Composed of multiple populations, shared defined area, interact with one another

How an ecological community is organized, including the number of species it contains, species richness, as well as how evenly individuals are distributed among species

Describes how an ecological community structure changes over time

Created in 1872

First National Park

Balancing wildlife and human resource needs has been difficult

Composed of multiple populations, shared defined area, interact with one another

How an ecological community is organized, including the number of species it contains, species richness, as well as how evenly individuals are distributed among species

Describes how an ecological community structure changes over time

Created in 1872

First National Park

Balancing wildlife and human resource needs has been difficult

Composed of multiple populations, shared defined area, interact with one another

How an ecological community is organized, including the number of species it contains, species richness, as well as how evenly individuals are distributed among species

Describes how an ecological community structure changes over time

Created in 1872

First National Park

Balancing wildlife and human resource needs has been difficult

Occurs after a catastrophic disturbance event that removes the soil as well as all existing organisms

Occurs after a disturbance event that has thinned the ecological community, but not fully removed all individuals or destroyed soil

Model of succession in which only stress-tolerant species can successfully colonize a site after a disturbance, assumes only early-successional species can colonize recently disturbed site

Model of succession in which any species that arrives on a site after a disturbance can survive, assumes that any species arriving on a recently distrubed site will survive, prevent others from establishing, but during times of succession proceeds as short-lived species are then replaced by longer-lived ones

Model of succession in which any species arriving on a site after a disturbance can survive, assumes that any species arriving on a recently disturbed site will live, have reduced early successional species, but late successional species are unnafected

Occurs after a catastrophic disturbance event that removes the soil as well as all existing organisms

Occurs after a disturbance event that has thinned the ecological community, but not fully removed all individuals or destroyed soil

Model of succession in which only stress-tolerant species can successfully colonize a site after a disturbance, assumes only early-successional species can colonize recently disturbed site

Model of succession in which any species that arrives on a site after a disturbance can survive, assumes that any species arriving on a recently distrubed site will survive, prevent others from establishing, but during times of succession proceeds as short-lived species are then replaced by longer-lived ones

Model of succession in which any species arriving on a site after a disturbance can survive, assumes that any species arriving on a recently disturbed site will live, have reduced early successional species, but late successional species are unnafected

Occurs after a catastrophic disturbance event that removes the soil as well as all existing organisms

Occurs after a disturbance event that has thinned the ecological community, but not fully removed all individuals or destroyed soil

Model of succession in which only stress-tolerant species can successfully colonize a site after a disturbance, assumes only early-successional species can colonize recently disturbed site

Model of succession in which any species that arrives on a site after a disturbance can survive, assumes that any species arriving on a recently distrubed site will survive, prevent others from establishing, but during times of succession proceeds as short-lived species are then replaced by longer-lived ones

Model of succession in which any species arriving on a site after a disturbance can survive, assumes that any species arriving on a recently disturbed site will live, have reduced early successional species, but late successional species are unnafected

Occurs after a catastrophic disturbance event that removes the soil as well as all existing organisms

Occurs after a disturbance event that has thinned the ecological community, but not fully removed all individuals or destroyed soil

Model of succession in which only stress-tolerant species can successfully colonize a site after a disturbance, assumes only early-successional species can colonize recently disturbed site

Model of succession in which any species that arrives on a site after a disturbance can survive, assumes that any species arriving on a recently distrubed site will survive, prevent others from establishing, but during times of succession proceeds as short-lived species are then replaced by longer-lived ones

Model of succession in which any species arriving on a site after a disturbance can survive, assumes that any species arriving on a recently disturbed site will live, have reduced early successional species, but late successional species are unnafected

Occurs after a catastrophic disturbance event that removes the soil as well as all existing organisms

Occurs after a disturbance event that has thinned the ecological community, but not fully removed all individuals or destroyed soil

Model of succession in which only stress-tolerant species can successfully colonize a site after a disturbance, assumes only early-successional species can colonize recently disturbed site

Model of succession in which any species that arrives on a site after a disturbance can survive, assumes that any species arriving on a recently distrubed site will survive, prevent others from establishing, but during times of succession proceeds as short-lived species are then replaced by longer-lived ones

Model of succession in which any species arriving on a site after a disturbance can survive, assumes that any species arriving on a recently disturbed site will live, have reduced early successional species, but late successional species are unnafected

Any relatively discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystem, community, or population structure and changes resources, substrate availability, or the physical environment, broad def.

The repeatable change in community composition through time following a disturbance

Ex. Historically northern shrubs/grasslands burn 25-60yrs, lodgepole pine 250-400yrs

Ex. The years after with new greenery growing back after the 1988 fires

Any relatively discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystem, community, or population structure and changes resources, substrate availability, or the physical environment, broad def.

The repeatable change in community composition through time following a disturbance

Ex. Historically northern shrubs/grasslands burn 25-60yrs, lodgepole pine 250-400yrs

Ex. The years after with new greenery growing back after the 1988 fires

Uniquely adapted for that environment

Have strategies that allow long term persistence

Predicts that species diversity will be greatest when disturbances like fire, tornadoes, or hurricanes are of intermediate frequency and/or when a disturbance is of intermediate magnitude

What tends to be what most organisms of nature come upon on a scale

Uniquely adapted for that environment

Have strategies that allow long term persistence

Predicts that species diversity will be greatest when disturbances like fire, tornadoes, or hurricanes are of intermediate frequency and/or when a disturbance is of intermediate magnitude

What tends to be what most organisms of nature come upon on a scale

Uniquely adapted for that environment

Have strategies that allow long term persistence

Predicts that species diversity will be greatest when disturbances like fire, tornadoes, or hurricanes are of intermediate frequency and/or when a disturbance is of intermediate magnitude

What tends to be what most organisms of nature come upon on a scale

Uniquely adapted for that environment

Have strategies that allow long term persistence

Predicts that species diversity will be greatest when disturbances like fire, tornadoes, or hurricanes are of intermediate frequency and/or when a disturbance is of intermediate magnitude

What tends to be what most organisms of nature come upon on a scale

Qualifies the amount of organic tissue in an organism/collection thereof

Decline in population density resulting from intraspecific competition

How much an organism could thrive

How much an organism actually thrives

Qualifies the amount of organic tissue in an organism/collection thereof

Decline in population density resulting from intraspecific competition

How much an organism could thrive

How much an organism actually thrives

Qualifies the amount of organic tissue in an organism/collection thereof

Decline in population density resulting from intraspecific competition

How much an organism could thrive

How much an organism actually thrives

Qualifies the amount of organic tissue in an organism/collection thereof

Decline in population density resulting from intraspecific competition

How much an organism could thrive

How much an organism actually thrives

Competition between individuals of the same species

Competition between individuals of different species

Internally produced/generated independently of external influence

Have an external cause/source

An organism that cannot change its physical location

Competition between individuals of the same species

Competition between individuals of different species

Internally produced/generated independently of external influence

Have an external cause/source

An organism that cannot change its physical location

Competition between individuals of the same species

Competition between individuals of different species

Internally produced/generated independently of external influence

Have an external cause/source

An organism, that cannot change its physical change

Competition between individuals of the same species

Competition between individuals of different species

Internally produced/generated independently of external influence

Have an external cause/source

An organism, that cannot change its physical change

Competition between individuals of the same species

Competition between individuals of different species

Internally produced/generated independently of external influence

Have an external cause/source

An organism, that cannot change its physical change

Primary Succession

Secondary Succession

Only early succession

Early succession Species are Reduced

Late Succession Species are Enhanced

Early succession Species are Enhanced

Late Succession Species are Reduced

Primary Succession

Secondary Succession

Only early succession

Any Species

Early succession Species are Enhanced

Late Succession Species prevented until existencing individuals die opening spaces

Primary Succession

Secondary Succession

Any Species

Early succession Species are Enhanced

Late Succession Species are unaffected

Early succession Species are Enhanced

Late Succession Species prevented until existencing individuals die opening spaces

Ecologists distinguish between when a species has become extinct globally and when it has been lost from a portion of its range/from a particular environment

An area from which a particular community member gas been excluded typically by means of a fence

A specific type of top-down effect in which the impact of adding or removing a top predator cascade down, affecting primary producers at the bottom of the food chain

A specific type of top-down effect in which the population size and or biomes of a herbivore is not necessarily directly affected by predation

Ecologists distinguish between when a species has become extinct globally and when it has been lost from a portion of its range/from a particular environment

An area from which a particular community member gas been excluded typically by means of a fence

A specific type of top-down effect in which the impact of adding or removing a top predator cascade down, affecting primary producers at the bottom of the food chain

A specific type of top-down effect in which the population size and or biomes of a herbivore is not necessarily directly affected by predation

The characteristic pattern of disturbances experienced by a given ecosystem

Also shows what species can survive

Ecologists distinguish between when a species has become extinct globally and when it has been lost from a portion of its range/from a particular environment

An area from which a particular community member gas been excluded typically by means of a fence

A specific type of top-down effect in which the impact of adding or removing a top predator cascade down, affecting primary producers at the bottom of the food chain

A specific type of top-down effect in which the population size and or biomes of a herbivore is not necessarily directly affected by predation

The characteristic pattern of disturbances experienced by a given ecosystem

Also shows what species can survive

Ecologists distinguish between when a species has become extinct globally and when it has been lost from a portion of its range/from a particular environment

An area from which a particular community member gas been excluded typically by means of a fence

A specific type of top-down effect in which the impact of adding or removing a top predator cascade down, affecting primary producers at the bottom of the food chain

A specific type of top-down effect in which the population size and or biomes of a herbivore is not necessarily directly affected by predation

The characteristic pattern of disturbances experienced by a given ecosystem

Also shows what species can survive

Ecologists distinguish between when a species has become extinct globally and when it has been lost from a portion of its range/from a particular environment

An area from which a particular community member gas been excluded typically by means of a fence

A specific type of top-down effect in which the impact of adding or removing a top predator cascade down, affecting primary producers at the bottom of the food chain

A specific type of top-down effect in which the population size and or biomes of a herbivore is not necessarily directly affected by predation

The characteristic pattern of disturbances experienced by a given ecosystem

Also shows what species can survive

All three assume that succession is initiated by a
disturbance in proceeds without further changes
in the biotic environment

All three models assume that species are
dispersing (example: algae and invertebrate
animals are not included)

All three models assume that species are
stationary (example: algae and invertebrate
animals are not included)

Initial colonists are good dispersers with life
history traits that help them reach new habitats
quickly.

Initial colonists change the conditions where they
live (increase leaf litter, create shade). Early
successional species are not well suited for these
conditions

The intermediate disturbance hypothesis predicts
that species diversity will be greatest when
disturbances like fires, tornados, or hurricanes are of
intermediate frequency, when an intermediate
amount of time has passed after a disturbance,
and/or when a disturbance is of intermediate
magnitude

A conceptual framework describing how predation risk can indirectly affect populations, communities, and ecosystems

Describing how likely it is that an individual will be killed by a predator in a particular place at a particular time

Species that physically modify their habitat and thus alter the availability of resources for other species

The intermediate disturbance hypothesis predicts
that species diversity will be greatest when
disturbances like fires, tornados, or hurricanes are of
intermediate frequency, when an intermediate
amount of time has passed after a disturbance,
and/or when a disturbance is of intermediate
magnitude

A conceptual framework describing how predation risk can indirectly affect populations, communities, and ecosystems

Describing how likely it is that an individual will be killed by a predator in a particular place at a particular time

Species that physically modify their habitat and thus alter the availability of resources for other species

The intermediate disturbance hypothesis predicts
that species diversity will be greatest when
disturbances like fires, tornados, or hurricanes are of
intermediate frequency, when an intermediate
amount of time has passed after a disturbance,
and/or when a disturbance is of intermediate
magnitude

A conceptual framework describing how predation risk can indirectly affect populations, communities, and ecosystems

Describing how likely it is that an individual will be killed by a predator in a particular place at a particular time

Species that physically modify their habitat and thus alter the availability of resources for other species

The intermediate disturbance hypothesis predicts
that species diversity will be greatest when
disturbances like fires, tornados, or hurricanes are of
intermediate frequency, when an intermediate
amount of time has passed after a disturbance,
and/or when a disturbance is of intermediate
magnitude

A conceptual framework describing how predation risk can indirectly affect populations, communities, and ecosystems

Describing how likely it is that an individual will be killed by a predator in a particular place at a particular time

Species that physically modify their habitat and thus alter the availability of resources for other species

Occurs when a higher trophic level determines the structure or function of a lower trophic level through predation

Describes when lower trophic levels influence the structure or function of higher levels via resource restriction

Describes the ecological processes performed by a species, community or ecosystem

Alter environment through their physical structure

Ex. Trees = Shade / Corals = Wave buffers

Alter environment through the structures they build

Ex. Beaver Dams / Gophers building tunnels

Occurs when a higher trophic level determines the structure or function of a lower trophic level through predation

Describes when lower trophic levels influence the structure or function of higher levels via resource restriction

Describes the ecological processes performed by a species, community or ecosystem

Alter environment through their physical structure

Ex. Trees = Shade / Corals = Wave buffers

Alter environment through the structures they build

Ex. Beaver Dams / Gophers building tunnels

Occurs when a higher trophic level determines the structure or function of a lower trophic level through predation

Describes when lower trophic levels influence the structure or function of higher levels via resource restriction

Describes the ecological processes performed by a species, community or ecosystem

Alter environment through their physical structure

Ex. Trees = Shade / Corals = Wave buffers

Alter environment through the structures they build

Ex. Beaver Dams / Gophers building tunnels

Occurs when a higher trophic level determines the structure or function of a lower trophic level through predation

Describes when lower trophic levels influence the structure or function of higher levels via resource restriction

Describes the ecological processes performed by a species, community or ecosystem

Alter environment through their physical structure

Ex. Trees = Shade / Corals = Wave buffers

Alter environment through the structures they build

Ex. Beaver Dams / Gophers building tunnels

Occurs when a higher trophic level determines the structure or function of a lower trophic level through predation

Describes when lower trophic levels influence the structure or function of higher levels via resource restriction

Describes the ecological processes performed by a species, community or ecosystem

Alter environment through their physical structure

Ex. Trees = Shade / Corals = Wave buffers

Alter environment through the structures they build

Ex. Beaver Dams / Gophers building tunnels

Argues that more productive ecosystems should have longer food chains

Argues that food-chain length should increase with ecosystem size

Combines the other two hypotheses and argues that both productive and ecosystem size are important

Argues that more productive ecosystems should have longer food chains

Argues that food-chain length should increase with ecosystem size

Combines the other two hypotheses and argues that both productive and ecosystem size are important

Argues that more productive ecosystems should have longer food chains

Argues that food-chain length should increase with ecosystem size

Combines the other two hypotheses and argues that both productive and ecosystem size are important

How big the disturbance cause?

How quickly did the community recover from this change?

How big did the community grow?

How closely did the post-recovery community resemble the pre-disturbance community?

How quickly did the community recover to be the exact same prior to the disturbance?

Its response to a disturbance, as characterized by resistance, return time, and resilience

Its persistence as an identifiable system through time, especially after a disturbance

Its persistence as an identifiable system through time, especially during a disturbance

Its response to a disturbance, as characterized by resistance, return time, resilience, as well as how well it has changed/adapted

Its consistency, independent of disturbances

Describe how quickly a community returns to its initial condition after a disturbance

Describe the ability of a community to withstand a disturbance without changing

Describe the ability of a community to return to its initial condition after a disturbance

An aspect of stability, describing how much a community varies over time, irrespective of disturbance

Describe how quickly a community returns to its initial condition after a disturbance

Describe the ability of a community to withstand a disturbance without changing

Describe the ability of a community to return to its initial condition after a disturbance

An aspect of stability, describing how much a community varies over time, irrespective of disturbance

Describe how quickly a community returns to its initial condition after a disturbance

Describe the ability of a community to withstand a disturbance without changing

Describe the ability of a community to return to its initial condition after a disturbance

An aspect of stability, describing how much a community varies over time, irrespective of disturbance

Describe how quickly a community returns to its initial condition after a disturbance

Describe the ability of a community to withstand a disturbance without changing

Describe the ability of a community to return to its initial condition after a disturbance

An aspect of stability, describing how much a community varies over time, irrespective of disturbance

Occur when more than one community can persist in a single environment. Switches among alternative stable states occur when disturbance pushes the community across a threshold

An organism due to its large biomass/abundance has a large impact on community structure and or function

An organism that has a large impact on community structure and or function despite having a relatively low biomass and or numerical abundance

Return time from disturbance to undisturbed state

Occur when more than one community can persist in a single environment. Switches among alternative stable states occur when disturbance pushes the community across a threshold

An organism due to its large biomass/abundance has a large impact on community structure and or function

An organism that has a large impact on community structure and or function despite having a relatively low biomass and or numerical abundance

Return time from disturbance to undisturbed state

Occur when more than one community can persist in a single environment. Switches among alternative stable states occur when disturbance pushes the community across a threshold

An organism due to its large biomass/abundance has a large impact on community structure and or function

An organism that has a large impact on community structure and or function despite having a relatively low biomass and or numerical abundance

Return time from disturbance to undisturbed state

Occur when more than one community can persist in a single environment. Switches among alternative stable states occur when disturbance pushes the community across a threshold

An organism due to its large biomass/abundance has a large impact on community structure and or function

An organism that has a large impact on community structure and or function despite having a relatively low biomass and or numerical abundance

Return time from disturbance to undisturbed state

Argues that species-rich communities are more stable

Suggests that communities with higher connectance (i.e, with many species interacting tropically) should be more stable

Loss of just the Keystone species

Loss of just the Dominant species

Loss of both the Dominant and Keystone species

Argues that species-rich communities are more stable

Suggests that communities with higher connectance (i.e, with many species interacting tropically) should be more stable

Loss of just the Keystone species

Loss of just the Dominant species

Loss of both the Dominant and Keystone species

Argues that species-rich communities are more stable

Suggests that communities with higher connectance (i.e, with many species interacting tropically) should be more stable

Loss of just the Keystone species

Loss of just the Dominant species

Loss of both the Dominant and Keystone species

Compares a measurable ecosystem trait before and after the species is removed from the community

Waits in a place to infect

Seeks out a new host

Parasites don't leave host till another arises

Compares a measurable ecosystem trait before and after the species is removed from the community

Waits in a place to infect

Seeks out a new host

Parasites don't leave host till another arises

Compares a measurable ecosystem trait before and after the species is removed from the community

Waits in a place to infect

Seeks out a new host

Parasites don't leave host till another arises

Compares a measurable ecosystem trait before and after the species is removed from the community

Waits in a place to infect

Seeks out a new host

Parasites don't leave host till another arises

-/- both do bad

0/- one unaffected, one harmed

-/+ one harmed, one benefits

-/- both do bad

0/- one unaffected, one harmed

-/+ one harmed, one benefits

-/- both do bad

0/- one unaffected, one harmed

-/+ one harmed, one benefits

0/0 no

0/+ one benefits, one unaffected

+/+ both benefit

0/0 no

0/+ one benefits, one unaffected

+/+ both benefit

0/0 no

0/+ one benefits, one unaffected

+/+ both benefit

Parasites that live in the body, are pathogens as they cause discourse

Live on the outside of the body

Parasite that eat the host from the inside out

Measure of severity of infection in a host organism

Many parasites spend part of their life cycles as cysts, protected by a tough outer wall

Parasites that live in the body, are pathogens as they cause discourse

Live on the outside of the body

Parasite that eat the host from the inside out

Measure of severity of infection in a host organism

Many parasites spend part of their life cycles as cysts, protected by a tough outer wall

Parasites that live in the body, are pathogens as they cause discourse

Live on the outside of the body

Parasite that eat the host from the inside out

Measure of severity of infection in a host organism

Many parasites spend part of their life cycles as cysts, protected by a tough outer wall

Parasites that live in the body, are pathogens as they cause discourse

Live on the outside of the body

Parasite that eat the host from the inside out

Measure of severity of infection in a host organism

Many parasites spend part of their life cycles as cysts, protected by a tough outer wall

Consume grasses, fords, and herbs

Consume leaves, bark, twigs of woody plants

Consumes seeds

Consume fruits

Consume grasses, fords, and herbs

Consume leaves, bark, twigs of woody plants

Consumes seeds

Consume fruits

Consume grasses, fords, and herbs

Consume leaves, bark, twigs of woody plants

Consumes seeds

Consume fruits

Consume grasses, fords, and herbs

Consume leaves, bark, twigs of woody plants

Consumes seeds

Consume fruits

Producing chemicals that are noxious/poisonous to herbivores

Develop structures like thorns that make it harder for animals to eat them

Growing structures that are less nutritious for grazers (Have less N and P)

Adaptions to regrow quickly after being grazed

Producing chemicals that are noxious/poisonous to herbivores

Develop structures like thorns that make it harder for animals to eat them

Growing structures that are less nutritious for grazers (Have less N and P)

Adaptions to regrow quickly after being grazed

Producing chemicals that are noxious/poisonous to herbivores

Develop structures like thorns that make it harder for animals to eat them

Growing structures that are less nutritious for grazers (Have less N and P)

Adaptions to regrow quickly after being grazed

Producing chemicals that are noxious/poisonous to herbivores

Develop structures like thorns that make it harder for animals to eat them

Growing structures that are less nutritious for grazers (Have less N and P)

Adaptions to regrow quickly after being grazed

Producing chemical that are noxious or poisonous to predators

Developing physical barriers to predation

ex. Shells

Warning colors, sounds, or other characteristics to alert predators that this prey will not be tasty

Producing chemical that are noxious or poisonous to predators

Developing physical barriers to predation

ex. Shells

Warning colors, sounds, or other characteristics to alert predators that this prey will not be tasty

Producing chemical that are noxious or poisonous to predators

Developing physical barriers to predation

ex. Shells

Warning colors, sounds, or other characteristics to alert predators that this prey will not be tasty

Camouflaged colors, shapes, and other ways of hiding from predators

Looking, sounding, or in other ways mimicking a species that predators avoid

Behaving in ways that minimize risks from predation

Camouflaged colors, shapes, and other ways of hiding from predators

Looking, sounding, or in other ways mimicking a species that predators avoid

Behaving in ways that minimize risks from predation

Camouflaged colors, shapes, and other ways of hiding from predators

Looking, sounding, or in other ways mimicking a species that predators avoid

Behaving in ways that minimize risks from predation

Predators can reduce the number of prey directly by killing individuals

A population where each individual has an equal probability of interactions with all other individuals in the populations

The amount of time that it takes a predator to kill and consume one item of prey

Occurs when competing individuals (usually of the same species) directly interact in an attempt to reduce the others access to resources

Predators can reduce the number of prey directly by killing individuals

A population where each individual has an equal probability of interactions with all other individuals in the populations

The amount of time that it takes a predator to kill and consume one item of prey

Occurs when competing individuals (usually of the same species) directly interact in an attempt to reduce the others access to resources

Predators can reduce the number of prey directly by killing individuals

A population where each individual has an equal probability of interactions with all other individuals in the populations

The amount of time that it takes a predator to kill and consume one item of prey

Occurs when competing individuals (usually of the same species) directly interact in an attempt to reduce the others access to resources

Predators can reduce the number of prey directly by killing individuals

A population where each individual has an equal probability of interactions with all other individuals in the populations

The amount of time that it takes a predator to kill and consume one item of prey

Occurs when competing individuals (usually of the same species) directly interact in an attempt to reduce the others access to resources

• - No density dependance variables

• - All predators and prey are equal to meet each other

• - The prey species is the only predator food source

• - The predator is the only cause of prey death

- Predator catches prey and eats it instantly

- No immigration/emmigration

• - The prey species is the only predator food source

• - The predator is the only cause of prey death, expect disease

• - No density dependance variables

• - All predators and prey are equal to meet each other, and are stationary

Hiding spots, stabilize populations, burrow, numbers bias

An individuals predators feeding rate depends on prey density

A collection of spatially distinct subpopulations of the same species that are connected via dispersal

Predators being able to recognize and find their prey after hunting it for sometime

Hiding spots, stabilize populations, burrow, numbers bias

An individuals predators feeding rate depends on prey density

A collection of spatially distinct subpopulations of the same species that are connected via dispersal

Predators being able to recognize and find their prey after hunting it for sometime

Hiding spots, stabilize populations, burrow, numbers bias

An individuals predators feeding rate depends on prey density

A collection of spatially distinct subpopulations of the same species that are connected via dispersal

Predators being able to recognize and find their prey after hunting it for sometime

Hiding spots, stabilize populations, burrow, numbers bias

An individuals predators feeding rate depends on prey density

A collection of spatially distinct subpopulations of the same species that are connected via dispersal

Predators being able to recognize and find their prey after hunting it for sometime

Predator rate of prey consumption shows a linear increase with prey density until it hits maximum threshold where it levels off (Not very Commonly seen in nature) Predators being able to recognize and find their prey after hunting it for sometime

Ex. Spider

Predation rate increases with prey density, but the rate of increase slows down as prey density gets higher and the predation rate eventually levels off (Most commonly seen in nature)

Ex. Lynx

Shows an S-shaped curve, similar to type 2 functional response where a higher prey density levels off, at lowere prey density however the type 3 response shows a slower initial increase in the predation rate with a higher prey density

Ex. Seal

Predator rate of prey consumption shows a linear increase with prey density until it hits maximum threshold where it levels off (Not very Commonly seen in nature) Predators being able to recognize and find their prey after hunting it for sometime

Ex. Spider

Predation rate increases with prey density, but the rate of increase slows down as prey density gets higher and the predation rate eventually levels off (Most commonly seen in nature)

Ex. Lynx

Shows an S-shaped curve, similar to type 2 functional response where a higher prey density levels off, at lowere prey density however the type 3 response shows a slower initial increase in the predation rate with a higher prey density

Ex. Seal

Predator rate of prey consumption shows a linear increase with prey density until it hits maximum threshold where it levels off (Not very Commonly seen in nature) Predators being able to recognize and find their prey after hunting it for sometime

Ex. Spider

Predation rate increases with prey density, but the rate of increase slows down as prey density gets higher and the predation rate eventually levels off (Most commonly seen in nature)

Ex. Lynx

Shows an S-shaped curve, similar to type 2 functional response where a higher prey density levels off, at lowere prey density however the type 3 response shows a slower initial increase in the predation rate with a higher prey density

Ex. Seal

Occurs when predators show a preference for the most abundant type of prey

An organism that can exploit several different species or take advantage of a broad set pf environmental conditions

An organism that exploits only 1 species or can only take advantage of a narrow set of environmental conditions

People manage a pest or weed using its natural enemies

Occurs when predators show a preference for the most abundant type of prey

An organism that can exploit several different species or take advantage of a broad set pf environmental conditions

An organism that exploits only 1 species or can only take advantage of a narrow set of environmental conditions

People manage a pest or weed using its natural enemies

Occurs when predators show a preference for the most abundant type of prey

An organism that can exploit several different species or take advantage of a broad set pf environmental conditions

An organism that exploits only 1 species or can only take advantage of a narrow set of environmental conditions

People manage a pest or weed using its natural enemies

Occurs when predators show a preference for the most abundant type of prey

An organism that can exploit several different species or take advantage of a broad set pf environmental conditions

An organism that exploits only 1 species or can only take advantage of a narrow set of environmental conditions

People manage a pest or weed using its natural enemies

Occurs when 2 species that live in close association both adapt in response to selective pressure from the other

Occurs when 2 species both exert pressure on the other through natural selection

Occurs through sexual reproduction and the process of crossing over during meiosis, red queen hypothesis

Species that evolve fast enough and or better compared to enemies, will persist

Sexual reproduction can speed up evolution rate via recombination

Could Facilitate success in a changing environment

Occurs when 2 species that live in close association both adapt in response to selective pressure from the other

Occurs when 2 species both exert pressure on the other through natural selection

Occurs through sexual reproduction and the process of crossing over during meiosis, red queen hypothesis

Species that evolve fast enough and or better compared to enemies, will persist

Sexual reproduction can speed up evolution rate via recombination

Could Facilitate success in a changing environment

Occurs when 2 species that live in close association both adapt in response to selective pressure from the other

Occurs when 2 species both exert pressure on the other through natural selection

Occurs through sexual reproduction and the process of crossing over during meiosis, red queen hypothesis

Species that evolve fast enough and or better compared to enemies, will persist

Sexual reproduction can speed up evolution rate via recombination

Could Facilitate success in a changing environment

Occurs when 2 species that live in close association both adapt in response to selective pressure from the other

Occurs when 2 species both exert pressure on the other through natural selection

Occurs through sexual reproduction and the process of crossing over during meiosis, red queen hypothesis

Species that evolve fast enough and or better compared to enemies, will persist

Sexual reproduction can speed up evolution rate via recombination

Could Facilitate success in a changing environment

States that no two species can coexist in the exactly the same niche

Produced when 1 individual or species directly impact another without being mediated or transmitted via a third party

Produced when an interaction between 2 individuals or species is mediated by a third individual species or another agent, such as a resource

States that no two species can coexist in the exactly the same niche

Produced when 1 individual or species directly impact another without being mediated or transmitted via a third party

Produced when an interaction between 2 individuals or species is mediated by a third individual species or another agent, such as a resource

States that no two species can coexist in the exactly the same niche

Produced when 1 individual or species directly impact another without being mediated or transmitted via a third party

Produced when an interaction between 2 individuals or species is mediated by a third individual species or another agent, such as a resource

States that no two species can coexist in the exactly the same niche

Produced when 1 individual or species directly impact another without being mediated or transmitted via a third party

Produced when an interaction between 2 individuals or species is mediated by a third individual species or another agent, such as a resource

When Individuals compete indirectly by consuming a shared resource

Indirect

When competing individuals (usually of the same species) directly interact in an attempt to reduce the others access to resources

Direct

Occurs when plants release chemicals that inhibit the growth of their competitors

Direct

Describe the establishment by an organism or group of a defended area from which others are excluded

Direct

Occurs when individuals prevent others from using a location by occupying it first

Direct

When Individuals compete indirectly by consuming a shared resource

Indirect

When competing individuals (usually of the same species) directly interact in an attempt to reduce the others access to resources

Direct

Occurs when plants release chemicals that inhibit the growth of their competitors

Direct

Describe the establishment by an organism or group of a defended area from which others are excluded

Direct

Occurs when individuals prevent others from using a location by occupying it first

Direct

When Individuals compete indirectly by consuming a shared resource

Indirect

When competing individuals (usually of the same species) directly interact in an attempt to reduce the others access to resources

Direct

Occurs when plants release chemicals that inhibit the growth of their competitors

Direct

Describe the establishment by an organism or group of a defended area from which others are excluded

Direct

Occurs when individuals prevent others from using a location by occupying it first

Direct

When Individuals compete indirectly by consuming a shared resource

Indirect

When competing individuals (usually of the same species) directly interact in an attempt to reduce the others access to resources

Direct

Occurs when plants release chemicals that inhibit the growth of their competitors

Direct

Describe the establishment by an organism or group of a defended area from which others are excluded

Direct

Occurs when individuals prevent others from using a location by occupying it first

Direct

When Individuals compete indirectly by consuming a shared resource

Indirect

When competing individuals (usually of the same species) directly interact in an attempt to reduce the others access to resources

Direct

Occurs when plants release chemicals that inhibit the growth of their competitors

Direct

Describe the establishment by an organism or group of a defended area from which others are excluded

Direct

Occurs when individuals prevent others from using a location by occupying it first

Direct

Specific or group of isolates that can be distinguished from other members of its species based on pheno/genotype or both

Bacteria that arise from a single individual

A biological agent that produce in its host

Stimulates the growth of microorganisms with beneficial properties

Specific or group of isolates that can be distinguished from other members of its species based on pheno/genotype or both

Bacteria that arise from a single individual

A biological agent that produce in its host

Stimulates the growth of microorganisms with beneficial properties

Specific or group of isolates that can be distinguished from other members of its species based on pheno/genotype or both

Bacteria that arise from a single individual

A biological agent that produce in its host

Stimulates the growth of microorganisms with beneficial properties

Specific or group of isolates that can be distinguished from other members of its species based on pheno/genotype or both

Bacteria that arise from a single individual

A biological agent that produce in its host

Stimulates the growth of microorganisms with beneficial properties

Competition for resources among individuals of the same species

When a systems overall behavior is not changed overtime

Observations made at different locations or different points in time typically tale on different values

When 2 species compete, natural selection, may reduce the strength of competition by changing some characteristics of both species

Competition among different species

Impacts on species involved will depend on their relative competition abilities

Competition for resources among individuals of the same species

When a systems overall behavior is not changed overtime

Observations made at different locations or different points in time typically tale on different values

When 2 species compete, natural selection, may reduce the strength of competition by changing some characteristics of both species

Competition among different species

Impacts on species involved will depend on their relative competition abilities

Competition for resources among individuals of the same species

When a systems overall behavior is not changed overtime

Observations made at different locations or different points in time typically tale on different values

When 2 species compete, natural selection, may reduce the strength of competition by changing some characteristics of both species

Competition among different species

Impacts on species involved will depend on their relative competition abilities

Competition for resources among individuals of the same species

When a systems overall behavior is not changed overtime

Observations made at different locations or different points in time typically tale on different values

When 2 species compete, natural selection, may reduce the strength of competition by changing some characteristics of both species

Competition among different species

Impacts on species involved will depend on their relative competition abilities

Competition for resources among individuals of the same species

When a systems overall behavior is not changed overtime

Observations made at different locations or different points in time typically tale on different values

When 2 species compete, natural selection, may reduce the strength of competition by changing some characteristics of both species

Competition among different species

Impacts on species involved will depend on their relative competition abilities

Almost always limited

Competition ensues

Can be difficult to detect (competition)

Ex. mates, food, water, territory, etc.

Made limited due to human impact always