WorksheetsExam 4
Total questions: 27
Worksheet time: 17mins
Know the parts and general functions of the nervous system
Sensory input- afferent, information sent to the CNS from inside and outside of the body
Motor output- efferent, responds to stimuli from CNS to responsive effecter organs
Integration- processing and interoperation of sensory input, occurs in the CNS
Forman magnum
What's the difference between the CNS and PNS?
Know the types of cells Neuron and Neuogilia and know the functions of these cells?
Neurons conduct eletrical impulses
Neurogilia supporting cells
Blood to brain barrier and most numerous is the?
(a)
Form myelin sheath around axon in the CNS are?
(a)
Clean up debris from dead or damaged neurons
(a)
Line hollow parts in the brain and spinal cord these cells also help form cerebrospinal fluid
(a)
Form myelin sheath around axons in the PNS it protects and insulates and also helps speed up action potential
(a)
Surrounds cell bodies in the PNS
(a)
Remember which Gilial cells are specific to the PNS
Schwann and astrocyte
Microglial cells and oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells and satellite cells
Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
What neuron is this?
Special sensory neuron
found in the PNS
Rare
Unipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar
Which neuron is this?
Sensory neurons
Afferent
PNS
Multipolar
Unipolar
Bipolar
Which neuron is this?
Motor neuron
Efferent
Interneurons CNS and PNS
Unipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar
Step one: distal to the injury site the axon and myelin degenerate and fragment
Step two Schwann cells proliferate along original axon path macrophages remove debris
Step three: axon grows into injury site along the Schwann cell path
Step 4: Schwann cells warp around elongating axon
what are these steps for
Synapse
Action potential
Axon repair
Auditory pathway
Step one: A stimulus occurs at the dendrites activating the neuron
Step two: A threshold potential is met at the axon hillock
Step three: A Na+ channels open, Na+ rushes in
Step four: This voltage change causes the K+ channel downstream of it to open K+ rushes out
Step five: These channels close and the next Na+ and K+ channels open in a cascade effect down the axon until reaching the axon terminals
What are these steps for
Action potential
Auditory pathway
Reflex arc
Axon repair
Be able to explain why a cell is polarized, how it becomes depolarized and what repolarization is. How does the neuron return to “polarized”?
When a cell is polarized there is more Na+ outside the cell and more K+ inside the cell, for a cell to become depolarized the Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes out leaving the cell depolarized, for the cell to become repolarized after this the K+ must do the same and open their channels and K+ must rush out
What happens at the synapse between neurons or between neuron and muscle cell?
The axon terminals stick onto the neuron or muscle and the dendrites send signals to then using action potential
How do gray matter and white matter differ?
Gray matter contains cell bodies and non myelinated fibers while white matter contains myelinated axons
What causes MS?
The myelin breaks down the system
The myelin produces so much of it it clogs the system
The myelin exits the body causing the system to shut down
The myelin obviously goes chickfil a
What ar the 4 main functions of the brain?
Cerebellum- contains 50% of the brains neurons, coordinates cell to muscle movement, little brain
Diencephalon-relay center, connects cerebral hemispheres, and rest of CNS, thalamus, uncharge of sensory processing and endocrine system, hypothalamus
Brain stem- has the midbrain which relays sensory info for vision and hearing, pons which is multiple relay station and motor control, breathing rhythm, medullaoblogata which is second relay station which connects the brain to the spinal cord
Cerebrum- also known as the cerebral cortex has superficial layer gray matter and deep white matter controls conscious thought memory speech and intelligence
What is the hypothalamus?
The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis of the body by controlling all atomic function
What are ventricle and what are found here?
Ventricles are the spaces in the brain that CSF flows through it keeps the brain buoyant and cushioned and provides brain with nutrients
What are menages and why are they important
3 membrane that protect the CNS
3 membranes that protect the PNS
Myelin sheath
What are the 3 layers of meninges?
Dura matter
Arachnoid
Pia matter
What is CSF and where does it come from how does it differ from blood
What is blood brain barriers?
Occurs in the space between meninges, Composed of Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) and astrocytes, Serves to cushion and protect the CNS and limit exposure to blood-borne chemicals
Understand the concept of hemisphere lateralization (divided into left and right hemispheres). What does this mean? What are some examples of this? In general, how do these two hemispheres differ?
Both hemispheres send motor information to the opposite side of the body there are two hemispheres in the brain left and right each controlling the opposite side of the body for example if someone has a stroke and their left side of the body is paralyzed the right hemisphere has been damaged
