A 75-year-old male presents with chest pain on exertion. The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury caused (secondary to) by:

Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of: (select all that apply)

A syndrome refers to signs and symptoms that emerge from a diseased state (T or F)

The brain is the most common site for what type of necrosis?

When a patient presents at the emergency department for an allergic reaction, the nurse recognizes the most severe consequence of a type I hypersensitivity reaction is:

A 30-year-old female complains of fatigue, arthritis, rash, and changes in urine color. Laboratory testing reveals anemia, lymphopenia, and kidney inflammation. Assuming a diagnosis of SLE, which of the following is also likely to be present?

A 22-year-old was recently diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Which decreased lab findings would be expected to accompany this virus?

Which statement describes an individual who is sensitized and is predisposed to a type I hypersensitivity reaction?

True or false: Serotonin is the major vasoactive amine released by mast cells. It causes dilation of the capillaries which increases vascular permeability.

What does healing by secondary intention mean? Select all that apply (SATA).

What causes the redness, heat, swelling, and pain in inflammation? Select all that apply (SATA).

Asthma is considered an acute airway inflammatory disease resulting in dysfunction of the airways and tissue remodeling. True or False?

A disease has spread across the United States border. This is considered a...

Parathyroid hormone decreases the calcium levels in your blood. True or False?

Less Calcium blocks more sodium channels. How does this affect the body? Select all that apply (SATA).

Manifestations of hyponatremia include... SATA

Hyperkalemia stresses the cardiovascular system leading to lethal arrhythmias and other pathologies T or F

What are the characteristics of a Type III hypersensitivity response?

The two main factors that cause autoimmune diseases are age and level of development T or F

Characteristics of Rheumatoid Arthritis are: SATA

Manifestations of somatic death include: (select all that apply)

Dry gangrene is more likely to occur with disruption of:

A 65-year-old female is diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer. She has developed muscle wasting. Which of the following substances would be produced in large quantities to eliminate the tumor cells and cause muscle wasting?

The nurse is assessing a patient with a diagnosis of inflammation. The nurse would expect to find which of the following signs and symptoms consistent with acute inflammation. (select all that apply)

A 12-year-old male is fighting with another child when he receives a puncture wound from a pencil. The school nurse cleans and bandages the wound. After about 1 week, the wound would be in which phase of healing?

A 25-year-old female experiences a headache and takes aspirin for relief. A nurse recalls aspirin relieves the headache by:

A 54-year-old male with a long history of smoking complains of excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, and overall ill feelings. Lab results reveal decreased pH, increased CO2, and normal bicarbonate ion. These findings help to confirm the diagnosis of:

A 60-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting lung tumor. Further testing indicates that the tumor secretes ADH. Which of the following assessment findings should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.)

Which of the following patients is the most at risk for developing hypernatremia? A patient with:

A nurse is reviewing lab reports. The nurse recalls blood plasma is located in which of the following fluid compartments?

ADH is made in the hypothalamus and is released by the anterior pituitary gland when blood osmolarity goes up.

Edema is caused by an increase in forces favoring fluid filtration from the capillaries.

What type of exudate is a blister?

If someone is experiencing hypotonic hyponatremia what would be the best way to replace fluids?

The primary actions of the complement cascade include all EXCEPT..

What is a manifestation of a patient having a systemic response to an infection?

A patient was admitted to the hospital after contracting HPV. Upon biopsy of the cervical tissue the doctor notices misshapen cells on the culture. What type of cellular adaptation is this?

Joe comes into the ED after having an allergic reaction to peanuts. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is this?

This type of immunoglobulin is found in saliva, tears, colostrum and mucus. It prevents antigens from entering the body.

T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity (T or F)

Joe had a heart attack two years ago and he experienced additional damage to his heart once blood flow had been restored. What is this phenomenon called?

What is the name of the process the mast cell initiates for the inflammatory response to happen?

What type of cell is the first responder to an injury and you would see primarily during acute inflammation?

The slower response results in vessel remodeling and includes profound changes in the cellular architecture. (T or F)

Factor XII (Hageman’s factor) promotes formation of what?

__________ cells tolerate hypoxia for only a few minutes

Hydrostatic pressure can be described as...

Secretion of ADH is stimulated by:

Which statement indicates a correct understanding of antibodies? The most abundant class of antibodies in the serum is:

Blood vessel walls divide intracellular fluid from blood plasma (True or False)

Which of the following electrolytes are found in high concentrations in the extracellular fluid? (Select all that apply)

B cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity that is mediated by circulating antibodies (True or False)

Which of the following statements best describes the actions of vasoactive amines during the early stages of inflammation?

Primary cell types that produce mediators during acute inflammation are all except...

The principal systemic effects of inflammation are fever and increases in levels of circulating... (SATA)

Alloimmunity is the immune system’s reaction against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same species (T and F)

Cytotoxic B cells mistakenly attack the body’s own cells.

Cellular tolerance to hypoxia may involve all except

The most common types of blunt-force injuries include (SATA)

What hormone provides a means of controlling water output independently of sodium?

Changes in urine volume are usually linked to adjustments in potassium reabsorption (Tor F)

When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased workload, cardiac myocardial cells will _______.

What Pathophysiological concept should the health professional consider when developing a plan of care for a patient with myocardial ischemia?

Potassium imbalances are the most dangerous of all electrolyte imbalances. (T or F)

The increased intracellular concentration of _______ may inappropriately activate a number of enzymes with potentially damaging effects.

Which of the following statements accurately describes Type I hypersensitivity reactions? (Select all that apply)

Signs and symptoms of Hypercalcemia (SATA)

The important chemical buffer systems include all the following except…

When an patient asks the nurse about the purpose of the inflammatory process, how should the nurse respond?

(T or F) Type II hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies that bind to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to tissue-specific cytotoxic effects.

A patient experiences a rapid rise in extracellular potassium levels due to a crush injury. Which of the following statements correctly describes the effects on nerve and muscle cells?

All are signs and symptoms of Lupus except…

If the immune system cannot perform functions properly, a variety of illnesses may result—including hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune disorders (T or F)

John, a 60-year-old man with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), presented to the emergency department with worsening shortness of breath. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed significant hypoxemia, highlighting the chronic hypoxic state experienced by his cells due to impaired gas exchange in the lungs, resulting in hypoxic cell injury and contributing to the progression of his COPD. Which of the following would be seen in hypoxic cell injury? Select all that apply:

What is the main difference between B cells and T cells?

The cells/signaling molecules involved in the initiation of the inflammatory response are ___, while cells/signaling molecules that initiate dilation of blood vessels are ___.

Which cellular response mechanism results in an increase in the number of cells?