WorksheetsUnit 3 Review
Total questions: 92
Worksheet time: 1hrs 10mins
Name
Class
Date
1.
Pavlov's experiments demonstrated ________________.
a)
behaviorism
b)
operant conditioning
c)
modeling
d)
classical conditioning
2.
Conducted classical conditioning experiment on Little Albert for him to fear a white rat after pairing with a loud noise.
a)
Albert Bandura
b)
John Watson
c)
Ivan Pavlov
d)
Edward Thorndike
3.
Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning with dogs and salivation.
a)
Edward Thorndike
b)
John Watson
c)
Ivan Pavlov
d)
Martin Seligman
4.
Influential psychologist conducting research on operant conditioning; animals and humans can be trained using positive and negative reinforcement; as well as positive and negative punishment.
a)
B.F. Skinner
b)
Albert Bandura
c)
John Garcia
d)
Walter Mischel
5.
is an influential social cognitive psychologist who is perhaps best known for his social learning theory, the concept of self-efficacy, and his famous Bobo doll experiments.
a)
John B. Watson
b)
Edward Tolman
c)
Robert Rescorla
d)
Albert Bandura
6.
Which of the following is the best example of shaping?
a)
A child receives five dollars each time he cleans his room.
b)
An employee receives a termination notice after coming to work late every day over a period of three months
c)
A child gets candy from a dispenser one time but gets nothing from the dispenser the next two times.
d)
A teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday.
e)
A rat receives a mild shock each time it tries to open the door of its cage.
7.
After several trials during which a dog is given a certain kind of food at the same time that a specific tone is sounded, there is evidence of conditioning if the dog salivates when
a)
the tone only is presented
b)
the food only is presented
c)
the food and tone are presented together
d)
a different tone is presented with the food
e)
a different kind of food is presented without a tone
8.
As Susie left for work, she said “goodbye” to her husband and slammed the door. The loud sound of the door made her husband flinch. After many mornings of hearing “goodbye” followed by a door slam, her husband flinches when he hears her say “goodbye.” In this scenario, hearing the word “goodbye” is the
a)
unconditioned stimulus
b)
conditioned stimulus
c)
conditioned response
d)
unconditioned response
e)
positive reinforcer
9.
Which of the following is the best example of shaping?
a)
A child receives five dollars each time he cleans his room.
b)
An employee receives a termination notice after coming to work late every day over a period of three months
c)
A child gets candy from a dispenser one time but gets nothing from the dispenser the next two times.
d)
A teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday.
e)
A rat receives a mild shock each time it tries to open the door of its cage.
10.
After several trials during which a dog is given a certain kind of food at the same time that a specific tone is sounded, there is evidence of conditioning if the dog salivates when
a)
the tone only is presented
b)
the food only is presented
c)
the food and tone are presented together
d)
a different tone is presented with the food
e)
a different kind of food is presented without a tone
11.
As Susie left for work, she said “goodbye” to her husband and slammed the door. The loud sound of the door made her husband flinch. After many mornings of hearing “goodbye” followed by a door slam, her husband flinches when he hears her say “goodbye.” In this scenario, hearing the word “goodbye” is the
a)
unconditioned stimulus
b)
conditioned stimulus
c)
conditioned response
d)
unconditioned response
e)
positive reinforcer
12.
Emiko’s cat often meows for food. Emiko decides to eliminate the behavior by feeding the cat only when it does not meow. Over the next few weeks, she sometimes ignores the cat when it meows. Other times, she feeds the cat when it meows. Which of the following is the most reasonable prediction to make about the cat’s meowing for food?
a)
It will disappear due to extinction
b)
It will decrease overall but not extinguish.
c)
It will remain unchanged due to a continuous schedule of reinforcement.
d)
It will increase due to a variable schedule of reinforcement.
e)
It will increase due to positive punishment
13.
Because studies of learning show that events occurring close together in time are easier to associate than those occurring at widely different times, parents should probably avoid which of the following?
a)
Corporal punishment
b)
Mild punishment
c)
Consistent punishment
d)
Inescapable punishment
e)
Delay of punishment
14.
An individual’s fear of dogs that is lost as the individual is exposed to dogs in nonthreatening situations is referred to by behaviorists as a fear that has been
a)
satiated
b)
suppressed
c)
repressed
d)
extinguished (extinction)
e)
punished
15.
For extinction to occur, which of the following must be true of the conditioned response (CR), the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ?
a)
The CR occurs after the CS but does not occur after other stimuli.
b)
The CR occurs after a stimulus that is similar to the CS
c)
The CS and the UCS are repeatedly paired, and the CR gains strength.
d)
The CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, and the CR loses strength.
e)
When the CR loses strength, a rest period is given, after which the CS again elicits the CR.
16.
In Ivan Pavlov's experiments in classical conditioning, the dog's salivation was
a)
an unconditioned stimulus only
b)
an unconditioned response only
c)
a conditioned response only
d)
both an unconditioned and a conditioned stimulus
e)
both an unconditioned and a conditioned response
17.
Learned helplessness is most likely to result when
a)
responses have no effect on the environment
b)
young organisms fail to imprint at the critical period
c)
a response is reinforced independently
d)
reinforcement occurs on an intermittent schedule
e)
an organism receives negative reinforcement
18.
Which of the following is the best example of a learning predisposition (Preparedness)?
a)
Pigeons can be trained to play tic-tac-toe
b)
Cats become quicker at escaping out of boxes with practice.
c)
A chimpanzee suddenly realizes it can use a stick to retrieve an out-of-reach banana.
d)
Rewarding a person for a behavior leads to an increase in that behavior.
e)
It is easier to condition a person to be fearful of rats than of cars.
19.
A child who learns that spoons are tableware and then correctly calls forks and knives tableware is demonstrating
a)
rote learning
b)
imitation training
c)
discrimination training
d)
stimulus generalization
e)
classical conditioning
20.
The terms "modeling" and "imitation" are most closely associated with which of the following?
a)
Classical conditioning
b)
Gestalt theory
c)
Hypothesis testing
d)
Operant conditioning
e)
Social learning theory (Observational Learning)
21.
Seven-year-old Raj never wants to clean his room, but his parents know how much he loves watching television. They tell him if he cleans his room, he’ll get to watch his favorite television shows. According to operant conditioning theory, Raj is most likely to
a)
refuse to clean his room
b)
watch television without cleaning his room
c)
scream at his parents
d)
clean his room
e)
lose interest in watching television
22.
Which of the following is a partial reinforcement schedule that is most resistant to extinction?
a)
Noncontingent
b)
Shaping
c)
Variable ratio
d)
Fixed ratio
e)
Fixed interval
23.
Punishment is most effective in eliminating undesired behavior when the
a)
behavior is complex
b)
behavior was very recently acquired
c)
punishment is delivered soon after the behavior
d)
punishment is delivered by someone with authority
e)
punishment is both mental and physical
24.
The technique of strengthening behavior by reinforcing successive approximations is called
a)
positive reinforcement
b)
negative reinforcement
c)
distributed practice
d)
modeling
e)
shaping
25.
Robert Rescorla’s contingency model of classical conditioning states that
a)
conditioning occurs only when one event reliably predicts another
b)
contiguity of stimuli is sufficient for conditioning to occur
c)
reinforcement contingencies predict extinction
d)
any stimulus can become conditioned when paired with an unconditioned stimulus
e)
the only difference between the conditioned response and the unconditioned response is the stimulus used to elicit them
26.
Responses extinguish fastest when they are learned through which type of reinforcement schedule?
a)
Continuous
b)
Negative
c)
Variable-interval
d)
Variable-ratio
e)
Fixed-interval
27.
Studies of learning have shown that animals develop an aversion for tastes associated with
a)
electric shock
b)
extinguished associations
c)
sickness
d)
novel stimuli
e)
starvation
28.
Taking a painkiller to relieve a toothache is behavior learned through which of the following processes?
a)
Shaping
b)
Punishment
c)
Positive reinforcement
d)
Negative reinforcement
e)
Omission training
29.
Individuals who believe that an unpleasant experience is unavoidable and therefore do nothing to change the course of events are exhibiting
a)
self-actualization attributes
b)
self-actualization attributes
c)
attributional deficits
d)
cognitive dissonance
e)
learned helplessness
30.
Which of the following responses was most likely acquired through classical conditioning?
a)
The startle response of a baby the first time the baby hears thunder
b)
A child's fear of dogs after the child has been bitten by a dog
c)
The cry of pain expressed by a man whose hand has been cut on a piece of broken glass
d)
The uncontrollable blinking of a woman who has just gotten dust in her eye
e)
The salivation of a dog that is halfway through a bowl of its favorite food
31.
Just before something scary happens in a horror film, they often play scary-sounding music. When I hear the music, I tense up in anticipation of the scary event. In this situation, the music serves as a(n)
a)
US
b)
CS
c)
UR
d)
CR
e)
NR
32.
Try as you might, you are unable to teach your dog to do a somersault. He will roll around on the ground, but he refuses to execute the gymnastic move you desire because of
a)
equipotentiality
b)
preparedness
c)
instinctive drift
d)
chaining
e)
shaping
33.
Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
a)
chocolate cake
b)
water
c)
money
d)
applause
e)
high grades
34.
In teaching your cat to jump through a hoop, which reinforcement schedule would facilitate the most rapid learning?
a)
continuous
b)
fixed ratio
c)
variable ratio
d)
fixed interval
e)
variable interval
35.
Tina likes to play with slugs, but she can find them by the shed only after it rains. On what kind of reinforcement schedule is Tina's slug hunting?
a)
continuous
b)
fixed-interval
c)
fixed-ratio
d)
variable-interval
e)
variable-ratio
36.
Just before the doors of the elevator close, Lola, a coworker you despise, enters the elevator. You immediately leave, mumbling about having forgotten something. Your behavior results in
a)
positive reinforcement.
b)
a secondary reinforcer.
c)
punishment.
d)
negative reinforcement.
e)
omission training.
37.
Which of the following phenomena is illustrated by Tolman's study in which rats suddenly evidenced that they had learned to get through a maze once a reward was presented?
a)
insight learning
b)
instrumental learning
c)
latent learning
d)
spontaneous recovery
e)
classical conditioning
38.
When Tito was young, his parents decided to give him a quarter every day he made his bed. Tito started to make his siblings' beds also and help with other chores. Behaviorists would say that Tito was experiencing
a)
internal motivation.
b)
spontaneous recovery.
c)
acquisition.
d)
generalization.
e)
discrimination.
39.
With which statement would B. F. Skinner most likely agree? (Hint: What does the B stand for?)
a)
Pavlov's dog learned to expect that food would follow the bell.
b)
Baby Albert thought the white rat meant the loud noise would sound.
c)
All learning is observable.
d)
Pigeons peck disks knowing that they will receive food.
e)
Cognition plays an important role in learning.
40.
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
a)
buying a child a video game after she throws a tantrum
b)
going inside to escape a thunderstorm
c)
assigning a student detention for fighting
d)
getting a cavity filled at the dentist to halt a toothache
e)
depriving a prison inmate of sleep
41.
Lily keeps poking Jared in Mr. Clayton's third-grade class. Mr. Clayton tells Jared to ignore Lily. Mr. Clayton is hoping that Lily's behavior will
a)
punish her.
b)
extinguish the behavior.
c)
negatively reinforce the behavior.
d)
cause Lily to generalize.
e)
make the behavior latent.
42.
Because studies of learning show that events occurring close together in time are easier to associate than those occurring at widely different times, parents should probably avoid which of the following?
a)
Corporal punishment
b)
Mild punishment
c)
Consistent punishment
d)
Inescapable punishment
e)
Delay of punishment
43.
An individual’s fear of dogs that is lost as the individual is exposed to dogs in nonthreatening situations is referred to by behaviorists as a fear that has been
a)
satiated
b)
suppressed
c)
repressed
d)
extinguished (extinction)
e)
punished
44.
For extinction to occur, which of the following must be true of the conditioned response (CR), the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ?
a)
The CR occurs after the CS but does not occur after other stimuli.
b)
The CR occurs after a stimulus that is similar to the CS
c)
The CS and the UCS are repeatedly paired, and the CR gains strength.
d)
The CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, and the CR loses strength.
e)
When the CR loses strength, a rest period is given, after which the CS again elicits the CR.
45.
In Ivan Pavlov's experiments in classical conditioning, the dog's salivation was
a)
an unconditioned stimulus only
b)
an unconditioned response only
c)
a conditioned response only
d)
both an unconditioned and a conditioned stimulus
e)
both an unconditioned and a conditioned response
46.
Which of the following is the best example of a learning predisposition (Preparedness)?
a)
Pigeons can be trained to play tic-tac-toe
b)
Cats become quicker at escaping out of boxes with practice.
c)
A chimpanzee suddenly realizes it can use a stick to retrieve an out-of-reach banana.
d)
Rewarding a person for a behavior leads to an increase in that behavior.
e)
It is easier to condition a person to be fearful of rats than of cars.
47.
A child who learns that spoons are tableware and then correctly calls forks and knives tableware is demonstrating
a)
rote learning
b)
imitation training
c)
discrimination training
d)
stimulus generalization
e)
classical conditioning
48.
The terms "modeling" and "imitation" are most closely associated with which of the following?
a)
Classical conditioning
b)
Gestalt theory
c)
Hypothesis testing
d)
Operant conditioning
e)
Social learning theory (Observational Learning)
49.
Seven-year-old Raj never wants to clean his room, but his parents know how much he loves watching television. They tell him if he cleans his room, he’ll get to watch his favorite television shows. According to operant conditioning theory, Raj is most likely to
a)
refuse to clean his room
b)
watch television without cleaning his room
c)
scream at his parents
d)
clean his room
e)
lose interest in watching television
50.
Which of the following is a partial reinforcement schedule that is most resistant to extinction?
a)
Noncontingent
b)
Shaping
c)
Variable ratio
d)
Fixed ratio
e)
Fixed interval
51.
Punishment is most effective in eliminating undesired behavior when the
a)
behavior is complex
b)
behavior was very recently acquired
c)
punishment is delivered soon after the behavior
d)
punishment is delivered by someone with authority
e)
punishment is both mental and physical
52.
The technique of strengthening behavior by reinforcing successive approximations is called
a)
positive reinforcement
b)
negative reinforcement
c)
distributed practice
d)
modeling
e)
shaping
53.
Responses extinguish fastest when they are learned through which type of reinforcement schedule?
a)
Continuous
b)
Negative
c)
Variable-interval
d)
Variable-ratio
e)
Fixed-interval
54.
Studies of learning have shown that animals develop an aversion for tastes associated with
a)
electric shock
b)
extinguished associations
c)
sickness
d)
novel stimuli
e)
starvation
55.
Taking a painkiller to relieve a toothache is behavior learned through which of the following processes?
a)
Shaping
b)
Punishment
c)
Positive reinforcement
d)
Negative reinforcement
e)
Omission training
56.
Which of the following responses was most likely acquired through classical conditioning?
a)
The startle response of a baby the first time the baby hears thunder
b)
A child's fear of dogs after the child has been bitten by a dog
c)
The cry of pain expressed by a man whose hand has been cut on a piece of broken glass
d)
The uncontrollable blinking of a woman who has just gotten dust in her eye
e)
The salivation of a dog that is halfway through a bowl of its favorite food
57.
Just before something scary happens in a horror film, they often play scary-sounding music. When I hear the music, I tense up in anticipation of the scary event. In this situation, the music serves as a(n)
a)
US
b)
CS
c)
UR
d)
CR
e)
NR
58.
Try as you might, you are unable to teach your dog to do a somersault. He will roll around on the ground, but he refuses to execute the gymnastic move you desire because of
a)
equipotentiality
b)
preparedness
c)
instinctive drift
d)
chaining
e)
shaping
59.
Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
a)
chocolate cake
b)
water
c)
money
d)
applause
e)
high grades
60.
In teaching your cat to jump through a hoop, which reinforcement schedule would facilitate the most rapid learning?
a)
continuous
b)
fixed ratio
c)
variable ratio
d)
fixed interval
e)
variable interval
61.
Tina likes to play with slugs, but she can find them by the shed only after it rains. On what kind of reinforcement schedule is Tina's slug hunting?
a)
continuous
b)
fixed-interval
c)
fixed-ratio
d)
variable-interval
e)
variable-ratio
62.
Just before the doors of the elevator close, Lola, a coworker you despise, enters the elevator. You immediately leave, mumbling about having forgotten something. Your behavior results in
a)
positive reinforcement.
b)
a secondary reinforcer.
c)
punishment.
d)
negative reinforcement.
e)
omission training.
63.
Which of the following phenomena is illustrated by Tolman's study in which rats suddenly evidenced that they had learned to get through a maze once a reward was presented?
a)
insight learning
b)
instrumental learning
c)
latent learning
d)
spontaneous recovery
e)
classical conditioning
64.
When Tito was young, his parents decided to give him a quarter every day he made his bed. Tito started to make his siblings' beds also and help with other chores. Behaviorists would say that Tito was experiencing
a)
internal motivation.
b)
spontaneous recovery.
c)
acquisition.
d)
generalization.
e)
discrimination.
65.
With which statement would B. F. Skinner most likely agree? (Hint: What does the B stand for?)
a)
Pavlov's dog learned to expect that food would follow the bell.
b)
Baby Albert thought the white rat meant the loud noise would sound.
c)
All learning is observable.
d)
Pigeons peck disks knowing that they will receive food.
e)
Cognition plays an important role in learning.
66.
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
a)
buying a child a video game after she throws a tantrum
b)
going inside to escape a thunderstorm
c)
assigning a student detention for fighting
d)
getting a cavity filled at the dentist to halt a toothache
e)
depriving a prison inmate of sleep
67.
A lion in a circus learns to stand up on a chair and jump through a hoop to receive a food treat.
a)
classical conditioning
b)
operant conditioning
c)
observational learning
68.
John Watson and his colleague, Rosalie Rayner, offered a live white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the _____________ in their study.
a)
discriminative stimulus
b)
conditioned stimulus
c)
unconditioned stimulus
d)
extinguished stimulus
69.
When learning first takes place, we would say that __ has occurred.
a)
Acquisition
b)
Extinction
c)
Spontaneous Recovery
d)
Discrimination
70.
Anything that seeks to continue a desired behavior by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of undesired stimulus is called __.
a)
Negative Reinforcement
b)
Punishment
c)
Positive Reinforcement
d)
Partial Reinforcement
71.
The reinforcer, such as food, that gets the organism to continue a behavior is called __.
a)
Positive Reinforcement
b)
Primary Reinforcer
c)
Secondary Reinforcer
d)
Classical Conditioning
72.
During a visit to a daycare, a caregiver notes that a 2-year-old child shows distress when the parent leaves but is quickly comforted when the parent returns. This behavior is indicative of which type of attachment?
a)
Insecure Avoidant
b)
Secure Attachment
c)
Insecure Resistant
d)
Disorganized Attachment
73.
Tom and Lisa use a parenting style that involves setting clear rules and expectations while also being responsive to their children's needs and encouraging independence. This parenting style is referred to as:
a)
Authoritative Parenting
b)
Authoritarian Parenting
c)
Permissive Parenting
d)
Neglectful Parenting
74.
Anna's 1-year-old son, Jake, cries whenever he is left with a new babysitter but stops crying and starts playing when he sees his mother return. What is Jake experiencing?
a)
Stranger Anxiety
b)
Separation Protest
c)
Social Referencing
d)
Goodness of Fit
75.
What stage am I :
infants basic needs are met, they develop
infants basic needs are met, they develop
a)
autonomy vs shame
b)
Initiative vs guilt
c)
trust vs mistrust
d)
Generativity vs stagnation
76.
What stage am I?
Toddlers – They wish to do things on their own, or they’re ashamed
Toddlers – They wish to do things on their own, or they’re ashamed
a)
Trust vs mistrust
b)
initiative vs guilt
c)
Autonomy vs shame
77.
What stage am I?
Teens test different roles, or they’re confused about who they are.
Teens test different roles, or they’re confused about who they are.
a)
Trust vs mistrust
b)
generativity vs stagnation
c)
Identity vs role confusion
78.
A straight A student turned party goer shows what stage
a)
Trust vs Mistrust
b)
Identity vs Role Confusion
c)
Generativity vs Stagnation
d)
Industry vs Inferiority
79.
According to Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development, which stage describes a child who needs to learn important academic skills and compare favorably with peers in school to achieve competence?
a)
Trust vs Mistrust
b)
Identity vs Role Confusion
c)
Initiative vs Guilt
d)
Industry vs Inferiority
80.
What stage am I?
Toddlers – They wish to do things on their own, or they’re ashamed
Toddlers – They wish to do things on their own, or they’re ashamed
a)
Trust vs mistrust
b)
initiative vs guilt
c)
Autonomy vs shame
81.
Which is an example of the initiative vs. guilt stage?
a)
An infant chewing on a teething ring
b)
A preschooler insisting on picking out her own clothes, no matter how mismatched they are
c)
A middle-schooler completing a challenging math assignment
d)
A teenager trying out new fashions and hairstyles
82.
A 38-year-old woman quits her high-paying marketing job to focus on her children and become a school counselor. What stage would Erikson consider this to be:
a)
Identity vs. Role Confusion
b)
Generativity vs. Stagnation
c)
Integrity vs. Despair
d)
Industry vs. Inferiority
83.
The crisis that arises in young adulthood is concerned with:
a)
Trust vs. Mistrust
b)
Integrity vs. Despair
c)
Industry vs. Inferiority
d)
Intimacy vs. Isolation
84.
Which of the individual's below is in the identity versus confusion stage?
a)
b)
c)
d)
85.
If a child struggles to do well in school, what problem might emerge?
a)
Struggle with feelings of inferiority
b)
Experience a sense of guilt
c)
Develop a poor self-identity
d)
Begin to mistrust the people around him
86.
Jack is in preschool and loves to be the snack helper. Jack sets the table and passes out the snack without being told by the teacher. What stage is Jack in?
a)
Industry vs. inferiority
b)
Initiative vs. guilt
c)
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
d)
Generativity vs. Stagnation
87.
The argument over the relative contributions of heredity and environment in the development of various behaviors and personality traits is known as which of the following controversies?
a)
Continuous versus discrete
b)
Nature v. Nurture
c)
Active versus passive
d)
Critical period versus sensitive period
e)
Ages v. Stages
88.
What was Harry Harlow’s experiment?
a)
Testing children’s ability to understand conservationism
b)
Testing children’s reactions to caregivers and reasons for attachment
c)
Testing monkeys’ ability to understand conservationism
d)
Testing monkeys’ reactions to caregivers and reasons for attachment
89.
Amy's mom is more of a friend to her than a parent. At home there are few rules and Amy is hardly ever punished for her negative behavior. What type of parenting style is Amy's mom?
a)
Authoritarian
b)
Permissive
c)
Laid back
d)
Authoritative
90.
An experiment devised to study the attachment between an infant and her mother
a)
Strange Situation
b)
Monkey Experiment
c)
Sensitive Period
d)
Imprinting
91.
This type of parent(s) is totally uninvolved with their child(ren) and does not meet their basic needs.
a)
Permissive
b)
Negligent
92.
Which parenting style is high warmth(relationships) and with rules?
a)
Permissive
b)
Neglectful
c)
Authoritarian
d)
Authoritative
100 %
