A _____________ response to radiation occurs months or years after radiation exposure.

At the molecular level, the human body is made up of approximately 80% ___________.

About 15% of the human body at the molecular level is compose of ________________.

True or false: When the LET is high, ionizations are high.

What is the RBE of diagnostic x-rays?

What is the effect on relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) as linear energy transfer (LET) increases?

An x-ray interaction between cellular components is random. Consequently, when an interaction occurs with a target molecule it occurs ____________.

How much time must elapse between radiation dosages to allow for the cell regeneration time?

What type of effect occurs when one section of a macromolecule attaches to a nearby macromolecule or another part of the same molecule?

Which of the following is not an effect of irradiation of DNA?

Which of the following can result from irradiation of DNA? (Choose 3)

If the initial ionizing even occurs on a distant, noncritical molecule which then transfers the energy of ionization to the target molecule, a(n) _____________ effect has occurred.

Review the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau!!!!!!!!!!! Know the components!

___________ forms a single helix, ___________ forms a double helix.

Two types of cells that are very sensitive to higher radiation doses are:

____________ effects of radiation on human beings include cancer, leukemia, genetic effects, and malignant diseases.

___________ effects on human beings include skin reddening, sterility, hair loss.

At approximately 80% of the human body, this is the most abundant macromolecule in the human body.

_____________responses to radiation suggest that any dose can cause a response, regardless of the size.

Nonlinear threshold dose responses describe stochastic effects.

When a radiation dose is delivered continuously at a lower dose rate, the dosage is said to be:

When an atom loses an electron, potentially resulting in the breaking of a chemical bond, this constitutes ______________.

LET is another method of expressing radiation:

Protein synthesis is an example of:

Dose modulation should be used frequently in CT imaging because:

Dose responses without a threshold are called:

Macromolecules include which of the following?

Where is RNA principally located where in the cell?

DNA and RNA are classified as:

True or false: Bone marrow is radioresistant.

True or false: Bone marrow is more radiosensitive than thyroid tissue.

True or false: Brain tissue is more radioresistant than bone marrow.

Protraction is related predominantly to:

When are humans most sensitive to radition?

If an irradiated cell dies before the next mitosis, this is called:

After a low radiation dose, most cellular radiation damage that results in a late total-body effect occurs because of _______________.

When a hit occurs through _______________, the size of the target appears considerably larger because of the mobility of free radicals.

Which of the following is true regarding the target theory?

True or false: The multitarget, single-hit model presumes a threshold.

True or false: The multitarget model of cell lethality states that cells have more than one critical target, each of which has to be inactivated for cell death.

A dose equal to D₃₇, if randomly distributed, would cause what percentage of cells to die?

True or false: Diagnostic x-rays cause the production of free radical ions that are associated with biologic injury.

True or false: Undifferentiated cells in vivo are sensitive to radiation exposure.

True or false: Stem cells are radioresistant.

Radiation responses in the body begin with:

The response of tissue to radiation exposure is primarily related to:

A small D₀ indicates:

Effects of radiation where the probability of occurrence, not severity of occurrence, is proportional to the dose are called:

Effects of radiation that become more severe as dose increases are called:

Which of the following means there is a safe level of radiation for certain effects and those effects are not directly proportional to the dose received when the safe level is exceeded?

Which of the following means there is a safe level of radiation for certain effects and those effects are directly proportional to the dose received when the safe level is exceeded?

Which of the following means there is no safe level of radiation and the response to the radiation is directly proportional to the dose received?

Which of the following means there is no safe level of radiation and the response to the radiation is not directly proportional to the dose received?

Which of the following is the basis for all radiation protection standards?

The phases of the cellular life cycle, in order, are:

The process of cell division for germ cells is called:

Which of the following occurs when radiation transfers its energy to DNA?

Which of the following states that each cell has a master molecule that directs all cellular activities and that, if inactivated, results in cellular death?

What occurs when radiation transfers its energy to the cellular cytoplasm?

Which of the following induces radiolysis?

Cell radiosensitivity is described by the:

Cells are more radiosensitive when:

Which of the following poisons the cell with H₂O₂?

Which of the following is responsible for producing free radicals?

What is the name for changes in genetic code passed on to the next generation?

Cells that are least sensitive to radiation exposure include:

The most radiosensitive cells in the body are:

Which of the following ionizing radiations is described as having an RBE of 1.0?

How do fractionation and protraction affect radiation dose effects?

1. 1. They reduce the effect of radiation exposure

   1. 2. They permit cellular repair

   2. 3. They allow tissue recovery

All the following function to reduce patient dose except:

Which of the following radiation situations is potentially the most harmful?

Which interaction between ionizing radiation and the target molecule involves formation of a free radical?