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WorksheetsStages of Healing Review
Total questions: 83
Worksheet time: 1hrs 2mins
During which stage does the body continue to adapt to the stressor by using homeostatic resources?
Alarm Stage
Resistance Stage
Exhaustion Stage
Homeostasis Stage
Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is the longest, lasting many days, months, or years?
Alarm Stage
Resistance Stage
Exhaustion Stage
Homeostasis Stage
What happens during the exhaustion stage of stress response?
The body initially reacts to the stressor
The body adapts to the stressor
The body cannot withstand stresses
The body returns to homeostasis
What is the local response of the body to an irritant or trauma called?
Inflammatory response
Immune response
Allergic reaction
Healing process
Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?
Rubor
Calor
Edema
Fever
What is the purpose of the inflammatory response?
To increase body temperature
To defend the body against foreign substances
To produce antibodies
To decrease blood flow
Which of the following is a cardinal sign of inflammation characterized by redness?
Calor
Edema
Rubor
Dolor
What does 'Dolor' refer to in the context of inflammation?
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
What are the three phases of the healing process?
Acute inflammatory response, Proliferation phase, Maturation phase
Inflammatory response, Growth phase, Healing phase
Initial response, Growth phase, Recovery phase
Acute response, Proliferation phase, Recovery phase
Which phase of the healing process occurs first?
Acute inflammatory response
Proliferation phase
Maturation phase
Recovery phase
During which phase of the healing process does the level of activity peak around 72 hours after injury?
Acute inflammatory response
Proliferation phase
Maturation phase
Recovery phase
What type of changes occur after the injury in the acute inflammatory response?
Metabolic changes
Permeability changes
Ultrastructural changes
Phagocytosis
Match the following events in the acute inflammatory response with their descriptions:
Chemical mediation
Involves the release of chemicals that regulate the inflammatory response
Hemodynamic changes
Refers to changes in blood flow and vessel permeability
Leukocyte migration
Involves the movement of white blood cells
Metabolic changes
Refers to changes in cellular metabolism during inflammation
What is the term for the process where cells engulf and digest particles during the acute inflammatory response?
Phagocytosis
Permeability changes
Hemodynamic changes
Chemical mediation
Which of the following is NOT a part of the acute inflammatory response?
Metabolic changes
Permeability changes
Ultrastructural changes
Cell division
What is the primary injury associated with?
Blockage of the oxygen supply to the injured area
Tissue destruction directly resulting from the traumatic force
Enzymatic damage and mitochondrial failure
Overuse, cyclic loading, or friction
What is secondary injury caused by?
Impact or contact
Burns, infections, chemical burn
Blockage of the oxygen supply to the injured area or enzymatic damage and mitochondrial failure
Overuse, cyclic loading, or friction
What does any occurrence that impairs tissue structure or function result in?
Primary injury
Secondary injury
Inflammatory response
Mitochondrial failure
What happens to the cellular membrane upon trauma during the acute inflammatory response?
It becomes stronger
It is disrupted and eventually breaks down
It remains unchanged
It multiplies
What causes the contents of a cell to spill out into the extracellular spaces during an acute inflammatory response?
Cellular membrane strengthening
Cellular membrane disruption
Cellular membrane multiplication
Cellular membrane shrinking
What are the two types of causes for the acute inflammatory response?
Direct and Indirect
Primary and Secondary
Internal and External
Acute and Chronic
Which of the following is a direct cause of the acute inflammatory response?
Hypoxia
Enzymes
Trauma
Chemicals
Which of the following is an indirect cause of the acute inflammatory response?
Trauma
Hypoxia
Cellular membrane strengthening
Cellular membrane multiplication
What is hypoxia?
Oxygen deficiency
Excess oxygen
Excess carbon dioxide
Lack of carbon dioxide
Where do indirect causes of the acute inflammatory response occur?
In the primary injury cells
In the extracellular spaces
In cells adjacent to the primary injury
In the bloodstream
What causes the release of chemical mediators in the acute inflammatory response?
Disruption in cell membrane
Increase in blood pressure
Decrease in body temperature
Increase in heart rate
Which of the following chemicals are released to promote a wide range of cellular responses during the acute inflammatory response?
Histamine and bradykinin
Adrenaline and cortisol
Insulin and glucagon
Dopamine and serotonin
What is one of the purposes of regulating the inflammatory response?
Neutralize the cause of the injury
Increase blood sugar levels
Decrease oxygen supply to tissues
Increase muscle mass
What is another purpose of regulating the inflammatory response?
Remove cellular debris so repair can take place
Increase the production of red blood cells
Decrease the production of white blood cells
Increase the heart rate
During the acute inflammatory response (Phase 1), arteries (a) .
What is the purpose of slowing blood flow during the acute inflammatory response?
To prevent blood loss.
To allow white blood cells (WBCs) to move to the margins.
To increase blood pressure.
To reduce oxygen supply to the injured area.
What happens to nearby blood vessels that were not injured during the acute inflammatory response?
They constrict, increasing blood flow through individual vessels.
They remain unchanged, maintaining blood flow through individual vessels.
They open, so blood flow through individual vessels decreases.
They collapse, stopping blood flow through individual vessels.
What is the first step in the process of leukocytes responding to an injury?
Adhere to the vessel wall near an opening
Marginate
Tumble along the vessel wall
Drop through the gaps to the injury
Which of the following describes the movement of leukocytes along the vessel wall?
Marginate
Adhere to the vessel wall near an opening
Tumble along the vessel wall
Drop through the gaps to the injury
What do leukocytes do after adhering to the vessel wall near an opening?
Marginate
Tumble along the vessel wall
Drop through the gaps to the injury
Release cytokines
Which of the following is NOT a step in the leukocyte response to injury?
Marginate
Tumble along the vessel wall
Adhere to the vessel wall near an opening
Release antibodies
What causes a chain of metabolic changes to occur within the cells during an acute inflammatory response?
Increase in energy
Decrease in energy
Increase in oxygen
Decrease in sodium
What happens to the cell when there is a decrease in oxygen during an acute inflammatory response?
The cell switches to aerobic metabolism
The cell switches to anaerobic metabolism
The cell increases energy production
The cell decreases sodium concentration
The result of the cell switching to anaerobic metabolism is (a)
What maintains the concentration of intracellular sodium at a very low level?
Potassium pump
Calcium pump
Sodium pump
Magnesium pump
What can cause cells to swell and burst during an acute inflammatory response?
Decrease in sodium concentration in cell and organelles
Decrease in water in cell
Increase in intracellular acidosis (lactic acid)
Decrease in intracellular acidosis (lactic acid)
Which substances increase the permeability of small blood vessels during the acute inflammatory response?
Histamine and bradykinin
Serotonin and dopamine
Adrenaline and noradrenaline
Insulin and glucagon
What happens to endothelial cells during the acute inflammatory response?
They expand, pushing against each other
They contract, pulling away from each other
They dissolve, leaving gaps
They multiply, forming new vessels
What is the result of the gaps left by contracting endothelial cells during the acute inflammatory response?
Blood clots form in the gaps
WBCs can move out of the vessel
The vessel collapses
The gaps are filled with fluid
Which type of cells arrive at the injury site first during the acute inflammatory response?
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
What is the primary role of neutrophils in the acute inflammatory response?
To provide long-term immunity
To release antibodies
To provide the first line of defense
To produce histamines
How long after injury do neutrophils provide the first line of defense?
1-3 hours
3-6 hours
6-24 hours
24-48 hours
What happens when neutrophils die during the acute inflammatory response?
They release antibodies
They release chemical mediators that attract macrophages
They form blood clots
They produce histamines
The result of the death of neutrophils in the acute inflammatory response is (a)
What is the primary role of macrophages in the acute inflammatory response?
To initiate the inflammatory response
To clean up cell debris
To produce antibodies
To transport oxygen
Which of the following is a characteristic of macrophages?
Short-lived first line of defense
Long-lasting second line of defense
Primary producers of antibodies
Involved in oxygen transport
What do macrophages release that may prolong inflammation?
Antibodies
Chemical mediators
Oxygen
Hormones
What do macrophages release that is important in tissue repair and regeneration?
Antibodies
Chemical mediators
Growth factors
Enzymes
What is the primary function of phagocytosis in the acute inflammatory response?
To produce antibodies
To digest cellular debris and foreign material
To transport oxygen
To produce hormones
During phagocytosis, what happens after the leukocyte engulfs the bacteria?
The leukocyte dies
The bacteria multiply
Lysosomes join the phagosome to form a phagolysosome
The leukocyte releases the bacteria
What is the final step in the phagocytosis process as depicted in the diagram?
The leukocyte engulfs the bacteria
The leukocyte approaches the bacteria
Lysosomes digest the bacteria
The bacteria escape from the leukocyte
What is a necessary part of the healing process?
Inflammation
Rest
Medication
Surgery
How many sequential and overlapping phases are included in the acute inflammatory response?
5
6
7
8
What is the opening scenario mentioned in the acute inflammatory response knowledge check?
Chronic back pain
Acute ankle sprain
Severe headache
Muscle tear
What immediate change occurs in local nerves and blood vessels during an acute inflammatory response?
They become stronger and more flexible
They become disrupted or broken
They start to regenerate rapidly
They become less sensitive to pain
What causes immediate hemorrhage and pain during an acute inflammatory response?
Increased blood flow
Disruption or breaking of local nerves and blood vessels
Muscle relaxation
Decreased blood pressure
What are some of the effects of damaged nerves during an acute inflammatory response?
Increased muscle strength and flexibility
Muscle spasm, inhibition of muscle contraction, muscle weakness
Enhanced range of motion (ROM)
Decreased sensitivity to pain
How does the body protect itself during an acute inflammatory response?
By increasing muscle contraction
By reducing muscle spasm
By "splinting" or muscle guarding
By enhancing blood flow to the area
(a) play a role in an acute inflammatory response.
Which chemical mediator is released from injured mast cells and causes vasodilation and increases cell permeability owing to swelling?
Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins
Histamine
Cytokines
What is the role of leukotrienes and prostaglandins in the acute inflammatory response?
They regulate leukocytes and attract phagocytes.
They cause vasodilation and increase cell permeability.
They impact margination, increase permeability locally for fluid and protein passage, and facilitate exudate formation and neutrophil entrance to injured site.
They decrease cell permeability and reduce swelling.
Which chemical mediator regulates leukocytes and attracts phagocytes?
Histamine
Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins
Cytokines
What does histamine cause in the acute inflammatory response?
It impacts margination.
It increases cell permeability and causes vasodilation.
It regulates leukocytes.
It facilitates exudate formation.
What occurs first in the acute inflammatory response to seal blood vessels?
Vasodilation
Vasoconstriction and coagulation
Increased blood viscosity
Edema
How long after vasoconstriction does vasodilation occur?
1 to 2 minutes
3 to 4 minutes
5 to 10 minutes
15 to 20 minutes
What is the initial effect of vasodilation on blood flow?
Decreases blood flow
Increases blood flow
No change in blood flow
Stops blood flow
What happens to blood flow when vasodilation decreases it?
All capillaries close
Blood viscosity decreases
Edema (swelling) occurs
Blood flow stops completely
How long does the initial effusion of blood and plasma last during the acute inflammatory response?
12 to 18 hours
18 to 24 hours
24 to 36 hours
36 to 48 hours
What enzyme is released by damaged cells to convert prothrombin to thrombin during clot formation?
Enzyme factor X
Enzyme factor Y
Enzyme factor Z
Enzyme factor W
To what do platelets adhere during the clotting process?
Exposed collagen fibers
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Fibrinogen
What does fibrinogen form into during the clotting process?
Fibrin
Collagen
Platelets
Thrombin
What is the function of the net formed by fibrin during clot formation?
Captures circulating platelets
Converts prothrombin to thrombin
Releases enzyme factor X
Adheres to collagen fibers
What forms to seal the damaged vessel during clot formation?
A plug
A net
A platelet
A fibrin strand
Which of the following is a negative effect of the acute inflammatory response?
Increased oxygen supply to cells
Enhanced blood flow in the vessels
Slowed blood flow in the vessels on the periphery of an injury
Decreased tissue damage
What can result from decreased blood flow from the damaged vasculature?
Increased oxygen to the cells
Less oxygen to the cells
Enhanced nutrient delivery
Reduced tissue debris
What occurs if the inflammatory response is prolonged?
Increased oxygen supply
Enhanced healing
Secondary hypoxic injury
Reduced tissue damage
What happens to the total amount of damaged tissue if the inflammatory response is prolonged?
It decreases
It remains the same
It increases
It heals completely
What is added to the hematoma if the inflammatory response is prolonged?
Less debris
More debris
No change in debris
Oxygen
