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WorksheetsPsych Unit 6 Formative Assessment 2024-25
Total questions: 155
Worksheet time: 1hrs 18mins
What is the process of acquiring the association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus called?
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Acquisition
Generalization
In Pavlov’s experiment, the tone (or bell) was initially a __________ stimulus.
Unconditioned
Neutral
Conditioned
Unlearned
What is an example of biological preparedness in classical conditioning?
Dogs learning to salivate to a tone
Humans associating a specific smell with nausea after eating a bad meal
Animals developing phobias through operant conditioning
Dogs salivating to abstract shapes
What is the term for when a conditioned response occurs in response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus?
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
Which of the following is an example of a neutral stimulus in Pavlov’s experiment?
The sound of the tone (before conditioning)
The food
The dog’s salivation
The bell
Which of the following is a key feature of behaviorism as proposed by Watson?
Study of mental processes
Focus on observable behavior
Use of introspection
Study of biological responses
What does extinction refer to in classical conditioning?
The unlearning of a conditioned response
The sudden reappearance of a conditioned response
The learning of a new association
The strengthening of a conditioned response
Which of the following is a type of behavior that is learned through classical conditioning?
Avoiding a punishment
Salivating at the sight of food
Seeking a reward
Copying a model’s behavior
In Pavlov’s research, the salivation that occurred in response to the sound of the bell was the __________.
Neutral stimulus
Conditioned response
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Which of the following best describes a conditioned stimulus?
A stimulus that naturally triggers a response
A previously neutral stimulus that eventually triggers a response
A stimulus that elicits no response
A naturally occurring response
What did Pavlov’s research contribute to the field of psychology?
The idea that mental processes should be studied through introspection
A method for studying behavior objectively
The importance of reinforcing mental processes
A theory on the unconscious mind
Which behavior did Pavlov initially observe in his dogs that led to his discovery of classical conditioning?
The dogs' reaction to a bell
The dogs’ salivation in response to food
The dogs’ fear of a person approaching
The dogs’ response to a light
What is the process of acquisition in classical conditioning?
The diminished response to a repeated stimulus
The initial stage of linking a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
The reappearance of a conditioned response after a pause
The learned ability to distinguish between different stimuli
What did Pavlov discover about the timing of the neutral stimulus (NS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
The UCS should always appear first
The NS should appear before the UCS
The NS should follow the UCS for effective learning
The timing between the stimuli is irrelevant
What is an example of higher-order conditioning?
A dog salivating at the sound of a bell when paired with food
A dog salivating to a light that has been associated with a bell
A dog salivating when the food is no longer presented
A dog becoming afraid of a bell after experiencing a loud noise
What happens during extinction in classical conditioning?
The conditioned response increases when the conditioned stimulus is presented
The conditioned response diminishes when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus
The conditioned stimulus triggers the unconditioned response
The conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are repeatedly paired
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
The return of a conditioned response after a break
The gradual disappearance of the conditioned response
The introduction of a new conditioned stimulus
The pairing of a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
What is stimulus generalization?
The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and irrelevant stimuli
The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus
The reappearance of a conditioned response after a delay
The process of associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?
A dog salivating only to the sound of a specific tone
A dog becoming afraid of all dogs after being bitten by one
A dog salivating to a bell after repeatedly hearing it paired with food
A dog reacting to a car as if it were a predator
Which of the following is true of Pavlov’s dogs?
They learned to salivate when a bell was paired with food
They learned to associate food with loud noises
They could not generalize salivation to different tones
They only responded to visual stimuli
What is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in Pavlov’s experiment?
The neutral stimulus (NS)
The conditioned stimulus (CS)
The food that triggers salivation
The bell that initially has no effect
Which of the following describes biological preparedness in classical conditioning?
The tendency to learn associations that help with survival
The ability to learn any association regardless of its relevance
The gradual extinction of a learned behavior
The spontaneous recovery of an unlearned behavior
Which of the following best describes the conditioned stimulus (CS) in Pavlov’s experiment?
The food that triggers salivation
The bell that signals the arrival of food
The salivation response itself
What the doctor is wearing
Which behavior did Watson and Rayner condition in Little Albert?
Fear of white rats
Fear of loud noises
Fear of all animals
Fear of the color white
What is an example of one-trial learning?
A child learning to avoid a certain food after getting sick from it once
A dog learning to fetch a stick after multiple rewards
A person learning to fear a dog after being bitten multiple times
A person associating a scent with a pleasant memory
What does the term 'preparedness' refer to in classical conditioning?
The idea that all associations are learned equally easily
The biological predisposition to learn certain associations more readily
The gradual extinction of conditioned responses
The process of reinforcement in operant conditioning
What was the main finding of Pavlov’s experiment with dogs?
Dogs can learn to salivate to stimuli that were previously neutral
Dogs only respond to food-related stimuli
Dogs cannot learn associations with food
The order of presentation of stimuli is irrelevant to learning
What does 'higher-order conditioning' refer to?
A neutral stimulus becoming associated with an already conditioned stimulus
A conditioned stimulus becoming associated with an unconditioned stimulus
A conditioned response becoming more intense with repeated pairings
The extinction of a conditioned response after several pairings
What is the process by which we adapt to our environment by learning new behaviors?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Learning
Habituation
What type of learning occurs when we learn by association of two stimuli?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Cognitive learning
Observational learning
What term describes the automatic response that occurs without prior learning?
Operant behavior
Respondent behavior
Cognitive learning
Classical conditioning
What is the term for behavior that is learned from associating a consequence with an action?
Operant behavior
Classical conditioning
Cognitive learning
Respondent behavior
In classical conditioning, which stimulus elicits an automatic response without prior learning?
Conditioned stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
Unconditioned response
What happens when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
Spontaneous recovery
Extinction
Generalization
Discrimination
What is the term for when an organism's response to a previously neutral stimulus diminishes over time?
Habituation
Extinction
Conditioning
Acquisition
In classical conditioning, what happens after the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) are paired again after extinction?
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
Acquisition
What term refers to the process by which a behavior becomes automatic through repeated exposure to a stimulus?
Conditioning
Acquisition
Habituation
Extinction
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
A dog salivates when it hears a bell because it associates the sound with food.
A child learns to ride a bike through practice.
A student studies harder after receiving a reward.
A person avoids a situation because of previous punishment.
What is the term for learning that occurs through watching the behavior of others?
Repression
Operant conditioning
Observational learning
Classical conditioning
What does the Law of Effect state about behaviors followed by reinforcing consequences?
They are more likely to be repeated
They are less likely to be repeated
They are more likely to be punished
They are less likely to be extinguished
What happens when an animal associates its behavior with a reward, reinforcing that behavior?
Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
Cognitive learning
Observational learning
What is the term for the process where learning is shaped by rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior?
Shaping
Extinction
Habituation
Reinforcement
What is an example of operant conditioning?
A seal learns to slap and bark to get a fish.
A cat learns to associate a light with food.
A dog learns to avoid a sound due to a painful experience.
A child learns to fear a certain song.
In operant conditioning, what type of reinforcement involves giving a reward after every desired behavior?
Continuous reinforcement
Partial reinforcement
Variable ratio reinforcement
Fixed interval reinforcement
What happens when an organism learns that it has no control over unpleasant situations?
Learned helplessness
Superstitious behavior
Cognitive dissonance
Observational learning
What kind of learning occurs when there is no reinforcement, but the knowledge is later demonstrated?
Latent learning
Insight learning
Classical conditioning
Cognitive learning
What is a typical feature of a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule?
A behavior is reinforced after a set time period.
A behavior is reinforced after a set number of responses.
A behavior is reinforced randomly.
A behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable time interval.
What occurs when reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses?
Variable ratio schedule
Fixed-interval schedule
Continuous reinforcement
Fixed-ratio schedule
What type of reinforcement involves giving a reward based on a specific number of responses?
Fixed-ratio schedule
Variable interval schedule
Continuous reinforcement
Fixed-interval schedule
What happens when a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS) also triggers the conditioned response (CR)?
Generalization
Discrimination
Extinction
Habituation
In classical conditioning, what is the process of learning to differentiate between stimuli that do or do not signal an unconditioned stimulus?
Discrimination
Generalization
Spontaneous recovery
Extinction
What does biological preparedness refer to?
The tendency for animals to learn certain associations more easily than others.
The process of forming new behaviors through repetition.
The diminishing of a response after repeated exposure.
The ability to learn through observing others.
What is the term for when behavior occurs in response to a stimulus that was previously neutral?
Conditioning
Observation
Response
Habituation
What term refers to the learning of behaviors by observing the consequences faced by others?
Vicarious conditioning
Latent learning
Cognitive learning
Operant conditioning
What happens when a previously neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus by being paired with an unconditioned stimulus?
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
What is the term for a mental image of the layout of one's environment that can guide behavior?
Cognitive map
Classical conditioning
Cognitive learning
Mental rehearsal
What is an example of social learning theory?
A person learns to solve a puzzle by watching someone else do it.
A dog learns to sit for a treat.
A child learns to avoid touching a hot stove.
A person learns to fear a particular sound.
What is classical conditioning?
Learning through reinforcement and punishment
Learning through the association of stimuli
Learning through direct experience
Learning through observation of others
Who is most closely associated with the discovery of classical conditioning?
John B. Watson
Sigmund Freud
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
What did Pavlov initially study before his work on classical conditioning?
Animal behavior
The digestive system
Reflexes
Memory
In Pavlov’s experiment, what did the food in the dog’s mouth represent?
Conditioned stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus
Neutral stimulus
Conditioned response
What term describes a stimulus that does not elicit a response before conditioning?
Unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
Neutral stimulus
Unconditioned response
In Pavlov’s experiment, what was the dog’s salivation in response to eating the food?
Conditioned response
Neutral response
Unconditioned response
Learned stimulus
What did Pavlov's research demonstrate about learning?
It is primarily cognitive
It can occur without reinforcement
It is a process of association between stimuli
It only applies to animals
What is the term for the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus?
Conditioned response
Unconditioned response
Neutral response
Reflexive response
According to Pavlov, what happens when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
Spontaneous recovery
Extinction
Generalization
Discrimination
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
The conditioned response becoming stronger
The reappearance of an extinct conditioned response
The failure to associate stimuli
The pairing of a new stimulus
What principle explains why a dog salivates to the sound of a bell after several pairings of the bell with food?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Observational learning
Insight learning
Which type of behaviorism did John B. Watson propose?
Psychodynamic behaviorism
Radical behaviorism
Methodological behaviorism
Objective behaviorism
Which of the following is an example of a conditioned stimulus (CS) in Pavlov’s experiment?
The food in the dog's mouth
The sound of a tone
The dog's salivation
The sight of the food
Which of the following describes the process of extinction?
The diminished response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus
The reappearance of a conditioned response after a pause
The process of generalizing a conditioned response to similar stimuli
The initial learning phase of classical conditioning
What is the role of a conditioned stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning?
It elicits an unconditioned response
It is initially a neutral stimulus that, after conditioning, triggers a response
It is a biologically significant event that naturally triggers a response
It eliminates the conditioned response
What did the Little Albert experiment demonstrate?
Fear can be conditioned in humans
Fear is biologically programmed and not learned
Fear is only conditioned through positive reinforcement
Emotional responses cannot be conditioned in humans
Which term describes the tendency to respond to similar stimuli in the same way as a conditioned stimulus?
Spontaneous recovery
Stimulus generalization
Operant conditioning
Reinforcement
What is the primary focus of classical conditioning?
The association of a behavior with a consequence
The association of one stimulus with another stimulus
The reinforcement of a desired behavior
The learning of complex behaviors
What is the definition of 'stimulus discrimination'?
The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli
The process of learning new behaviors by imitating others
The diminished response to a stimulus after repeated exposure
The tendency to respond similarly to similar stimuli
What did Pavlov’s experiment with dogs and tones reveal about conditioned responses?
Conditioned responses do not diminish over time
Conditioned responses can be triggered by similar stimuli
Conditioned responses are permanent and unchangeable
Conditioned responses can only be triggered by the UCS
What did Pavlov’s experiment demonstrate about the concept of acquisition?
Acquisition is when a conditioned stimulus produces a conditioned response
Acquisition is the process of extinguishing a conditioned response
Acquisition occurs only when the UCS is presented first
Acquisition is the final stage of classical conditioning
What is an example of spontaneous recovery?
A dog salivating to a bell after a delay, despite extinction
A dog learning to salivate to a new stimulus
A dog no longer salivating to the bell
A dog becoming afraid of a bell after a loud noise
What was Watson and Rayner’s Little Albert experiment designed to demonstrate?
That emotional responses can be conditioned
That classical conditioning is ineffective in humans
That conditioned responses are always voluntary
That conditioned responses fade after a brief period
What occurs during the process of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
A conditioned response returns after a break
A conditioned response becomes extinct
A new conditioned stimulus is introduced
The association between stimuli is broken
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
A rat pressing a lever to receive food
A dog salivating while eating food
A person feeling anxious after hearing a bell previously paired with an alarm
A child learning to tie shoes after being shown how
Which of the following best defines operant conditioning?
The association between two stimuli
Learning through observation of others
The association between a behavior and its consequences
The automatic response to a stimulus
What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning associates actions with consequences, while operant conditioning associates stimuli with responses
Classical conditioning involves respondent behavior, while operant conditioning involves operant behavior
Operant conditioning is a type of observational learning
Classical conditioning is based on negative reinforcement
What term refers to behavior that operates on the environment to produce rewards or punishments?
Conditioned response
Respondent behavior
Operant behavior
Unconditioned response
Who is credited with developing the law of effect?
B. F. Skinner
John Watson
Edward L. Thorndike
Ivan Pavlov
In Skinner's operant chamber, what does the lever or disk serve as?
A way to measure the response
A reward for the behavior
A method to shape behavior
A stimulus that triggers a response
What concept is defined as any event that strengthens a preceding response?
Reinforcement
Shaping
Punishment
Latent learning
What is the process of guiding behavior toward a desired response through successive approximations?
Shaping
Extinction
Vicarious conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
Getting a treat for pressing a button
The removal of a loud noise after completing a task
Taking away a phone for misbehavior
Ignoring a child’s tantrum
What type of reinforcer is food or water in Skinner’s experiment?
Secondary reinforcer
Positive reinforcer
Primary reinforcer
Conditioned reinforcer
What is an example of negative reinforcement?
Giving praise for completing homework
Taking an aspirin to relieve a headache
Removing a toy for misbehavior
Providing a reward for good behavior
Which of the following best describes negative reinforcement?
Presenting something unpleasant to decrease a behavior
Removing something unpleasant to increase a behavior
Adding a positive stimulus to stop a behavior
Punishing a behavior to make it less likely to occur
What is the role of a discriminative stimulus?
It signals that reinforcement will follow a behavior
It punishes an unwanted behavior
It shapes a behavior through successive approximations
It strengthens an unconditioned response
What concept explains how pigeons can learn to differentiate between human faces and other images?
Latent learning
Stimulus discrimination
Shaping
Vicarious conditioning
Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
Food
Water
Money
Pain relief
Which of the following is true about operant behavior?
It is a natural response to an external stimulus
It operates on the environment to produce consequences
It is learned through observation
It is only reinforced by positive stimuli
What does reinforcement do to a behavior?
Decreases the likelihood of the behavior
Strengthens the behavior
Eliminates the behavior
Creates a new behavior
Which type of reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to strengthen behavior?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Punishment
Shaping
What is latent learning?
Learning that occurs without reinforcement but is not immediately evident
Learning that occurs only when a reward is given
A type of learning through vicarious reinforcement
A form of observational learning
What is the effect of partial reinforcement compared to continuous reinforcement?
It results in a more rapid extinction of behavior
It is less effective at shaping behavior
It creates a stronger and more lasting behavior pattern
It only works with positive reinforcement
What is the primary purpose of a Skinner box?
To punish undesirable behavior
To reinforce a subject’s natural responses
To observe and record behavior in response to reinforcement
To create a controlled environment for animal euthanasia
What is a condition where an organism repeatedly performs an action to avoid an unpleasant situation?
Learned helplessness
Superstitious behavior
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Which of the following best describes superstitious behavior?
Behavior that is learned through observation
Behavior reinforced by unrelated consequences
Behavior that is shaped through successive approximations
Behavior that leads to extinction
Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?
Praise
A paycheck
A headache being relieved by taking aspirin
Social media “likes”
What is the main idea behind the Law of Effect?
Behavior is shaped through successive approximations
Behaviors followed by reinforcing consequences are more likely to recur
Behavior can only be shaped through positive reinforcement
Learned behaviors are permanent once acquired
What type of reinforcement schedule involves reinforcing a desired response every time it occurs?
Partial reinforcement
Fixed-ratio schedule
Continuous reinforcement schedule
Variable-interval schedule
What happens when reinforcement stops in a continuous reinforcement schedule?
Behavior increases
Behavior becomes spontaneous
Behavior is extinguished
Behavior becomes resistant to extinction
Which reinforcement schedule is commonly used in gambling situations like slot machines?
Fixed-ratio schedule
Continuous reinforcement schedule
Variable-ratio schedule
Fixed-interval schedule
What is the effect of a fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule on behavior?
The response rate decreases as time passes
The response rate is the same throughout
There is a brief pause after reinforcement before the behavior resumes
The behavior is not reinforced
Which of the following schedules of reinforcement is associated with a slow, steady rate of response?
Fixed-ratio schedule
Variable-interval schedule
Fixed-interval schedule
Continuous reinforcement schedule
What term refers to the phenomenon where behavior persists because reinforcement is unpredictable?
Superstitious behavior
Latent learning
Shaping
Instinctive drift
In a variable-ratio reinforcement schedule, how often is reinforcement given?
After a set number of responses
After an unpredictable number of responses
After a set amount of time
After a set number of behaviors
Which of the following reinforcement schedules is associated with reinforcing a response only after a specific time has passed?
Fixed-ratio schedule
Fixed-interval schedule
Variable-ratio schedule
Continuous reinforcement schedule
Which reinforcement schedule leads to responses that are resistant to extinction?
Continuous reinforcement schedule
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule
Fixed-interval schedule
Fixed-ratio schedule
What does Skinner's work on operant conditioning primarily focus on?
The impact of brain science on behavior
External consequences shaping behavior
The influence of mental processes on behavior
The role of punishment in shaping behavior
Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?
A teacher assigns extra homework after a student misbehaves in class.
A child receiving praise for doing homework
A teacher giving extra credit for good behavior
A student rewarded with extra playtime
What is the general effect of punishment on behavior?
It strengthens the behavior
It weakens the behavior
It increases the frequency of the behavior
It reinforces the behavior
Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?
A child being grounded after breaking a rule
A child receiving a sticker for good behavior
A child being praised for completing chores
A child receiving extra privileges for good behavior
What does Skinner argue about the role of thoughts and feelings in behavior?
They are the main determinants of behavior
They have no influence on behavior
External influences are the primary cause of behavior
They occasionally shape behavior
What effect does reinforcement have on behavior?
It increases the likelihood of the behavior occurring again
It decreases the frequency of the behavior
It has no effect on the behavior
It leads to the extinction of the behavior
What does the Law of Effect state about behavior?
Behaviors followed by reinforcement are more likely to be repeated
Behavior is random and unaffected by consequences
Behaviors with negative consequences are likely to occur more often
All behaviors are equally reinforced
What is an example of a fixed-ratio schedule?
Getting paid after a certain number of tasks are completed
A student checking the time before the bell rings
Receiving reinforcement after every correct response
A pigeon receiving reinforcement after a random number of pecks
Which of the following is an example of a variable-interval schedule?
Checking email at random times
Receiving a reward after a set number of responses
Getting a free drink after every 10 purchases
A teacher giving pop quizzes after a fixed period
What is an example of superstitious behavior?
Wearing the same clothes for luck after a successful event
A child repeating a behavior to receive a reward
A person learning a skill through observation
A person memorizing information for a test
What can partial reinforcement cause in children when parents occasionally give in to tantrums?
Increased likelihood of compliance
The behavior is extinguished
The behavior becomes reinforced and persists
The behavior decreases over time
What is the result of reinforcement being unpredictable in a variable-ratio schedule?
The behavior is quickly extinguished
The behavior is resistant to extinction
The behavior is learned rapidly
The behavior is difficult to modify
Which of the following schedules produces the highest rate of responding?
Variable-interval schedule
Fixed-interval schedule
Variable-ratio schedule
Fixed-ratio schedule
In operant conditioning, what term refers to any consequence that decreases the likelihood of a preceding behavior?
Reinforcement
Punishment
Shaping
Extinction
Which type of reinforcement schedule involves reinforcement after a set number of responses?
Fixed-ratio schedule
Variable-ratio schedule
Fixed-interval schedule
Variable-interval schedule
What is one of the main differences between fixed and variable reinforcement schedules?
Fixed schedules reinforce after a certain number of responses or time, while variable schedules reinforce unpredictably
Fixed schedules are always continuous, while variable schedules are intermittent
Fixed schedules reinforce more slowly than variable schedules
Variable schedules provide reinforcement after every response
Which reinforcement schedule leads to the most consistent responses over time?
Fixed-interval schedule
Variable-ratio schedule
Continuous reinforcement schedule
Fixed-ratio schedule
What is the main idea behind vicarious conditioning?
Learning through direct reinforcement of behavior
Learning by observing the consequences of others’ behavior
Learning through insight after solving a problem
Learning through physical reinforcement of actions
What is an example of latent learning as demonstrated by rats in a maze?
Rats running the maze immediately after reinforcement with food
Rats developing a mental map of the maze without any reinforcement
Rats associating a bell with food through classical conditioning
Rats learning a sequence of behaviors through shaping
What is the process of insight learning?
Learning by trial and error
Learning through sudden realization of a solution to a problem
Learning by observing a model’s behavior
Learning through continuous reinforcement
In Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment, what did children who observed an adult model’s aggressive behavior tend to do?
Act passively with the doll
Imitate the model’s aggressive actions
Ignore the doll completely
Display only verbal aggression
Which of the following is most closely associated with the concept of a cognitive map?
The belief that behavior is shaped by reinforcement
The mental representation of an environment’s layout
Learning through conditioned associations
Learning by observing and imitating others
Which of the following is true about observational learning?
It requires direct reinforcement of behavior
It occurs by watching and imitating others
It only applies to human behavior
It is unrelated to cognitive processes
What type of learning occurs when someone solves a problem suddenly without prior experience or direct reinforcement?
Latent learning
Insight learning
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
What happens when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
The CS becomes less effective
The UCS becomes neutral
The CS elicits the conditioned response (CR)
The UCS elicits the unconditioned response (UCR) less reliably
What is vicarious reinforcement?
The reinforcement of one’s own behavior
Learning through direct rewards and punishments
Learning by observing the rewards or punishments of others
The reinforcement of instinctive behaviors
What principle explains that behaviors followed by reinforcing consequences are more likely to be repeated?
The Law of Effect
The principle of extinction
The principle of operant conditioning
The principle of spontaneous recovery
What is a major limitation of the early behaviorist theories of conditioning?
Ignoring the role of reinforcement in learning
Dismissing the importance of cognitive processes
Overemphasizing the role of the unconditioned stimulus
Focusing too much on observable behavior only
Which term refers to learning that occurs without reinforcement but is not immediately evident?
Insight learning
Latent learning
Classical conditioning
Social learning
According to Edward Chase Tolman, what did rats develop when exploring a maze without reinforcement?
A reward-based association
A cognitive map
A conditioned response
A behavioral routine
In the context of social learning theory, what is a model?
A person or thing being imitated in learning
A behavior that is directly reinforced
A type of conditioned stimulus
A consequence that is vicariously reinforced
What occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced and eventually disappears?
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Stimulus discrimination
Shaping
What does observational learning require?
Direct reinforcement of the behavior
The individual experiencing the consequences personally
The individual watching someone else’s behavior
The individual must engage in the behavior immediately
What is one example of a behavior that may be learned through vicarious punishment?
A child avoids hitting others after seeing a sibling punished
A child learns to draw by observing a teacher
A rat learns to navigate a maze
A child learns to speak a new language
In Bandura's Bobo doll study, what was demonstrated about children’s behavior after observing an adult model’s actions?
They showed less aggression than children who didn’t observe the model
They imitated the specific actions and words they observed
They showed no interest in the Bobo doll
They were unable to perform any aggressive actions
What is a key concept in operant conditioning?
Associating a behavior with its consequence
Associating two stimuli
Learning through observation
Learning through insight
What is an example of shaping in operant conditioning?
Gradually rewarding a behavior through successive approximations
Reinforcing a behavior after every correct response
Associating two unrelated stimuli
Learning a behavior by observing others
What happens when a conditioned response (CR) is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
The behavior becomes reinforced
The response becomes extinct
The CR turns into a new unconditioned response
The response becomes latent
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences classical conditioning?
The timing of the conditioned stimulus (CS)
The predictability of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
The biological constraints of the organism
The strength of the UCS in comparison to other stimuli
What does latent learning suggest about how information is learned?
Information is learned only through reinforcement
Learning occurs without reinforcement, and is not always immediately evident
Information is only learned when observed in others
Learning occurs only after a reward is received
