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WorksheetsBiology 20 UD Review II
Total questions: 211
Worksheet time: 11hrs 33mins
Name
Class
Date
1.
What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
a)
To transport blood and its contents throughout the body
b)
To create immune cells
c)
To store energy
d)
To digest food
2.
Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?
a)
Vein
b)
Capillary
c)
Artery
d)
Nerve
3.
What are the smallest blood vessels in the body?
a)
Arteries
b)
Veins
c)
Capillaries
d)
Lymph vessels
4.
What is the main function of capillaries?
a)
To carry blood to the heart
b)
To exchange gases and nutrients with body cells
c)
To regulate blood pressure
d)
To transport hormones
5.
What vessel carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs?
a)
Pulmonary vein
b)
Pulmonary artery
c)
Aorta
d)
Capillary
6.
What structure prevents the backflow of blood in veins?
a)
Muscle contraction
b)
Valves
c)
Arterial pressure
d)
Heartbeat
7.
Which chamber of the heart receives oxygen-poor blood from the body?
a)
Left atrium
b)
Left ventricle
c)
Right atrium
d)
Right ventricle
8.
Which vessel carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart?
a)
Pulmonary artery
b)
Aorta
c)
Pulmonary vein
d)
Vena cava
9.
What is the largest artery in the body?
a)
Pulmonary artery
b)
Aorta
c)
Vena cava
d)
Coronary artery
10.
What is the function of the aorta?
a)
To carry oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
b)
To carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body
c)
To transport nutrients to the heart
d)
To filter blood
11.
What is the main role of coronary arteries?
a)
To supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle
b)
To remove carbon dioxide from the blood
c)
To transport blood from the heart to the lungs
d)
To filter blood
12.
Which vessel carries oxygen-poor blood back to the heart?
a)
Aorta
b)
Pulmonary vein
c)
Pulmonary artery
d)
Vena cava
13.
What is the term for the movement of blood into and out of the lungs?
a)
Systemic circulation
b)
Coronary circulation
c)
Pulmonary circulation
d)
Lymphatic circulation
14.
What is the Latin root word for 'lungs' used in medical terminology?
a)
Cardio
b)
Hepato
c)
Gastro
d)
Pulmo
15.
What color is typically used to represent oxygen-poor blood in medical diagrams?
a)
Red
b)
Blue
c)
Green
d)
Yellow
16.
What is the role of the pulmonary vein?
a)
To carry oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs
b)
To carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart
c)
To transport waste products
d)
To regulate blood pressure
17.
Which part of the heart pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs?
a)
Left atrium
b)
Right atrium
c)
Left ventricle
d)
Right ventricle
18.
What type of blood vessel allows the exchange of materials such as gases and fluids with body cells?
a)
Artery
b)
Vein
c)
Capillary
d)
Lymphatic vessel
19.
Which vessel carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart?
a)
Vein
b)
Capillary
c)
Artery
d)
Lymphatic vessel
20.
What is the main function of the valves in the circulatory system?
a)
To store blood
b)
To prevent the backflow of blood
c)
To pump blood
d)
To filter blood
21.
What is the smallest branch of an artery called?
a)
Venule
b)
Arteriole
c)
Capillary
d)
Vena cava
22.
What is the largest vein in the body?
a)
Pulmonary vein
b)
Aorta
c)
Vena cava
d)
Coronary vein
23.
Where does the exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen occur in the circulatory system?
a)
Heart
b)
Large arteries
c)
Capillaries of the lungs
d)
Large veins
24.
What is the function of the coronary arteries?
a)
To transport blood from the heart to the lungs
b)
To supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle itself
c)
To carry blood to the major organs
d)
To transport hormones
25.
What is the role of the left atrium?
a)
To pump blood to the lungs
b)
To receive oxygen-rich blood from the lungs
c)
To pump blood to the body
d)
To store blood
26.
What helps keep the facts straight about arteries and veins?
a)
Arteries carry blood away from the heart
b)
Veins carry blood away from the heart
c)
Arteries have thinner walls
d)
Veins have thicker walls
27.
How does plasma contribute to the overall function of blood?
a)
By carrying oxygen
b)
By transporting nutrients, hormones, and waste products
c)
By producing red blood cells
d)
By filtering toxins
28.
What specific gases are dissolved in plasma?
a)
Oxygen and nitrogen
b)
Carbon dioxide and nitrogen
c)
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
d)
Hydrogen and methane
29.
Where in the body is the bone marrow located?
a)
In the brain
b)
In the liver
c)
Inside the bones
d)
In the kidneys
30.
What are the primary functions of white blood cells?
a)
Transporting oxygen
b)
Clotting blood
c)
Fighting infections
d)
Producing hormones
31.
How do platelets aid in blood clotting?
a)
By transporting oxygen
b)
By releasing clotting factors
c)
By fighting infections
d)
By producing hemoglobin
32.
Why is blood considered a connective tissue?
a)
Because it has a fluid portion
b)
Because it links cells and organs in the body
c)
Because it transports oxygen
d)
Because it is produced in the liver
33.
What are the two main components of blood?
a)
Plasma and hemoglobin
b)
Red blood cells and white blood cells
c)
Plasma and formed portion
d)
Platelets and plasma
34.
How does the structure of erythrocytes enhance their function?
a)
They have a nucleus
b)
They are biconcave in shape
c)
They are large and spherical
d)
They have thick cell walls
35.
Describe the process of oxygen binding to hemoglobin.
a)
Oxygen diffuses into the blood and binds to hemoglobin
b)
Oxygen is actively transported into hemoglobin
c)
Oxygen is produced by hemoglobin
d)
Hemoglobin releases oxygen into the blood
36.
What triggers hemoglobin to release oxygen to cells?
a)
High oxygen levels
b)
Low oxygen levels
c)
High carbon dioxide levels
d)
High pH levels
37.
How does carbon dioxide transport differ from oxygen transport in the blood?
a)
Carbon dioxide is transported by white blood cells
b)
Carbon dioxide is dissolved in plasma and taken up by hemoglobin
c)
Carbon dioxide is not transported by blood
d)
Carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions
38.
What is the significance of the absence of a nucleus in mature red blood cells?
a)
It allows more space for hemoglobin
b)
It makes the cells larger
c)
It helps in cell division
d)
It helps in immune response
39.
How does anemia affect the body's ability to transport oxygen?
a)
It increases white blood cell count
b)
It decreases the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin
c)
It increases plasma volume
d)
It enhances oxygen binding to hemoglobin
40.
What role does the liver play in the lifecycle of red blood cells?
a)
It produces red blood cells
b)
It stores red blood cells
c)
It breaks down old red blood cells
d)
It converts hemoglobin to oxygen
41.
How are new red blood cells produced in the bone marrow?
a)
Through mitosis
b)
Through meiosis
c)
Through hematopoiesis
d)
Through diffusion
42.
What happens to hemoglobin when red blood cells are broken down?
a)
It is recycled and reused
b)
It is excreted in urine
c)
It is converted to oxygen
d)
It is stored in the liver
43.
Explain the visual difference between oxygenated and deoxygenated red blood cells.
a)
Oxygenated cells are bright red, deoxygenated cells are blue-red
b)
Oxygenated cells are blue, deoxygenated cells are red
c)
Oxygenated cells are green, deoxygenated cells are yellow
d)
There is no visual difference
44.
What are the main roles of the circulatory system in maintaining homeostasis?
a)
Regulating blood pressure and body temperature
b)
Producing red blood cells
c)
Filtering toxins from the blood
d)
Storing nutrients
45.
Describe the process of blood centrifugation.
a)
It separates blood into its components based on density
b)
It mixes blood components together
c)
It removes waste products from blood
d)
It increases the oxygen content of blood
46.
How do erythrocytes and leucocytes differ in structure and function?
a)
Erythrocytes are larger and fight infections, leucocytes transport oxygen
b)
Erythrocytes have a nucleus while leucocytes do not
c)
Erythrocytes transport oxygen while leucocytes fight infections
d)
Leucocytes are red while erythrocytes are white
47.
What percentage of blood volume do white blood cells and platelets comprise?
a)
0.01
b)
0.1
c)
0.45
d)
0.55
48.
What are some common symptoms of anemia?
a)
High blood pressure
b)
High energy levels
c)
Fatigue and weakness
d)
Increased appetite
49.
How does vasodilation affect blood flow and temperature regulation?
a)
It increases blood flow and releases heat
b)
It decreases blood flow and retains heat
c)
It blocks blood flow and retains heat
d)
It increases blood flow and retains heat
50.
What is vasoconstriction, and when does it occur?
a)
Narrowing of blood vessels during high temperatures
b)
Widening of blood vessels during high temperatures
c)
Narrowing of blood vessels during cold temperatures
d)
Widening of blood vessels during cold temperatures
51.
Define interstitial fluid and its role in the circulatory system.
a)
Fluid within blood vessels that transports oxygen
b)
Fluid within cells that supports cell structure
c)
Fluid between cells that facilitates nutrient and waste exchange
d)
Fluid within the heart that pumps blood
52.
What are the causes and effects of hemophilia?
a)
Excessive production of red blood cells, leading to blood clots
b)
Deficiency in clotting factors, leading to excessive bleeding
c)
Overactive platelets, leading to excessive clotting
d)
Low white blood cell count, leading to infection
53.
How is leukemia diagnosed and treated?
a)
By measuring blood pressure; treated with antibiotics
b)
By checking oxygen levels; treated with oxygen therapy
c)
By analyzing blood and bone marrow; treated with chemotherapy
d)
By testing for blood sugar; treated with insulin
54.
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system in relation to the circulatory system?
a)
Transporting oxygen
b)
Filtering blood
c)
Returning interstitial fluid to the bloodstream
d)
Producing red blood cells
55.
How do arterioles regulate blood pressure?
a)
By contracting and relaxing their smooth muscle
b)
By producing more red blood cells
c)
By increasing heart rate
d)
By filtering blood
56.
What is the role of the spleen in blood filtration?
a)
It produces white blood cells
b)
It breaks down old red blood cells and filters pathogens
c)
It stores red blood cells
d)
It produces platelets
57.
How does atherosclerosis affect blood flow?
a)
It increases blood flow by dilating arteries
b)
It blocks blood flow by narrowing arteries with plaques
c)
It has no effect on blood flow
d)
It increases blood flow by thickening artery walls
58.
What is the function of capillaries in the circulatory system?
a)
Transporting oxygen from lungs to heart
b)
Connecting arterioles and venules for exchange of nutrients and waste
c)
Pumping blood through the body
d)
Filtering blood in the kidneys
59.
What triggers the formation of a blood clot?
a)
High blood pressure
b)
Low oxygen levels
c)
Damage to blood vessel walls
d)
High white blood cell count
60.
What are the characteristics of a healthy cardiovascular system?
a)
High blood pressure and cholesterol
b)
Efficient heart function and clear arteries
c)
Low red blood cell count
d)
High platelet count
61.
What does the lymphatic system collect?
a)
Blood
b)
Water
c)
Lymph
d)
Plasma
62.
What is lymph composed of?
a)
Red blood cells
b)
White blood cells
c)
Platelets
d)
Interstitial fluid
63.
What colour is lymph typically?
a)
Red
b)
Blue
c)
Colourless or pale yellow
d)
Green
64.
What cells mature in the lymph nodes?
a)
Red blood cells
b)
Platelets
c)
Lymphocytes
d)
Neurons
65.
What do lymph nodes contain that traps and destroys bacteria?
a)
Neurons
b)
Macrophages
c)
Red blood cells
d)
Platelets
66.
What causes swelling in the lymph glands?
a)
Hormones
b)
Infections
c)
Water retention
d)
Exercise
67.
Where do lymphatic vessels eventually rejoin the circulatory system?
a)
Small arteries
b)
Capillaries
c)
Large veins near the heart
d)
Venules
68.
How does lymph form?
a)
Through continuous circuit
b)
In closed-ended tubes
c)
By osmosis
d)
Through diffusion
69.
What is the primary function of lymphatic capillaries in intestinal villi?
a)
Transport oxygen
b)
Transport digested fats
c)
Filter blood
d)
Store glycogen
70.
What are pathogens?
a)
Agents causing disease
b)
Beneficial bacteria
c)
Nutrient molecules
d)
Enzymes
71.
What is the largest barrier to pathogens?
a)
Stomach acid
b)
Liver
c)
Skin
d)
Lymph nodes
72.
Which of the following is NOT a non-specific defence?
a)
Macrophages
b)
Neutrophils
c)
Monocytes
d)
Red blood cells
73.
What process do neutrophils and monocytes use to kill bacteria?
a)
Photosynthesis
b)
Phagocytosis
c)
Cell division
d)
Respiration
74.
What do natural killer cells target?
a)
Bacteria
b)
Fungi
c)
Body cells with viruses or cancer
d)
Healthy body cells
75.
What molecules do antibodies target?
a)
Carbohydrates
b)
Proteins
c)
Lipids
d)
Pathogens
76.
Which is NOT a physical barrier to pathogens?
a)
Skin
b)
Hair
c)
Lymph nodes
d)
Eyelashes
77.
What is the main function of the skin in immunity?
a)
Absorb nutrients
b)
Prevent pathogen entry
c)
Produce hormones
d)
Store energy
78.
What is found in the oil of the skin that helps prevent bacterial growth?
a)
Antibodies
b)
Bactericides
c)
Lymphocytes
d)
Neutrophils
79.
What is the role of macrophages in the lymph nodes?
a)
Produce hormones
b)
Trap and destroy bacteria
c)
Transport oxygen
d)
Store glycogen
80.
What does the interstitial fluid become when absorbed into lymphatic vessels?
a)
Plasma
b)
Blood
c)
Lymph
d)
Water
81.
What increases in lymph nodes during an infection?
a)
Red blood cells
b)
Macrophages and lymphocytes
c)
Neurons
d)
Platelets
82.
Where can you feel swollen lymph glands during an illness?
a)
Behind the jawbone
b)
Under the feet
c)
On the back
d)
On the scalp
83.
What does the lymphatic system help to maintain in the body?
a)
Temperature
b)
Fluid balance
c)
Oxygen levels
d)
Blood sugar
84.
What white blood cells are involved in non-specific defences?
a)
Lymphocytes
b)
Platelets
c)
Macrophages
d)
Red blood cells
85.
Where are macrophages found?
a)
Heart
b)
Brain
c)
Skin
d)
Liver
86.
What is the primary function of macrophages?
a)
Transport oxygen
b)
Store energy
c)
Destroy bacteria
d)
Produce hormones
87.
What do lymphocytes produce as part of the specific defence?
a)
Hormones
b)
Antibodies
c)
Enzymes
d)
Lipids
88.
What type of immunity involves antibodies?
a)
Cell-mediated
b)
Non-specific
c)
Antibody-mediated
d)
Physical barrier
89.
What is the term for ingestion by immune cells?
a)
Photosynthesis
b)
Phagocytosis
c)
Respiration
d)
Diffusion
90.
Where are lymphocytes found?
a)
Lymph nodes
b)
Red blood cells
c)
Platelets
d)
Muscles
91.
What is a key characteristic of pathogens?
a)
Benefit health
b)
Neutral
c)
Beneficial bacteria
d)
Cause disease
92.
What is the first line of defence against pathogens?
a)
Immune cells
b)
Macrophages
c)
Physical and chemical barriers
d)
Antibodies
93.
What is the role of eyelashes in immune defence?
a)
Transport nutrients
b)
Trap pathogens
c)
Store fluid
d)
Produce antibodies
94.
Where do lymphocytes mature?
a)
Bone marrow
b)
Lymph nodes
c)
Heart
d)
Liver
95.
How are fats transported into the bloodstream?
a)
Directly from intestines
b)
Through lymph vessels
c)
Through skin
d)
Through lungs
96.
What is the main role of lymph nodes?
a)
Produce hormones
b)
Transport oxygen
c)
Filter lymph
d)
Store nutrients
97.
What causes the increase of macrophages in lymph nodes?
a)
Exercise
b)
Infection
c)
Temperature changes
d)
Digestion
98.
What do lymph nodes filter?
a)
Blood
b)
Urine
c)
Lymph
d)
Saliva
99.
What cells are specifically increased during an infection?
a)
Neurons
b)
Red blood cells
c)
Macrophages and lymphocytes
d)
Platelets
100.
What is the body's response to the presence of pathogens?
a)
Ignore them
b)
Help them grow
c)
Fight them
d)
Store them
101.
What is the purpose of phagocytosis?
a)
Produce energy
b)
Destroy bacteria
c)
Store nutrients
d)
Transport oxygen
102.
Where do lymphatic vessels empty into the circulatory system?
a)
Small arteries
b)
Large veins near the heart
c)
Capillaries
d)
Venules
103.
What is the role of B lymphocytes in immunity?
a)
Produce antibodies
b)
Engulf pathogens
c)
Produce hormones
d)
Transport oxygen
104.
What is the function of T lymphocytes?
a)
Produce antibodies
b)
Directly attack infected cells
c)
Store nutrients
d)
Filter lymph
105.
What is the primary role of the spleen in the lymphatic system?
a)
Filter blood
b)
Produce red blood cells
c)
Store platelets
d)
Absorb fats
106.
What do helper T cells do?
a)
Produce antibodies
b)
Activate B cells
c)
Directly kill infected cells
d)
Release histamine
107.
What is the function of the thymus in immunity?
a)
Filter lymph
b)
Produce antibodies
c)
Mature T cells
d)
Store lymphocytes
108.
Which cell type is involved in the specific immune response?
a)
Macrophages
b)
Neutrophils
c)
T cells
d)
Basophils
109.
What is the role of memory cells in immunity?
a)
Produce antibodies
b)
Engulf pathogens
c)
Remember past infections
d)
Filter blood
110.
What type of immunity is provided by vaccinations?
a)
Passive immunity
b)
Active immunity
c)
Innate immunity
d)
Non-specific immunity
111.
What is the size of an average human kidney?
a)
The size of a grape
b)
The size of a fist
c)
The size of a tennis ball
d)
The size of a football
112.
What is the weight of an average human kidney?
a)
0.5 kg
b)
1 kg
c)
1.5 kg
d)
2 kg
113.
What is deamination?
a)
Removal of a phosphate group
b)
Removal of an amino group
c)
Addition of a carboxyl group
d)
Addition of a methyl group
114.
What is urea formed from?
a)
Two molecules of ammonia and one molecule of carbon dioxide
b)
Two molecules of carbon dioxide
c)
Two molecules of ammonia
d)
One molecule of ammonia and two molecules of carbon dioxide
115.
Which animals have uric acid in their urine?
a)
Humans, higher apes, and Dalmatian dogs
b)
All mammals
c)
Birds and reptiles
d)
Fish
116.
How is uric acid related to caffeine?
a)
It has a similar taste
b)
It has a similar structure
c)
It has a similar function
d)
It is derived from caffeine
117.
What role do the lungs play in waste excretion?
a)
Eliminate ammonia
b)
Eliminate carbon dioxide
c)
Eliminate uric acid
d)
Eliminate bile pigments
118.
What does the liver transform ingested toxins into?
a)
Soluble compounds
b)
Insoluble compounds
c)
Gaseous compounds
d)
Solid compounds
119.
What is a byproduct of protein metabolism that the liver transforms?
a)
Glucose
b)
Fatty acids
c)
Metabolites
d)
Carbohydrates
120.
What is the role of the kidneys?
a)
Remove waste
b)
Balance blood pH
c)
Maintain water balance
d)
All of the above
121.
How much urea can the blood dissolve per 100 mL?
a)
10 mg
b)
20 mg
c)
33 mg
d)
50 mg
122.
What is the primary waste product formed by the breakdown of nucleic acids?
a)
Ammonia
b)
Urea
c)
Uric acid
d)
Carbon dioxide
123.
What is the average daily water loss for an adult?
a)
1 L
b)
2 L
c)
3 L
d)
4 L
124.
What happens if fluid intake drops by 1% of body mass?
a)
Thirst
b)
Extreme pain
c)
Collapse
d)
Death
125.
What happens if fluid intake drops by 10% of body mass?
a)
Thirst
b)
Extreme pain and collapse
c)
Death
d)
No effect
126.
What organ is responsible for excreting lactic acid?
a)
Kidneys
b)
Lungs
c)
Liver
d)
Skin
127.
Through which structures does urine leave the body in males?
a)
Ureter, bladder, urethra
b)
Bladder, urethra, vas deferens
c)
Kidney, bladder, urethra
d)
Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
128.
How long is the male urethra approximately?
a)
10 cm
b)
20 cm
c)
30 cm
d)
40 cm
129.
How long is the female urethra approximately?
a)
2 cm
b)
4 cm
c)
6 cm
d)
8 cm
130.
What structure receives urine from the renal tissue in the kidney?
a)
Renal cortex
b)
Renal medulla
c)
Renal pelvis
d)
Nephron
131.
What controls the drainage of urine from the bladder?
a)
One sphincter
b)
Two sphincters
c)
Three sphincters
d)
Four sphincters
132.
Which sphincter is controlled involuntarily?
a)
Innermost sphincter
b)
Outermost sphincter
c)
Both sphincters
d)
Neither sphincter
133.
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
a)
Nephron
b)
Renal pelvis
c)
Renal cortex
d)
Renal medulla
134.
What is the process of removing waste from the body called?
a)
Ingestion
b)
Excretion
c)
Absorption
d)
Circulation
135.
What is ammonia combined with to form urea in the liver?
a)
Oxygen
b)
Carbon dioxide
c)
Hydrogen
d)
Nitrogen
136.
What is the origin of bile pigments?
a)
Breakdown of red blood cell pigment hemoglobin
b)
Deamination of amino acids
c)
Formation from carbon dioxide
d)
Breakdown of lactic acid
137.
Where is urine temporarily stored before excretion?
a)
Kidneys
b)
Ureters
c)
Urinary bladder
d)
Urethra
138.
How does the nephron function in maintaining the composition of blood plasma?
a)
By filtering waste products
b)
By reabsorbing useful substances
c)
By regulating water balance
d)
All of the above
139.
What is the primary function of the kidney in excreting metabolic wastes?
a)
To filter blood
b)
To produce urine
c)
To reabsorb nutrients
d)
To expel wastes into the environment
140.
Which process moves water and solutes from blood plasma into the nephron?
a)
Tubular reabsorption
b)
Tubular secretion
c)
Water reabsorption
d)
Glomerular filtration
141.
Which process removes useful substances from the filtrate and returns them to the blood?
a)
Glomerular filtration
b)
Tubular secretion
c)
Tubular reabsorption
d)
Water reabsorption
142.
What is the function of tubular secretion in the nephron?
a)
To filter blood
b)
To reabsorb water
c)
To move additional wastes from blood into filtrate
d)
To expel urine
143.
How is water reabsorbed in the nephron?
a)
By active transport
b)
By passive diffusion
c)
By osmosis
d)
By filtration
144.
What is the starting point of urine formation in the nephron?
a)
Tubular reabsorption
b)
Glomerular filtration
c)
Tubular secretion
d)
Water reabsorption
145.
Where does glomerular filtration occur in the nephron?
a)
In the proximal tubule
b)
In the loop of Henle
c)
In the Bowman’s capsule
d)
In the distal tubule
146.
What are the capillaries of the glomerulus characterized by?
a)
Lack of pores
b)
High permeability
c)
Low blood pressure
d)
Thick walls
147.
Which substances do not pass through the glomerular filtration process?
a)
Water
b)
Glucose
c)
Proteins
d)
Sodium
148.
What contributes to the filtration process in the glomerulus?
a)
Low blood pressure
b)
High blood pressure
c)
Low permeability of capillaries
d)
Absence of pores
149.
How much blood passes through the kidneys daily?
a)
1600-2000 L
b)
500-1000 L
c)
100-500 L
d)
Over 2000 L
150.
How much glomerular filtrate is produced by the kidneys daily?
a)
50 L
b)
100 L
c)
180 L
d)
300 L
151.
Which substance is actively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?
a)
Water
b)
Proteins
c)
Glucose
d)
Urea
152.
How are negatively charged ions reabsorbed in the nephron?
a)
By active transport
b)
By osmosis
c)
By electrical attraction
d)
By diffusion
153.
Which process uses osmosis for reabsorption in the nephron?
a)
Tubular reabsorption
b)
Glomerular filtration
c)
Tubular secretion
d)
Water reabsorption
154.
What is the primary composition of the filtrate once it leaves the glomerulus?
a)
Identical to blood plasma minus proteins
b)
High in proteins
c)
Identical to urine
d)
High in glucose
155.
In which part of the nephron does the majority of reabsorption occur?
a)
Loop of Henle
b)
Bowman’s capsule
c)
Proximal tubule
d)
Distal tubule
156.
What is the role of the renal arteries?
a)
To carry blood away from the kidneys
b)
To filter blood
c)
To supply blood to the kidneys
d)
To collect urine
157.
Where do the renal veins carry blood?
a)
To the heart
b)
To the kidneys
c)
To the liver
d)
To the bladder
158.
What percentage of filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?
a)
0.5
b)
0.65
c)
0.75
d)
0.9
159.
Which two factors contribute to glomerular filtration?
a)
Blood pressure and capillary permeability
b)
Capillary thickness and blood pressure
c)
Capillary permeability and blood volume
d)
Blood volume and capillary thickness
160.
What prevents proteins and blood cells from entering the filtrate?
a)
High blood pressure
b)
Permeability of capillaries
c)
Small pore size
d)
Active transport
161.
What is the role of the loop of Henle in the nephron?
a)
Filtration
b)
Secretion
c)
Concentration of urine
d)
Reabsorption
162.
What happens to substances that are not reabsorbed in the nephron?
a)
They are filtered again
b)
They are secreted into the blood
c)
They are excreted as urine
d)
They are stored in the kidneys
163.
What is the primary function of the Bowman’s capsule?
a)
Reabsorption
b)
Filtration
c)
Secretion
d)
Concentration
164.
What surrounds the nephrons and aids in reabsorption and secretion?
a)
Arteries
b)
Veins
c)
Blood vessels
d)
Nerves
165.
What happens to the substances that are filtered out by the glomerulus?
a)
They are immediately reabsorbed
b)
They enter the Bowman’s capsule
c)
They are excreted as urine
d)
They stay in the bloodstream
166.
Which part of the nephron is responsible for concentrating the urine?
a)
Proximal tubule
b)
Loop of Henle
c)
Distal tubule
d)
Bowman’s capsule
167.
How do nutrients such as glucose and amino acids get reabsorbed?
a)
By passive transport
b)
By active transport
c)
By diffusion
d)
By filtration
168.
Where do blood vessels that supply the nephrons come from?
a)
Aorta
b)
Vena cava
c)
Renal arteries
d)
Renal veins
169.
What is the destiny of the filtered blood after it leaves the nephron?
a)
It becomes urine
b)
It goes to the liver
c)
It returns to the heart
d)
It stays in the kidneys
170.
Which process ensures that useful substances are not lost in the urine?
a)
Glomerular filtration
b)
Tubular reabsorption
c)
Tubular secretion
d)
Water reabsorption
171.
What is the role of the renal venules?
a)
To carry blood to the nephron
b)
To filter blood
c)
To collect filtered blood
d)
To expel urine
172.
Where does the reabsorbed water go after it leaves the nephron?
a)
It stays in the kidneys
b)
It is excreted as urine
c)
It returns to the bloodstream
d)
It goes to the liver
173.
Which substances are passively reabsorbed in the nephron?
a)
Proteins
b)
Negatively charged ions
c)
Glucose
d)
Urea
174.
How does blood pressure in the glomerulus compare to that in other capillaries?
a)
It is lower
b)
It is the same
c)
It is about four times greater
d)
It fluctuates
175.
Why is the permeability of the glomerulus capillaries important?
a)
It prevents filtration
b)
It allows proteins to pass
c)
It facilitates filtration
d)
It maintains blood pressure
176.
Which part of the nephron is involved in the initial filtration of blood?
a)
Loop of Henle
b)
Distal tubule
c)
Bowman’s capsule
d)
Proximal tubule
177.
What does the term 'glomerular filtration' refer to?
a)
Reabsorption of water
b)
Filtration of blood plasma
c)
Secretion of wastes
d)
Concentration of urine
178.
Approximately how much glomerular filtrate is produced daily by the kidneys?
a)
50 L
b)
100 L
c)
180 L
d)
200 L
179.
What is the main purpose of the loop of Henle?
a)
To filter blood
b)
To reabsorb useful substances
c)
To concentrate urine
d)
To secrete wastes
180.
What prevents proteins from being filtered into the Bowman’s capsule?
a)
High blood pressure
b)
Small pore size
c)
Low blood pressure
d)
Active transport
181.
Where do the renal arteries originate?
a)
The heart
b)
The vena cava
c)
The aorta
d)
The liver
182.
How are excess substances moved from the blood into the filtrate?
a)
Glomerular filtration
b)
Tubular reabsorption
c)
Tubular secretion
d)
Water reabsorption
183.
Which process is critical for the recovery of useful substances in the nephron?
a)
Tubular secretion
b)
Water reabsorption
c)
Tubular reabsorption
d)
Glomerular filtration
184.
What happens to glucose in the nephron?
a)
It is secreted
b)
It is filtered and then reabsorbed
c)
It is excreted as urine
d)
It remains in the blood
185.
Where does the filtrate go after leaving the Bowman’s capsule?
a)
Proximal tubule
b)
Loop of Henle
c)
Distal tubule
d)
Collecting duct
186.
What is the primary role of the distal tubule in the nephron?
a)
Filtration
b)
Reabsorption
c)
Secretion
d)
Concentration
187.
How does the body ensure that water is not lost in the urine?
a)
By glomerular filtration
b)
By tubular secretion
c)
By water reabsorption
d)
By active transport
188.
How do the kidneys contribute to homeostasis with respect to water and ions?
a)
By producing red blood cells
b)
By regulating blood pressure
c)
By filtering and reabsorbing water and ions
d)
By breaking down toxins
189.
Where are most osmoreceptors located?
a)
In the kidney
b)
In the hypothalamus
c)
In the liver
d)
In the stomach
190.
What is the primary function of osmoreceptors?
a)
To detect blood pressure
b)
To sense osmotic pressure
c)
To regulate blood pH
d)
To produce hormones
191.
What part of the brain regulates homeostasis mechanisms?
a)
Cerebellum
b)
Hypothalamus
c)
Medulla oblongata
d)
Cerebrum
192.
How does the release of ADH influence the body?
a)
It increases blood sugar levels
b)
It controls the amount of water reabsorbed or excreted in urine
c)
It decreases heart rate
d)
It stimulates digestion
193.
What hormone is directly stimulated by a rise or fall in Na+ and K+ concentrations?
a)
ADH
b)
Aldosterone
c)
Insulin
d)
Cortisol
194.
What system involves the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism?
a)
Immune system
b)
Nervous system
c)
Endocrine system
d)
Digestive system
195.
What is the effect of aldosterone on blood pressure?
a)
It decreases blood pressure
b)
It increases blood pressure
c)
It has no effect on blood pressure
d)
It normalizes blood pressure
196.
Which ions are involved in the acid-base balance reaction in blood?
a)
Na+ and Cl-
b)
Ca2+ and Mg2+
c)
H+ and HCO3-
d)
K+ and Mg2+
197.
What happens to the reaction H+ + HCO3- → H2CO3 → H2O + CO2 when H+ increases?
a)
The reaction shifts to the left
b)
The reaction shifts to the right
c)
The reaction stops
d)
The reaction reverses
198.
How do the kidneys help maintain normal blood pH?
a)
By excreting Na+
b)
By absorbing CO2
c)
By excreting H+ and reabsorbing HCO3-
d)
By producing ammonia
199.
What is a common pH characteristic of urine?
a)
Neutral
b)
Basic
c)
Acidic
d)
Variable
200.
What triggers the release of ADH?
a)
Low blood pressure
b)
High blood pressure
c)
Dehydration
d)
Overhydration
201.
What is the role of the hypothalamus in osmoregulation?
a)
It produces aldosterone
b)
It releases ADH
c)
It filters blood
d)
It absorbs nutrients
202.
What happens to ADH levels when there is excess water in the body?
a)
ADH levels increase
b)
ADH levels decrease
c)
ADH levels remain unchanged
d)
ADH is converted to another hormone
203.
What is the main function of the excretory system?
a)
To digest food
b)
To filter and remove wastes
c)
To produce hormones
d)
To regulate body temperature
204.
How does the body respond to a decrease in blood pressure in the context of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
a)
By reducing renin release
b)
By increasing renin release
c)
By decreasing aldosterone release
d)
By increasing blood sugar
205.
What is the chemical formula for carbonic acid?
a)
H2O
b)
CO2
c)
H2CO3
d)
HCO3-
206.
What is the primary mechanism by which kidneys regulate salt balance?
a)
By filtering and reabsorbing salts
b)
By producing urea
c)
By breaking down proteins
d)
By secreting enzymes
207.
What triggers the indirect stimulation of aldosterone release?
a)
A rise in blood pressure
b)
A drop in blood pressure
c)
An increase in blood glucose
d)
A decrease in blood oxygen
208.
What is the role of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the blood?
a)
To increase blood glucose
b)
To buffer pH changes
c)
To transport oxygen
d)
To store energy
209.
Which organ plays a crucial role in controlling blood pH?
a)
Liver
b)
Kidneys
c)
Heart
d)
Lungs
210.
What is the main function of ADH in the kidneys?
a)
To increase urine production
b)
To decrease urine production
c)
To increase blood pressure
d)
To decrease blood pressure
211.
What is the primary effect of increased breathing rate on blood pH?
a)
It decreases blood pH
b)
It increases blood pH
c)
It has no effect on blood pH
d)
It stabilizes blood pH
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