WorksheetsPSYC 111 Final Exam Review (1)
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 50mins
What is an example of overt behavior?
Thinking about a sunny day
Clapping your hands when happy
Feeling stressed
Planning to lean toward a sunny window
Which of the following is a role of clinicians?
Prescribe medication
Diagnose and treat problems
Apply psychological principles to the workplace
Focus on the whole individual
What is a primary focus of human factor psychologists?
Improving job satisfaction
Understanding the mind
Enhancing performance, safety, and comfort
Diagnosing mental disorders
How do organizational psychologists contribute to the workplace?
By diagnosing mental health issues
By applying psychological principles to improve productivity
By prescribing medication
By focusing on abnormal populations
How does empiricism suggest knowledge is primarily acquired?
Through innate ideas
Through sensory experience
Through logical reasoning
Through divine inspiration
What is the main focus of behaviorism in psychology?
Internal thoughts
Genetic predispositions
Observable behavior
Unconscious desires
According to nativism, how are some behaviors explained?
They are learned through experience
They are influenced by culture
They are innate and not learned
They are developed through education
What does structuralism aim to analyze in psychology?
The function of mental processes
The structure of the conscious mind
The influence of environment on behavior
The role of genetics in behavior
How does functionalism view mental and behavioral processes?
As static and unchanging
As serving a purpose or function
As purely instinctual
As irrelevant to adaptation
Which psychological approach focuses on the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences as drivers of human behavior?
Humanism
Behaviorism
Psychoanalysis
Cognitive Psychology
What is a key characteristic of humanism in psychology?
Emphasis on unconscious conflicts
Focus on observable behavior
Belief in free will and personal growth
Use of reinforcement and punishment
What does the scientific method in psychology emphasize?
Subjective interpretation
Replication of truth
Personal beliefs
Anecdotal evidence
What is an operational definition in research?
A vague description of a variable
A precise, measurable, and specific description of how a variable will be observed and measured
A theoretical explanation of a concept
A general idea of a research topic
In which type of observation does the researcher become actively involved in the group or environment they are studying?
Naturalistic observation
Indirect naturalistic observation
Participant observation
Case study
What is a primary limitation of correlational studies in psychology?
They cannot show cause-and-effect, only associations.
They can easily determine causation.
They involve manipulation of variables.
They always show a strong relationship between variables.
Which method is used to explore rare, unique, or complex phenomena in psychology?
Case studies
Surveys
Correlational studies
Experimental method
What is a confounding variable?
An uncontrolled factor that influences both the independent and dependent variables.
A variable that is intentionally manipulated in an experiment.
A factor that only affects the dependent variable.
A variable that is always controlled in an experiment.
How can internal validity be described in an experiment?
Confidence that changes in the dependent variable were caused by the independent variable.
The ability to generalize findings to a larger population.
The manipulation of independent variables to observe effects.
The presence of external conditions affecting the outcome.
What is expectancy bias in research?
When a researcher's expectations or beliefs unintentionally influence the outcome of a study.
When participants are aware of the study's purpose and alter their behavior.
When the sample size is too small to draw conclusions.
When external conditions are not controlled during the experiment.
Which of the following strategies can help improve the external validity of a psychological study?
Using a small, homogeneous sample
Ensuring lab behavior is natural
Random assignment of participants
Focusing only on internal validity
What does a low standard deviation indicate about the scores in a data set?
Scores are spread out over a wide range
Scores are clustered closely around the mean
Scores are evenly distributed
Scores are unpredictable
How do sensory neurons function in the nervous system?
They carry signals from the CNS to muscles
They connect sensory and motor neurons
They carry information from the body to the CNS
They process information within the CNS
What happens when a neuron is "on"?
The cell is resting
Na+ flows out of the cell
The cell is firing
The cell has a -70 to -60 mV charge
What is the primary function of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?
To provide energy to neurons
To transmit signals across synapses
To protect neurons from damage
To store genetic information
Which neurotransmitter is involved in muscle movement, learning, and attention?
Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
GABA
What effect does a deficiency of dopamine have on the body?
Enhanced memory
Involuntary muscle movements
Increased appetite
Improved vision
What happens when an action potential occurs in a neuron?
The neuron stops functioning
Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse
The neuron becomes inactive
The neuron divides
Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving signals from other neurons?
Axon
Soma
Dendrite
Myelin
What is the role of serotonin in the human body?
It is primarily involved in regulating mood, sleep, appetite, digestion, memory, and more.
It acts as a natural painkiller and mood booster.
It is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter to calm the nervous system.
It connects the CNS to skeletal muscles.
Which neurotransmitter is known as the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter that calms the nervous system?
Serotonin
Dopamine
GABA
Endorphins
What is the function of agonists in relation to neurotransmitters?
They block or inhibit the action of a neurotransmitter.
They mimic or enhance the action of a neurotransmitter.
They reduce pain and promote pleasure.
They connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
What is the primary function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
It controls voluntary movements.
It connects the CNS to skeletal muscles.
It is the part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.
It involves both sensory input and motor output.
How do endorphins function in the body?
They regulate mood, sleep, and appetite.
They act as natural painkillers and mood boosters.
They mimic the action of neurotransmitters.
They block the action of neurotransmitters.
Which part of the Autonomic Nervous System is responsible for the "fight or flight" response?
Parasympathetic ANS
Sympathetic ANS
Central Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
What is the primary function of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?
Controls voluntary muscle movements
Connects the CNS to smooth muscles and glands
Processes sensory information
Maintains balance and coordination
How does the Parasympathetic ANS affect the body?
Increases heart rate and energy
Slows heart rate and promotes digestion
Controls voluntary muscle movements
Processes sensory information
Which part of the brain is responsible for basic life support systems such as shivering, sneezing, and coughing?
Cerebellum
Medulla and pons
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
What is the primary function of the reticular formation?
Coordination of complex movements
Regulation of homeostasis
Sleep, waking, attention
Emotion and motivation
Which part of the brain is involved in the coordination of complex movements and balance?
Forebrain
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Limbic System
The thalamus acts as the brain's relay station by sending sensory information to the appropriate areas of the cortex. Which sense is excluded from this process?
Smell
Taste
Hearing
Touch
Which part of the brain regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and hormones?
Limbic System
Hypothalamus
Reticular formation
Cerebral cortex
The limbic system is involved in regulating which of the following?
Language and memory
Emotion, memory, and motivation
Sleep and attention
Basic life support systems
Which part of the brain is responsible for emotional valiance, including emotion, memory, and survival behaviors?
Hippocampus
Cerebral cortex
Amygdala
Occipital lobe
What is the primary function of the hippocampus?
Vision and visual processing
Memory, learning, and spatial navigation
Planning and decision-making
Sensory information processing
Which part of the brain is often described as the "thinking cap" due to its role in advanced cognitive functions?
Frontal lobe
Cerebral cortex
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
What does an electroencephalogram (EEG) record?
Blood flow in the brain
Structural abnormalities
Electrical activity in the brain
Detailed images of brain structure
Which imaging technique uses radioactive dye to track blood flow and shows the brain at work?
CT scan
MRI
EEG
PET
How does a functional MRI (FMRI) help in understanding brain activity?
It shows changes in blood flow as the brain thinks.
It provides a static image of the brain.
It measures electrical activity in the brain.
It detects chemical changes in the brain.
What is the primary function of transcriptional magnetic stimulation (TMS)?
It measures blood flow in the brain.
It provides a brief magnetic pulse to the brain.
It detects chemical changes in the brain.
It measures electrical activity in the brain.
What is the process by which the nervous system forms, matures, and adapts called?
Cognitive development
Neural development
Habituation
Rewarding
What is the habituation technique in learning?
Associative learning where response increases over time.
Non-associative learning where response decreases to a repeated stimulus.
Learning through rewards and punishments.
Learning through imitation and observation.
According to Piaget, how do children construct their understanding of the world?
Through memorization and repetition.
Through interaction and experience.
Through genetic inheritance.
Through passive observation.
What are schemas in cognitive development?
Physical structures in the brain.
Mental frameworks that help organize and interpret information.
Genetic codes that determine behavior.
Emotional responses to stimuli.
What is the primary function of rods in the human eye?
Detecting color and detail.
Providing vision in low light conditions.
Detecting movement and speed.
Focusing on distant objects.
How do mantis shrimp differ from humans in terms of vision?
They have fewer cones than humans.
They can see many colors at different wavelengths that humans cannot.
They have a single type of cone for color vision.
They cannot perceive depth.
What is the main issue with the trichromatic theory of color perception?
It cannot explain afterimages and impossible color combinations.
It only accounts for two types of cones in the retina.
It explains all aspects of color perception.
It is only applicable to animals, not humans.
Which type of cone is absent in protanopia?
Red cone
Green cone
Blue cone
Yellow cone
In deuteranopia, how do green and red appear?
Similar
Distinct
Green appears darker
Red appears brighter
What is a characteristic of tritanopia?
Blue and green can be confused.
Red and green appear similar.
Reds appear dull, brown, or black.
It is the most common type of color blindness.
What do monocular depth cues allow us to perceive?
Depth and distance using just one eye
Color using both eyes
Motion using peripheral vision
Sound using one ear
What is prosopagnosia and which part of the brain is affected by it?
A condition affecting the ability to recognize faces; temporal lobe
A condition affecting hearing; frontal lobe
A condition affecting vision; occipital lobe
A condition affecting speech; parietal lobe
What is the primary function of the pinna in the human ear?
To amplify sound frequencies
To collect sound waves from the environment
To protect the eardrum with wax and hair
To transmit sound to the brain
How does the ear canal contribute to hearing?
It transmits sound directly to the brain
It amplifies sound waves and protects the eardrum
It collects sound waves from the environment
It converts sound waves into electrical signals
Where is the tympanic membrane located in the ear?
At the outer part of the ear
At the end of the ear canal, between the outer and middle ear
Inside the cochlea
In the inner ear, near the auditory nerve
What is the primary function of the ossicles in the middle ear?
To convert sound waves into electrical signals
To amplify and transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear
To send signals to the brain's auditory cortex
To fill the ear with fluid
Which part of the ear converts mechanical vibrations into electrical nerve impulses?
Ossicles
Eardrum
Cochlea
Auditory nerve
How do the ossicles contribute to hearing?
They vibrate when struck by sound waves
They convert air pressure waves into mechanical vibrations
They push on the oval window of the cochlea
They send signals via the auditory nerve
What role do hair cells play in the cochlea?
They amplify sound waves
They convert sound waves into mechanical vibrations
They act as sensory receptors
They transmit signals to the ossicles
What is the role of the corpus callosum in the brain?
It connects the brain to the spinal cord.
It connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
It regulates the body's temperature.
It controls the heart rate.
Which hemisphere of the brain is primarily responsible for language and analytical tasks?
Right hemisphere
Left hemisphere
Both hemispheres equally
Neither hemisphere
What is negative reinforcement?
Adding a stimulus to decrease a behavior
Removing a stimulus to increase a behavior
Adding a stimulus to increase a behavior
Removing a stimulus to decrease a behavior
How does partial reinforcement (PRF) differ from consistent reinforcement (CRF)?
PRF punishes every time, CRF punishes some of the time.
PRF rewards every time, CRF rewards some of the time.
PRF punishes some of the time, CRF punishes every time.
PRF rewards some of the time, CRF rewards every time.
What is shaping in the context of learning?
Punishing undesired behavior immediately
Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior
Ignoring undesired behavior until it stops
Reinforcing a behavior only once it is fully developed
What is observational learning?
Learning through direct experience
Learning by observing the experience of others
Learning through trial and error
Learning by memorizing facts
What is vicarious reinforcement?
Imitating a behavior after seeing someone punished for it
Imitating a behavior after seeing someone rewarded for it
Avoiding a behavior after seeing someone rewarded for it
Avoiding a behavior after seeing someone punished for it
What is the duration of sensory memory?
1 second
1-5 minutes
10 seconds
30 minutes
What is the role of the central executive in working memory?
Storing long-term memories
Deciding what gets attention
Repeating information
Storing sensory information
What is episodic memory?
Memory for skills and tasks
Memory for facts and knowledge
Memory for a particular event or episode
Memory for sensory experiences
Which type of memory involves the recall of factual information, concepts, and general knowledge about the world?
Procedural memory
Semantic memory
Episodic memory
Sensory memory
What is the term for a mechanism that helps manage and access a set of potentially relevant items during a retrieval process?
Encoding queue
Retrieval queue
Memory buffer
Cognitive map
What is the principle behind transfer appropriate processing in memory retrieval?
Memory retrieval is best when the cognitive processes used during retrieval match those used during encoding.
Memory retrieval is best when the information is rehearsed repeatedly.
Memory retrieval is best when the information is encoded visually.
Memory retrieval is best when the information is encoded acoustically.
What is an example of retroactive interference?
Forgetting a new phone number because of an old one
Forgetting an old address because of a new one
Remembering both old and new information equally
Forgetting both old and new information
What is the Baker-Baker paradox an example of?
Elaborative encoding
Procedural memory
Sensory memory
Episodic memory
What is the test effect and how can it be applied to improve learning?
Practice rewriting notes
Practice remembering information instead of learning it
Avoid practice questions
Focus on memorizing notes
How can eyewitness testimony be unreliable?
Eyewitnesses always remember details accurately
Eyewitnesses can have false memories they believe are true
Eyewitnesses never forget details
Eyewitnesses are always objective
What are flashbulb memories and when do they occur?
Ordinary events that are easily forgotten
Emotionally significant or surprising events
Routine daily activities
Events with no emotional impact
What does a social psychologist study?
Individual behavior in isolation
How people behave in a group
The behavior of animals
The behavior of machines
What influences our impressions of others?
Only what we hear
Clothing, expression, hygiene, size, etc.
Only what we read
Only what we are told
What is the fundamental attribution error?
Overestimating situational factors
Underestimating internal factors
Overestimating internal factors and underestimating situational factors
Assuming everyone is good
What is the main idea behind confirmation bias?
We tend to seek out information that contradicts our beliefs.
We are more likely to pay attention to information that confirms our beliefs.
We ignore all information regardless of its source.
We always change our beliefs based on new information.
How does the self-fulfilling prophecy influence behavior?
It has no impact on behavior.
It causes people to behave randomly.
The way we behave creates our beliefs and influences our behavior.
It only affects behavior in negative ways.
What is the actor-observer effect?
Attributing our behavior to internal sources and others' behavior to external sources.
Attributing our behavior to external sources and others' behavior to internal sources.
Attributing all behaviors to luck.
Ignoring the reasons behind behaviors.
According to Kelley’s Covariation Model, which of the following is NOT a piece of information used to make attributions?
Behavior
Consistency
Distinctiveness
Intelligence
What is cognitive dissonance?
A state of harmony between behavior and attitude.
Tension produced when behavior does not equal attitude.
A method of learning new information.
A type of memory bias.
What is the term for the phenomenon where people perform better in the presence of others?
Social Interference
Social Loafing
Social Facilitation
Group Polarization
Which concept explains why people may not help in an emergency when others are present?
Social Facilitation
Bystander Effect
Group Polarization
Conformity
What is the effect called when individuals put in less effort when working in a group?
Social Interference
Social Loafing
Deindividuation
Stereotypes
Which term describes the loss of individuality and increase in aggressive behavior in groups?
Conformity
Social Facilitation
Deindividuation
Group Polarization
What happens to a group's point of view over time according to the concept of group polarization?
It becomes more moderate
It becomes more polarized
It remains unchanged
It becomes less extreme
How do stereotypes affect our perception of group members?
They make us treat all members equally
They lead us to categorize others based on experiences
They eliminate biases
They encourage individuality
