Who used telescopes to support the heliocentric model and discovered moons of Jupiter?

Who formulated the laws of planetary motion?

Who developed the laws of gravity?

Who proposed the theory of continental drift?

Who discovered that the universe is expanding, leading to the Big Bang Theory?

What is the solid part of the Earth, including rocks, minerals, and landforms called?

What is all of Earth's water, including oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and ice called?

What is the layer of gases surrounding Earth called?

What is all life on Earth and the environments in which they live called?

What is the frozen water part of the Earth system called?

What is the hypothesis that continents move across Earth's surface over time called?

What is the theory explaining the structure of the Earth's crust and its movement called?

What is the rigid outer layer of Earth, including the crust and upper mantle called?

What is the semi-fluid layer beneath the lithosphere that allows plate movement called?

What is the movement of materials caused by heating and cooling, driving plate motion and weather called?

What is a plate boundary where two plates move toward each other called?

What is a boundary where two tectonic plates move apart called?

What is a boundary where two plates slide past one another called?

What is the process where one plate sinks beneath another called?

What is an underwater mountain range formed by plate tectonics called?

What is the process by which new oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridges called?

What is a sudden movement of Earth's crust caused by energy release called?

What is a fracture in Earth's crust where movement has occurred called?

What is the location within Earth where an earthquake begins called?

What are vibrations that travel through Earth during an earthquake called?

What is a scale used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes called?

What is a vent in Earth's surface through which magma and gases erupt called?

What is a location where magma rises through the mantle to form volcanoes called?

What is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and structure called?

What is a scale ranking minerals from softest to hardest called?

What is the way a mineral reflects light called?

What is a rock formed from cooled magma or lava called?

What is a rock formed from particles compacted and cemented together called?

What is a rock changed by heat and pressure called?

What is the continuous process by which rocks change from one type to another called?

What is the breakdown of rocks at Earth's surface called?

What is the movement of sediment by wind, water, ice, or gravity called?

What is the laying down of sediment carried by wind, water, or ice called?

What is the layer of gases surrounding Earth called?

What is the lowest layer of the atmosphere where weather occurs called?

What is the layer above the troposphere, containing the ozone layer called?

What is a region that absorbs and filters UV radiation called?

What is the warming of Earth due to trapped heat by gases called?

What is the study of the atmosphere, weather, and climate called?

What is the current state of the atmosphere called?

What are the average weather conditions over time called?

What is a large body of air with uniform temperature and humidity called?

What is a boundary between two air masses called?

What is a region where air is rising, often bringing storms called?

What is a region where air is sinking, usually with clear weather called?

What are high-speed winds in the upper atmosphere called?

What is a rotating storm with strong winds and rain, forming over warm oceans called?

A spinning column of air that extends from a thunderstorm to the ground. Fill in the blank: _________.

A storm with thunder, lightning, and heavy rain. Fill in the blank: _________.

A rapid flooding event caused by intense rainfall. Fill in the blank: _________.

A long period of below-average precipitation. Fill in the blank: _________.

A southeastern U.S. region prone to frequent and severe tornadoes. Fill in the blank: _________.

A severe thunderstorm with a rotating updraft (mesocyclone). Fill in the blank: _________.

A rise in sea level due to a storm's winds pushing water onshore. Fill in the blank: _________.

A scale ranking tornado intensity based on wind speed and damage. Fill in the blank: _________.

The apparent deflection of moving objects due to Earth's rotation. Fill in the blank: _________.

The scientific study of celestial objects such as stars, planets, comets, and galaxies. Fill in the blank: _________.

The idea that the universe began from a single point and is expanding. Fill in the blank: _________.

A mysterious form of energy that permeates space and is thought to be responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe. Fill in the blank: _________.

An instrument used to separate and measure light wavelengths from stars. Fill in the blank: _________.

The range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. Fill in the blank: _________.

The stable stage in a star's life cycle during which it fuses hydrogen into helium. Fill in the blank: _________.

The change in frequency or wavelength of a wave as its source moves. Fill in the blank: _________.

Sun-centered model of the solar system. Fill in the blank: _________.

Earth-centered model of the universe. Fill in the blank: _________.

A measure of how elongated an elliptical orbit is. Fill in the blank: _________.

A graph that shows the relationship between a star's luminosity and temperature. Fill in the blank: _________.

A star that is fusing hydrogen in its core and falls along the main sequence on the H-R diagram. Fill in the blank: _________.

A small, dense star that has exhausted its nuclear fuel. Fill in the blank: _________.

The brightness of a star as seen from Earth. Fill in the blank: _________.

The true brightness of a star if it were placed at a standard distance. Fill in the blank: _________.

A system of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity. Fill in the blank: _________.

The galaxy that contains our solar system. Fill in the blank: _________.

A cloud of gas and dust where stars form. Fill in the blank: _________.

A massive explosion of a dying star. Fill in the blank: _________.

A region of space with gravity so strong that nothing can escape. Fill in the blank: _________.

The distance light travels in one year. Fill in the blank: _________.

A shift toward red wavelengths showing that an object is moving away. Fill in the blank: _________.

Changes in climate due to Earth's tilt and orbit. Fill in the blank: _________.

A large body orbiting a star, cleared of other debris. Fill in the blank: _________.

A natural satellite orbiting a planet. Fill in the blank: _________.

A small rocky body orbiting the sun. Fill in the blank: _________.

A body of ice, rock, and dust with a tail that orbits the sun. Fill in the blank: _________.

A meteoroid that enters Earth's atmosphere and burns up. Fill in the blank: _________.

A meteoroid that reaches Earth's surface. Fill in the blank: _________.

The sun and all objects that orbit it. Fill in the blank: _________.

A force that attracts objects toward each other. Fill in the blank: _________.

The path one object takes around another due to gravity. Fill in the blank: _________.

The spinning of Earth on its axis. Fill in the blank: _________.

Earth's movement around the sun. Fill in the blank: _________.

When the moon blocks sunlight from Earth. Fill in the blank: _________.

Light display caused by the interaction of solar wind with Earth's magnetic field. Fill in the blank: _________.

A celestial body that orbits the Sun and is spherical but has not cleared its orbit. Fill in the blank: _________.