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WorksheetsChapter 6 Textbook Questions- Physio Psych
Total questions: 51
Worksheet time: 3hrs 33mins
How do taste receptors differ from neurons?
Taste receptors generate action potentials, while neurons do not.
Because taste receptors are modified skin cells, they are replaced about every two weeks.
Taste receptors and neurons function identically in signal transmission.
Taste receptors communicate directly with muscles, whereas neurons do not.
What do we conclude if two tastes produce cross-adaptation?
If they produce cross adaptation, they must stimulate the same taste receptors.
The two tastes are detected by completely different pathways.
The two tastes cannot be perceived simultaneously.
The sensitivity to both tastes increases over time.
What evidence implies that we detect tastes partly by the timing pattern of neuron responses?
All taste sensations depend on a single type of receptor.
Some substances taste different depending on the concentration.
When researchers stimulated rats brain cells with the same time pattern that quinine produces, the rats retreated and stopped drinking.
Damage to taste receptors eliminates all taste perception.
Why are supertasters more sensitive to tastes than other people are?
They have more taste buds near the tip of the tongue.
They have fewer pain receptors in their mouths.
Their taste receptors generate stronger action potentials.
Their brains process taste information more slowly.
How do olfactory receptors resemble metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors?
They both directly open ion channels for fast signaling.
They both rely on G-protein-coupled mechanisms to trigger cellular responses.
They both require physical stretching to activate.
They both generate electrical signals without the need for secondary messengers.
How do neurons in the olfactory cortex differ from neurons in the olfactory bulb?
Neurons in the olfactory cortex respond to complex odor combinations, while neurons in the olfactory bulb respond to specific odorants.
Neurons in the olfactory cortex detect only a single odor, whereas neurons in the olfactory bulb detect multiple odors.
Neurons in the olfactory cortex send signals directly to the muscles, while neurons in the olfactory bulb do not.
Neurons in the olfactory cortex are responsible for detecting taste, while neurons in the olfactory bulb detect smells.
What factors contribute to individual differences in olfactory sensitivity?
The number of taste buds on the tongue
The ability to see different colors
Genetics, age, and hormone level
Genetics, age, illness, and gender
If someone reports seeing a particular letter in color, in what way is it different from a real color?
The synesthetic color completely replaces the actual color of the letter.
Someone who perceives a letter as yellow (when it is actually in black ink) can nevertheless see it on a yellow page.
The synesthetic color is only imagined and cannot be perceived visually.
The synesthetic color is perceived only in total darkness.
What evidence indicates that people learn their synesthetic associations, at least in some cases?
Synesthetic associations are entirely random and show no patterns.
Brain scans show no differences between synesthetes and non-synesthetes.
Some people have letter-color synesthesias that match the colors of refrigerator magnets they played with in childhood.
Synesthetic associations are always identical among all individuals.
The effects of miracle berries and Gymnema sylvestre support which of these conclusions?
People from different cultures tend to have different taste preferences.
Some of our receptors respond to a single taste.
Increasing the temperature of a food enhances its flavors.
Coding in the olfactory bulb differs from that in the olfactory cortex.
How do we detect the taste of water?
By its texture alone
By its effect on sweet receptors
By its effect on sour receptors
By a separate type of receptor
In addition to stimulating different receptors, how else do tastes vary?
They stimulate either heat or cold receptors.
They send axons to different lobes of the cortex.
They produce different rhythms of neural activity.
They stimulate different parts of the tongue.
The receptors for sweet, bitter, and umami tastes all resemble which of these?
Metabotropic synaptic receptors
The rods in the retina
The hair cells of the auditory system
Pain receptors
Why can we taste such a wide variety of chemicals as bitter?
All bitter substances are chemically similar.
We have 30 or more types of bitter receptors.
We have a bitter receptor that is versatile enough to detect many types of chemicals.
Sweet and sour receptors can detect bitter substances.
Why do many people infected with COVID-19 have an impaired sense of smell?
The virus damages olfactory receptors.
The virus damages skin cells that support olfactory receptors.
The virus damages connections from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex.
The virus itself stimulates olfactory receptors.
People with damage to the vestibular system have trouble reading street signs while walking. Why?
They cannot focus their eyes on objects in motion.
Their sense of balance is impaired, making it difficult to maintain a stable posture while walking.
They lose the ability to interpret visual cues while moving.
They are unable to distinguish between objects at different distances.
How do jalapeños produce a hot sensation?
They contain capsaicin, which stimulates receptors that are sensitive to heat.
They release a chemical that increases blood flow to the mouth, causing a warming effect.
They increase the production of saliva, which creates a cooling effect.
They activate taste receptors that specifically detect heat.
How is S1 similar to V1?
Both S1 and V1 are responsible for integrating motor and sensory signals.
Both S1 and V1 only process information from one sensory modality.
Both S1 and V1 process information related to sensory perception and feature detection.
Both S1 and V1 are involved in complex cognitive functions, such as memory.
What evidence suggests that the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is essential for conscious touch perception?
Damage to S1 leads to a complete loss of all sensory abilities.
S1 is not involved in the perception of pain, only touch.
S1 processes only non-conscious sensory information.
Stimulation of S1 directly induces a conscious touch experience in patients.
How do the responses to skin sensations differ between the somatosensory cortex and the insular cortex or the anterior cingulate cortex?
The somatosensory cortex processes the physical properties of touch, while the insular cortex and anterior cingulate cortex are more involved in the emotional and subjective experience of touch.
The somatosensory cortex processes both the physical and emotional aspects of touch, while the insular cortex and anterior cingulate cortex only process the physical properties.
The somatosensory cortex is activated only during painful stimuli, while the insular cortex and anterior cingulate cortex are activated by all forms of touch.
The somatosensory cortex does not respond to touch, while the insular cortex and anterior cingulate cortex do.
Suppose your spinal cord is cut on the right side only. For the part of the body below that cut, will you lose pain sensation on the left side or the right side? Will you lose touch sensation on the left side or the right side?
Pain sensation will be lost on the left side; touch sensation will be lost on the left side.
Pain sensation will be lost on the left side; touch sensation will be lost on the right side.
Pain sensation will be lost on the right side; touch sensation will be lost on the left side.
Pain sensation will be lost on the right side; touch sensation will be lost on the right side.
After a hypnotic suggestion to feel no pain, people sometimes continue to describe their pain, but they seem indifferent to it (Rainville et al., 1997). What does this observation imply about the brain mechanisms?
Hypnosis directly blocks all brain activity related to pain processing.
Pain is entirely a mental construct and does not involve any sensory processing.
Pain sensations are only present in the sensory cortex, not in other areas of the brain.
Evidently the hypnotic suggestion decreased the response in the amygdala or areas associated with it, without decreasing activity in the somatosensory cortex.
Why do opiates relieve dull pain but not sharp pain?
Opiates increase the intensity of sharp pain while decreasing dull pain.
Sharp pain involves different neural pathways that opiates cannot affect.
Opiates block messages from the thinnest pain fibers, conveying dull pain, but not from thicker fibers, carrying sharp pain.
Opiates block the sensory receptors responsible for sharp pain but not dull pain.
What causes neuropathic pain?
Damage or dysfunction in the nervous system, such as injury to the nerves or spinal cord.
Inflammation in the muscles or joints.
Overproduction of pain-reducing chemicals in the body.
Sudden changes in temperature or pressure on the skin.
Which aspect of pain is most responsive to relief by placebos?
The peripheral activation of pain receptors.
The speed at which pain signals are transmitted to the brain.
The intensity of physical tissue damage.
The emotional aspect of pain.
Why is sodium channel Nav1.7 interesting to pain researchers?
It is only active in response to touch stimuli, not pain.
It is responsible for the body's ability to block pain naturally.
The axons conveying pain rely mostly on sodium channel Nav1.7. People with a mutation in that channel report feeling no pain.
It is involved in the regulation of temperature perception, not pain.
Do opiates increase or decrease itch sensations?
Opiates have no effect on itch sensations.
Opiates can either increase or decrease itch sensations, depending on the dose
Opiates decrease itch sensations.
Opiates increase itch sensations.
Which of these experiences would cause greatest stimulation in the semicircular canals?
Riding a roller coaster
Lying in bed
Waiting in line
Drifting in a raft on a river
To what extent does the nervous system maintain separate representations of touch, heat, pain, and other aspects of somatic sensation?
Not at all. A single type of receptor responds to all types of somatic sensation.
The receptors vary, but all kinds of sensation merge in the spinal cord.
The spinal cord has separate representations, but the various types merge in the cortex.
Different types of sensation remain separate even in the cerebral cortex.
How do coldness receptors differ from heat receptors?
Coldness receptors occur only in the hands and feet.
Coldness receptors adapt quickly to an unchanging temperature.
Coldness receptors also respond to chemicals, whereas heat receptors do not.
Coldness receptors respond only to dangerous levels of cold.
How do the anterior cingulate cortex and related areas react to pain?
They localize the painful spot on the body.
vThey represent the emotional aspect.
They close the pain gates in the spinal cord.
They plan movements to reduce the source of pain.
Much of pain research has overlooked which of the following?
Differences between mild and intense pain
Differences between males and females
Differences between brief and prolonged pain
Differences between spinal mechanisms and brain mechanisms
What is “numbsense”?
The aftereffect of repeated, intense touch sensations
The ability to identify the location of a touch not felt consciously
The ability to imagine touch sensations
The sensations people report feeling in an amputated limb
What causes neuropathic pain?
Expectations of pain based on the setting or the instructions
Facilitation of pain receptors
Inhibition of Nav1.7 channels in axons
Gaps in the myelin covering axons
Which type of sensation reaches the brain by the slowest axons?
Discriminative touch
Vibration
Vestibular sensation
Itch
Which type of sensation inhibits itch sensations?
Olfaction
Taste
Pain
Hearing
Which theory is based on the rate of firing by each neuron?
Frequency theory
Opponent Process Theory
Place Theory
Rate Coding Theory
Which theory is based on which neurons fire?
Place theory
Frequency theory
Opponent Process Theory
Rate Coding Theory
Which theory explains how we hear the highest frequency sounds, above 4000 Hz?
Rate Coding Theory
Place Theory
Frequency Theory
Opponent Process Theory
How is the auditory cortex like the visual cortex?
Both are only active during early childhood and stop functioning in adulthood.
Both process sound and vision in the same location in the brain.
Both only process information from one ear or one eye at a time.
Both are organized spatially, with specific areas processing different frequencies or locations.
What is one way in which the auditory and visual cortices differ?
The auditory cortex processes temporal (time-based) information, while the visual cortex processes spatial information.
The visual cortex is located in the temporal lobe, while the auditory cortex is in the occipital lobe.
The auditory cortex does not exhibit plasticity, while the visual cortex does.
The visual cortex is involved in language processing, while the auditory cortex is not.
What evidence suggests that human concepts rely on activating the relevant sensory or motor areas of the cortex?
Concepts are stored in a single, separate brain region that is independent of sensory or motor areas.
The sensory and motor cortices are only used for perception, not for conceptual thinking.
People with damage to the auditory cortex regard many sound-related words, such as “thunder,” as if they were nonwords.
People can only understand concepts if they physically interact with them.
Which method of sound localization is more effective for an animal with a small head? Which is more effective for an animal with a large head? Why?
Small-headed animals rely more on interaural time differences (ITD), while large-headed animals rely more on interaural level differences (ILD), because head size affects how sound waves interact with the ears.
Small-headed animals rely more on ILD, while large-headed animals rely more on ITD, because smaller heads create greater time delays.
Both small- and large-headed animals rely equally on ITD, because sound localization is not affected by head size.
Neither ITD nor ILD is useful for sound localization, as animals use vision instead.
What evidence suggests that absolute pitch depends on special experiences?
Absolute pitch is present at birth in all individuals, regardless of experience.
People who receive early musical training, especially in tonal languages, are more likely to develop absolute pitch.
Absolute pitch is equally common in all cultures, regardless of musical exposure.
Genetics alone determines absolute pitch, with no influence from environmental factors.
Which type of hearing loss—conductive deafness or nerve deafness—would be more common among members of rock bands and why?
Conductive deafness, because it results from genetic factors, which are common in musicians.
Nerve deafness, because loud music damages the eardrum, preventing sound from reaching the cochlea.
Conductive deafness, because loud music causes blockages in the outer and middle ear.
Nerve deafness is common among rock band members because their frequent exposure to loud noises causes damage to the cells of the ear.
Why do many older people have trouble hearing in a noisy environment?
The bones in the middle ear become too flexible, distorting sound perception.
When some of the hair cells die, the cortex compensates by facilitating excitatory synapses and decreasing inhibitory synapses, “turning up the volume knob.” The result helps hearing in a normal environment, but it increases background sounds in a noisy environment.
Their eardrums become less sensitive to sound, reducing overall hearing ability.
They experience a loss of inhibitory neurotransmitters, making it harder to filter out background noise. They have damage to the hair cells in the cochlea, especially those responsible for high-frequency sounds.
In what way does the auditory cortex resemble the visual cortex?
Both have a special relationship to octaves.
Both respond mainly to stimuli straight in front.
Both have a “what” stream and a “where” or “how” stream.
Both rely on two types of receptors.
In what way does the auditory cortex differ from the visual cortex?
The auditory cortex does not respond to movement of a sound source.
Damage to the primary auditory cortex does not cause deafness.
Just imagining a sound does not activate the auditory cortex.
Variations in early experience do not modify the auditory cortex.
What type of sound do we localize by comparing the time of arrival at the two ears?
Slow-onset sounds
Sudden sounds
High-frequency sounds
Low-frequency sounds
Which structure enables us to localize sounds in the up-down axis?
The basilar membrane
The semicircular canals
The tectorial membrane
The pinna
Why do many older people have trouble understanding speech in a noisy environment?
The auditory cortex is overresponding to background sounds.
The auditory cortex is responding to visual as well as auditory stimuli.
Changes in the corpus callosum have interfered with sound localization.
Loud noises displace the tiny bones connected to the oval window.
