperature decreases
c)
temperature fluctuates
d)
temperature rises
14.

Identify this diagram

a)

The ozone layer

b)

The greenhouse effect

c)

The troposphere

15.

Which two describe the layer: Troposphere

a)

Layer closest to earth

b)

The hottest layer

c)

Layer farthest from earth

d)

Where weather occurs

16.

In which layers of the atmosphere does temperature decrease as altitude increases? Check all that are true.

a)

Troposphere

b)

Stratosphere

c)

Mesosphere

d)

Thermosphere

17.
Which layer of the atmosphere do we live in?
a)
troposphere
b)
mesosphere
c)
thermosphere
d)
exosphere
18.
Which layer is known to have "shooting stars"?
a)
mesosphere
b)
stratosphere
c)
thermosphere
d)
exosphere
19.
What enables atmosphere of earth to stay in place?
a)
gravity
b)
air pressure
c)
types of air molecules
d)
clouds
20.
What is the layer of gases that surrounds the planet and makes conditions on Earth suitable for living things?
a)
gravity
b)
density
c)
air pressure
d)
atmosphere
21.

What are the 3 main layers of the Earth?

a)

Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere

b)

Crust, Mantle, Core

c)

Rock, Magma, Ocean

d)

Top, Middle, Bottom

22.

What is the thinnest layer of the Earth?

a)

Crust

b)

Mantle

c)

Outer Core

d)

Inner Core

23.

What is the thickest layer of the Earth?

a)

Crust

b)

Mantle

c)

Outer Core

d)

Inner Core

24.

Which layer of the Earth is liquid Iron and Nickle?

a)

Crust

b)

Mantle

c)

Outer Core

d)

Inner Core

25.

Which layer of the Earth is a dense solid ball of Iron and Nickle?

a)

Crust

b)

Mantle

c)

Outer Core

d)

Inner Core

26.

What do geologists do?

a)

Study space

b)

Study air

c)

Study trees

d)

Study Earth and rock

27.

The study of the planet Earth is called:

a)

Geology

b)

Biology

c)

Astronomy

28.

The soft part of the Mantle below the Lithosphere is called the:

a)

Crust

b)

Lithosphere

c)

Asthenosphere

d)

Core

29.

The rigid rocky layer of the crust and upper mantle is called the:

a)

Asthenosphere

b)

Lithosphere

c)

Core

30.

A wave of energy produced by an earthquake is a:

a)

Boom

b)

Explosion

c)

Geology

d)

Seismic Wave

31.

What layer of the Earth is represented by the letter A?

a)

Crust

b)

Mantle

c)

Outer Core

d)

Inner Core

32.

What layer of the Earth is represented by the letter B?

a)

Crust

b)

Mantle

c)

Outer Core

d)

Inner Core

33.

What layer of the Earth is represented by the letter C?

a)

Crust

b)

Mantle

c)

Outer Core

d)

Inner Core

34.

What layer of the Earth is represented by the letter D?

a)

Crust

b)

Mantle

c)

Outer Core

d)

Inner Core

35.

The layers of Earth are in the order they are in because:

a)

It keeps us safe

b)

It holds the Earth together

c)

Its pretty

d)

The different layers have different densities

36.

A force that builds up features on Earth's surface is known as a:

a)

Destructive force

b)

Constructive force

37.

A force that slowly wears away features of Earth's surface is known as a:

a)

Destructive force

b)

Constructive force

38.

Geologists know that the Earth has layers by using data collected from:

a)

Seismic waves

b)

Telescopes

c)

Submarines

d)

Iphones

39.

The most dense layer of the Earth is:

a)

Crust

b)

Mantle

c)

Core

40.

The least dense layer of the Earth is the:

a)

Crust

b)

Mantle

c)

Core

41.
Which type of rock results from the melting and cooling of magma?
a)
Intrusive
b)
Extrusive
c)
Foliated
d)
Nonfoliated
42.
Which type of rock forms from extreme heat and pressure?
a)
Igneous 
b)
Sedimentary
c)
Metamorphic
d)
Organic
43.
T / F As part of the rock cycle, rocks can only follow 1 set pathway.
a)
TRUE
b)
FALSE
44.
Metamorphic rocks are formed by...
a)
Weathering and Erosion
b)
Heat and Pressure
c)
Melting and Cooling
d)
Deposition and Crystallizing
45.
The Rock Cycle starts with...
a)
Sediment
b)
Melting
c)
Igneous Rock
d)
Anything
46.
Which pathway CANNOT be taken by an igneous rock?
a)
compaction and cementation
b)
melting
c)
weathering and erosion
d)
heat and pressure
47.
All rocks can be...
a)
melted, compacted, and cooled
b)
melted, transformed, and eroded
c)
cooled, transformed, and eroded
d)
cooled, compacted, and transformed
48.
How does pumice become sandstone?
a)
weathering and erosion to sediment, then compaction 
b)
melting into magma, then cooling
c)
transformed by heat and pressure
d)
cooling into sediment, then transformed
49.

Sedimentary Rock --> ____________--> Sediment

a)

compaction and cemetation

b)

weathering and erosion

c)

heat and pressure

d)

melting and cooling

50.

Magma --> _____________ --> Igneous Rock

a)

Melting

b)

Cooling

c)

Metamorphism

d)

Compaction

51.

Which is NOT accurate?

a)

Igneous -->Melting --> Magma

b)

Sediment --> Compaction --> Sedimentary

c)

Metamorphic --> Heat and Pressure --> Sedimentary

d)

Magma --> Cooling --> Igneous

52.

Metamorphic Rock --> Weathering & Erosion --> __________

a)

Magma

b)

Igneous

c)

Sediment

d)

Metamorphic

53.

Sedimentary --> ____________--> magma

a)

Weathering and Erosion

b)

Heat and Pressure

c)

Melting

d)

Cooling

54.

Which Earth process breaks down rock into smaller pieces rock sediment?

a)

Erosion

b)

Compaction

c)

Weathering

d)

Cooling

55.

Which Earth process creates new rock?

a)

Weathering

b)

Cooling

c)

Erosion

d)

Melting

56.

Where tectonic plates pull away from each other, which of the following geologic features is most likely to result?

a)

Ridge

b)

Mountain

c)

Beach

57.

Which of the following geologic events would most likely occur where two continental plates converge?

a)

tsunami

b)

earthquake

c)

mountain formation

58.

The interaction of tectonic plate boundaries is associated with which of the following events?

a)

hurricanes

b)

tornados

c)

earthquakes

59.

Where plates diverge, what landform will most likely result?

a)

rift valley

b)

river

c)

mountain

60.

Movement between the Pacific plate and the North American plate create the San Andreas Fault in California. What type of motion is occurring?

a)

convergent

b)

divergent

c)

transform

61.

The interaction of two plate boundaries can cause which of the following?

a)

hurricanes and tornadoes

b)

earthquakes and volcanoes

c)

high winds and drought

62.

An image of the relative motion at a tectonic plate boundary is provided. What event will occur at the boundary shown?

a)

mountain formation

b)

an earthquake

c)

volcanic island formation

63.

What event will most likely occur at a divergent plate boundary?

a)

the plates will form a mountain chain

b)

one plate will subduct under the other

c)

the plates will form an ocean basin

64.

Where two tectonic plates converge and move toward each other, which of the following is likely to result?

a)

mountain range

b)

rift valley

c)

arid desert

65.

The boundary between the Pacific Plate and the Australian Plate is a transform boundary. What event is likely to occur at this boundary?

a)

mountain formation

b)

earthquakes

c)

volcanic eruptions

66.

When two tectonic plates converge, the land above sea level in this area often generates–

a)

mountain ranges

b)

landslides

c)

tsunamis

67.

A boundary formed when two plates move away from each other.

a)

convergent boundary

b)

divergent boundary

c)

transform boundary

68.

Mountains and __________ can be formed at convergent boundaries.

a)

volcanoes

b)

rift valleys

c)

mid-ocean ridges

69.

When plates move past each other, it can result in a volcanic eruption.

a)

true

b)

false

70.

Ridges can be formed by what type of plate boundary?

a)

transform

b)

convergent

c)

divergent

71.

This type of boundary is where plates move toward one another and collide. Such activity can result in the formation of __________.

a)

islands

b)

ridges

c)

rift valleys

72.

A boundary formed when two plates move past each other is called a transform boundary.

a)

true

b)

false

73.

Tectonic plates are made up of the following types of crust, oceanic and __________.

a)

mantle

b)

continental

c)

magma

74.

Rift valleys are formed by what type of plate boundary?

a)

transform

b)

divergent

c)

convergent

75.

A boundary formed when two plates collide.

a)

convergent

b)

divergent

c)

transform

76.

What does dendrochronology do?

a)

Tell us how trees provide evidence about past climate

b)

Tell us how trees are made

c)

Tell us how trees predict the weather

77.

Trees growing in environments with distinct growing seasons produce

a)

leaves

b)

flowers

c)

annual growth rings

d)

false growth rings

78.

True/False: Tree ring growth varies throughout the year

a)

True

b)

False

79.

In which season do tree rings have more growth?

a)

winter

b)

late summer/fall

c)

all the time

d)

spring/early summer

80.

What do tree rings tell us about the tree?

a)

how the tree is dying

b)

what animals live in the tree

c)

how old the tree is

81.

What happens to trees in the winter?

a)

they are dormant

b)

they die

c)

they freeze

d)

they fall over

82.

True/False: The thickness of the rings is affected by weather conditions during that growing year.

a)

True

b)

False

83.

What is the pith?

a)

the last ring of the tree cookie

b)

the name of the bark

c)

a type of tree

d)

The very center and first tree ring in a tree cookie

84.

An annual growth ring (one year’s growth) is made up of what?

a)

3 dark rings together

b)

2 light rings together

c)

1 light and 1 dark ring together

85.

If the pith is off center, what can that tell us about how the tree grew?

a)

it grew on a flat surface

b)

it grew underwater

c)

it grew on a slope

d)

it grew very slow

86.

Which layer do tree rings grow in?

a)

chromosome lyer

b)

xylem layer

c)

in the stump

87.

T/F: There ARE winter or fall rings in northern environments.

a)

True

b)

False

88.

What is it called when unusual weather conditions can result in the production of additional growth rings in a year?

(a)  

89.

T/F: We DO NOT count false growth rings

a)

True

b)

False

90.

What is a complacent tree?

a)

has less variation between rings as it is not affected by factors

b)

has more variation between rings as it is affected by factors

c)

a dying tree

d)

is the same between rings

91.

What is a sensitive tree?

a)

has less variation between rings as it is not affected by factors

b)

has more variation between rings as it is affected by factors

c)

a dying tree

d)

is the same between rings

92.

What does the term “dendrochronology” mean all together?

a)

the study of plants

b)

the study of trees when they die

c)

the study of trees over time

d)

studying

93.

What kind of rings does late summer/fall have?

a)

narrow and dark rings

b)

wide and light rings

c)

wide and dark rings

d)

narrow and light rings

94.

What kind of rings does spring/early summer have?

a)

narrow and dark rings

b)

wide and light rings

c)

wide and dark rings

d)

narrow and light rings

95.

What is earlywood?

a)

appears light in color – cells are thin walled and large in diameter

b)

appears dark in color – cells have thick walls and are small in diameter

c)

a baby tree

d)

an old tree

96.

What is latewood?

a)

appears light in color – cells are thin walled and large in diameter

b)

appears dark in color – cells have thick walls and are small in diameter

c)

a baby tree

d)

an old tree

97.

How old is this tree?

a)

20 years old

b)

10 years old

c)

12 years old

d)

17 years old

98.

New xylem tissue is produced during periods of:

a)

active growth

b)

dormancy (no growth)

c)

when the tree dies

99.

What is selective logging?

a)

Cutting down trees for wood

b)

Cutting down trees to create more sunlight to grow new trees

c)

Cutting down trees for land

100.

Explain the difference between early wood and late wood. You may use the word bank to answer this question.

Word bank: light, dark, color, cells, thin walls, thick walls, large, small.

4 lines
101.

Which type of fossil is seen here?

a)

cast

b)

mold

c)

true

d)

trace

102.

Which environment is most allow for fossilization of a species? TWO ANSWERS

a)

Tropical rainforest

b)

sand dunes of the Gobi

c)

burial in sea sand

d)

dark damp areas

103.

All of the following are often related to fossil formation and discovery except

a)

burial

b)

exposure

c)

erosion

d)

flooding

104.

Most fossils are formed within which kind of rock?

a)

sedimentary

b)

metamorphic

c)

igneous

d)

they form equally in all types of rock

105.

Click to enlarge. Study this carefully. Which fossil in the oldest?

a)

Fossil 1

b)

Fossil 2

c)

fossil 3

106.

Which layer is the oldest?

a)

A

b)

F

c)

Can not be determined

d)

They are all the same age.

107.

Which layer is the youngest?

a)

A

b)

F

c)

Can not tell

d)

They are all the same age.

108.

If fossils in layer D are 100 million years old and in layer B they are 110 million years old, how old might are the fossils in layer C? Choose the best answer.

a)

90 million years old

b)

120 million years old

c)

105 million years old

d)

50 million years old

109.

In which time period are we currently living?

a)

Precambrian Time

b)

Paleozoic Era

c)

Mesozoic Era

d)

Cenozoic Era

110.

Jellyfish are one of the oldest species on Earth. In what time period did they first appear?

a)

Precambrian Time

b)

Paleozoic Era

c)

Mesozoic Era

d)

Cenozoic Era

111.

In what time period did Pangaea, the super continent, appear?

a)

Precambrian Time

b)

Paleozoic Era

c)

Mesozoic Era

d)

Cenozoic Era

112.

Which fossil is the youngest?

a)

fossil A

b)

fossil B

c)

fossil C

d)

fossils A and B are the same age

113.

Which fossil is the youngest?

a)

fossil A

b)

fossil B

c)

fossil C

d)

fossils A and B are the same age

114.

What is the importance of studying fossils?

a)

to provide information about how current life forms would exist in previous environmental conditions

b)

to provide information about how life and environmental conditions may have changed

c)

to provide information about how previous life forms would exist in current environmental conditions

115.

Determines the “relative” order of past events but not the absolute age.

a)

Absolute age

b)

Relative age

c)

Real age

d)

New age

116.

Uses the decay of radioactive elements to find the ___________________________ of a rock or fossil.

a)

Relative age

b)

Absolute age

c)

New age

d)

Real Age

117.

The same natural laws in Earth's history that are present today.

a)

Uniformitarianism

b)

Law of Superposition

c)

Catastrophism

d)

The Great Dying

118.

Mass extinction 252 million years ago... end of the Permian Period.

a)

Great Cambrian Explosion

b)

The Great Dying

c)

Uniformitarianism

d)

Eon

119.

When most of the major groups of animals first appear in the fossil record.

a)

Law of Superposition

b)

The Great Dying

c)

Great Cambrian Explosion

d)

Era

120.

Division of periods in geological history

a)

Eons

b)

Epoch

c)

Era

d)

Law of Superposition

121.

Chronological chart that shows the events and past lives of organisms in Earth's history.

a)

Geological Time Scale

b)

Cambrian Explosion

c)

Eon

d)

Era

122.
How old do Paleontologists believe the Earth is?
a)
2015 years old
b)
3.6 billion years old
c)
4.6 billion years old
d)
4.6 million years old
123.
The Geologic Time Scale is a record of what?
a)
old geologists
b)
sweet geology music
c)
the known history of rocks and fossils
d)
a list of every living thing ever
124.
Which is the most recent era of time- the one that we are currently in?
a)
Mesozoic 
b)
Paleozoic 
c)
Cenozoic 
d)
Precambrian 
125.

These specialized fossils indicate to geologists the boundaries in geological time and determine the age of rocks.

a)

Index fossils

b)

Limestone fossils

c)

Amber fossils

d)

Cast fossils

126.

This chronological time chart is broken into different time chunks, the largest being the Eon, then Era, Period, and Epoch.

a)

Timeline

b)

Calendar

c)

Geological time scale

d)

Time chart

127.

Preserved remains of plant and animals from the remote past are called _______________.

a)

Rocks

b)

Dinosaurs

c)

Strata

d)

Fossils

128.

In which of the following eras did humans first appear in the fossil record?

a)

Precambrian

b)

Paleozoic

c)

Mesozoic

d)

Cenozoic

129.

Which item would be classified as an "abiotic factor" in an ecosystem?

a)

Bird

b)

Fungi

c)

Ant

d)

Rock

130.

A community is different from a population by having what?

a)

Communities have biotic and abiotic factors

b)

Communities have one species living together

c)

Communities have many different species living together

d)

Community begins with one individual

131.

What would be a hawkbill's habitat?

a)

Who it lives with

b)

Where it lives

c)

What it eats

d)

When it migrates

132.

Which of the following is an example of a hawksbill interacting with an abiotic factor?

a)

Hawksbill digs a nest in the sand

b)

Hawksbill eats a sea sponge

c)

Hawksbill mates with another hawksbill

d)

Hawksbill gets attacked by a shark

133.

Put the levels of organization in order from smallest to largest:

a)

Population, organism, ecosystem, biosphere, community

b)

Ecosystem, population, organism, community, biosphere

c)

Organism, population, ecosystem, biosphere, community

d)

Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

134.
All energy on Earth ultimately comes from what source?
a)
Water
b)
Sun
c)
Consumers
d)
Oxygen
135.
An organism that needs to eat other organisms to obtain energy is known as a:
a)
Autotroph
b)
Producer
c)
Consumer
d)
Mutualist
136.
An organism that uses sunlight to create its own food is known as a:
a)
Producer
b)
Heterotroph
c)
Consumer
d)
Decomposer
137.
What does a food chain represent?
a)
How all living organisms within a habitat are connected.
b)
All of the things that a particular animal eats.
c)
How plants create their own food.
d)
A single path of energy transfer within a habitat.
138.
The arrows in a food chain or web represents what?
a)
They point to the organism that is being eaten.
b)
It shows how sunlight flows within an ecosystem.
c)
They show what direction the energy is flowing between organisms. 
d)
They represent how water is transferred within a habitat.
139.
What does a food web represent?
a)
All connections of energy flow throughout all organisms in a habitat.
b)
The specific ways that mutualism is carried out.
c)
A single pathway or energy flow between organisms. 
d)
How carnivores get their food. 
140.
Why might an organism have more than one arrow coming from them in a food web?
a)
More than one organism may eat them. 
b)
They may eat more than one other organism. 
c)
This organism gets its energy from multiple sources. 
d)
They have no resources available to them.
141.
The largest group of organisms found in a food web would be:
a)
Primary Consumers
b)
Producers
c)
Decomposers
d)
Tertiary Consumers
142.
What may happen if the snowshoe hare was removed from the food web pictured?
a)
The insects in the habitat would increase.
b)
The shrew population would decrease due to being only hawk food source.
c)
The willow tree population would decrease.
d)
Foxes would dies due to no food source. 
143.
The rabbit in this food web would be considered a:
a)
Decomposer
b)
Producer
c)
Secondary Consumer
d)
Primary Consumer
144.
The fox in this food web would be considered a:
a)
Tertiary Consumer
b)
Producer
c)
Secondary Consumer
d)
Primary Consumer
145.
The mouse in this food web would be considered a:
a)
Primary Consumer
b)
Producer
c)
Tertiary Consumer
d)
Secondary Consumer
146.
The image provided is an example of a:
a)
Producer
b)
Heterotroph
c)
Consumer
d)
Decomposer
147.
The image provided is an example of a(n):
a)
Autotroph
b)
Carnivore
c)
Herbivore
d)
Decomposer
148.
The image provided is an example of a(n):
a)
Carnivore
b)
Herbivore
c)
Producer
d)
Autotroph
149.

Passing of energy, in the form of food, from one organism to another

a)

food cycle

b)

food network

c)

food chain

d)

food system

150.

Consumer that eats both plants and animals

a)

omnivore

b)

fungivore

c)

carnivore

d)

herbivore

151.
TRUE  or FALSE: Food webs are several food chains that are linked together.
a)
TRUE
b)
FALSE
152.
What does the arrow mean in a food chain or food web?
a)
An organism comes next
b)
Gets eaten by
c)
Go left
d)
Go right
153.

Identify the producer in the image above.

a)

Grass

b)

Grasshopper

c)

Frog

d)

Snake

e)

Eagle

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