It is well known that liver produces bile, which does not contain digestive enzymes. How does it participate in digestion?

The mutation resulted in the accumulation of a large number of misfolded proteins in the cell. Activation of which of the following cytoplasmic enzymes is most likely to occur?

Cell cycle has 4 checkpoints at G1 period, at S period, at G2 period, at metaphase of mitosis. Why would mitosis' process stop at metaphase stage?

At one of the stages of preparing a sample for karyotype analysis, it is necessary to treat the cell culture with colchicine, which disrupts the spindle fibers. During which phase of cell division is this procedure performed?

Patient B., 9 years old presents with complaints of pain in the joints and bones, weakness. After examination sickle cell anemia was diagnosed. This is an inherited blood disorder in which the red blood cells reduce oxygen transport and become sickle-shaped instead of the usual disc-shaped one. What preserves the shape of the red blood cell?

Brachydactyly is inherited by an autosomal dominant type of inheritance. In the homozygous condition it leads to the death of the embryo, in the heterozygous condition it lends to a shortening of the fingers. Determine the effect of the brachodactyly gene in a heterozygous person.

All human chromosomes are divided into several types by structure. What type of chromosome is it, if it has equal arms and centromere placed in the center of chromosome?

A child was born in a family with healthy parents. In the first days after birth, the child showed a lack of normal stool output and abdominal distention. Upon detailed examination, anorectal atresia was diagnosed. Determine which mechanism disruption caused the development of this defect?

During ophthalmological examination, patient's eye revealed a pronounced inflammatory reaction: redness of the conjunctiva, dilation and hyperemia of the mucosal capillaries, swelling. The patient's visual function is impaired, with decreased vision and the presence of "veils before the eyes". What contributes to the process of exudation in this case?

Patient K., 65 years old, presented to clinic with complaints of pain and morning stiffness in the symmetrical joints of the hands. From the medical history, it is known that the patient has been suffering from rheumatoid arthritis for 7 years. Upon examination, swelling and local increase in temperature in the area of the wrist joints are detected. What is the pathogenetic factor of local temperature elevation in the inflammatory reaction?

Child N., 4 years old, has been suffering from atopic dermatitis since the age of 3 months. A year ago, the child started attending a preschool, and the rashes and skin itching worsened. Upon objective examination, a vesiculopapular rash, erythema, and excoriations were observed on the skin of the shins, back, and wrists. What is the cause of the development of arterial hyperemia in inflammation?

The patient was admitted with complaints of squeezing chest pain during physical exertion, relieved by taking nitroglycerin. Objective examination: blood pressure 100/65 mm Hg, frequent extrasystoles on ECG, sinus tachycardia. The prescribed medications are metoprolol, isosorbide mononitrate, and acetylsalicylic acid. What side effects are possible with this combination of medications?

The use of which drug is accompanied by the development of arterial hypotension, bradycardia and atrioventricular block?

A 6-year-old child was admitted to emergency surgery unit with severe craniocerebral trauma. Due to the severity of the condition and the nature of the injury, the anesthesiologist decided to use neuroleptanalgesia as an anesthetic. What drugs are used for neuroleptanalgesia?

As a result of frequent use of analgin for toothache, a 35-year-old man developed immune leukopenia. What is characteristic of the immunological stage of this type of allergic reactions?

The patient has a fever, purulent nasal discharge, and a headache. The pathogens of bacterial infections differ in their morphological characteristics. Choose the main morphological forms of bacteria.

The student was assigned to perform microscopy of a specimen using the immersion microscopy method. Choose the rules for performing immersion microscopy.

A patient visited the general practitioner with complaints of reduced appetite and pain while eating. During the oral examination, the doctor found a white-gray coating on the tongue and the inner cheek mucosa. Microscopic examination of the material from the mucous membrane of the mouth revealed large cells of round and oval shapes. Name the most likely pathogen:

The patient was admitted to the clinic with a preliminary diagnosis of “Typhoid fever”. What microbiological method is the most reliable to confirm the diagnosis in the early stages of the disease?

What lymphoid organ has parenchyma located on the periphery of the organ, the centrally located medullary substance, and the T-dependent paracortical zone between the cortical and medullary substances:

The thymus is the central organ of cellular immunity, where antigen independent differentiation of T lymphocytes occurs. Which lymphocytes undergo differentiation in the thymus?

An example of group reactivity is that newborns under 1 month of age do not contract diseases such as mumps or scarlet fever. Why?

A male patient consulted a doctor with complaints of fever and weight loss. Blood tests show lymphocytic leukocytosis. To determine the nature of pathological changes, it is necessary to know the structural and functional characteristics of the blood and hematopoietic organs in normal conditions. Which lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity?

Patient N. works at a factory, extracting nickel-plated parts from an electrolytic bath. He complains of itchy skin rashes on his hands, irritability, and sleep disturbances. Symptoms appeared two months ago. Examination did not reveal any pathology of internal organs. The patch test with nickel sulfate was positive, and the macrophage migration inhibition test with a nickel preparation was also positive. What type of hypersensitivity does the patient’s allergy belong to?

During the blooming of ragweed, a 17-year-old young man developed itching, hyperemia, and eyelid swelling, tearing, profuse runny nose, and sneezing attacks. What is characteristic of the immunological stage of this type of allergic reaction?

A 45-year-old woman visited the clinic with complaints of moderate pain in the joints of both hands and wrists, swelling, and a feeling of stiffness in the morning. Blood analysis showed leukocytosis, accelerated ESR, elevated C-reactive protein, and the presence of anti-citrullinated antibodies. What are the main types of immune damage underlying the development of this disease?

What is the fundamental difference between allergic and pseudoallergic reactions?

Patient K., 28 years old, with blood group III(A), Rh(+), was transfused with 150 ml of blood group I(O), Rh(-). However, after 40 minutes, the patient experienced blood transfusion reactions. To determine the nature of pathological changes, it is necessary to know the structural and functional characteristics of the blood and hematopoietic organs of a healthy person. What changes in red blood cells are observed after transfusion of an incompatible blood group?

In a histological specimen, student needs to identify the spleen. One of the distinguishing features of the microscopic structure of the spleen is the characteristics of the organ’s capsule. The spleen capsule is represented by:

An immunological study revealed a decrease in the population of T-lymphocytes and hormones regulating their number. Antigen-independent differentiation of T lymphocytes occurs in the following organ of hematopoiesis and immunological defense:

Which type of thrombus is commonly formed in the venous system?

A 46-year-old woman who suffers from cholelithiasis developed jaundice. At the same time, her urine became dark yellow, and the feces were discolored. The concentration of which substance in the blood serum will increase to the greatest extent?

Patient was diagnosed with severe B12-deficiency anemia with impaired hematopoiesis and the appearance of altered red blood cells in the blood. Anamnesis: total gastric resection. Which cells in the peripheral blood can confirm the diagnosis?

A 3-day-old boy is in the perinatal center. According to his mother, the pregnancy went smoothly. Neurosonography data show an enlargement of the lateral and third ventricles of the brain, indicating impaired cerebrospinal fluid outflow from the third ventricle. Name the connection between the third and fourth ventricles.

The person exhibits an unsteady gait, disruption of body balance, and inability to accurately touch the tip of the nose with a finger. Which structure of the central nervous system is associated with the impairment of these functions?

A patient with history of polio has atrophy of the muscles of the lower extremities. Identify the neurons of the spinal cord nuclei affected by the polio virus.

Examination of a 17-year-old young man who was injured in a car accident revealed decreased muscle tone, reduced movement amplitude, and sluggish reflexes in the right arm; reflexes in the right leg are increased, with a positive Babinski reflex. Reflexes in the left arm and leg remain unchanged. Where is the most likely location of the injury?

In case of brain injury, glial cells are activated, which have a different developmental origin compared to all other elements of glia. Name these cells:

How the inflammation of the soft membrane of the brain is called?

In the preparation, in one of the vessels of the microcirculatory bed, the middle layer is formed by 1-2 layers of smooth myocytes, which are arranged singly and have a spiral orientation. The outer layer consists of a thin layer of loose fibrous connective tissue. Identify the type of vessel:

An elderly female patient was admitted to the emergency department with a hypertensive crisis. BP 200/100 mmHg, HR 100 bpm. The patient has been under medical supervision by a cardiologist.

During transport to the intensive care unit, her HR increased to 180-200 bpm. ECG showed regular F waves of sawtooth shape, equal R-R intervals, shortened QRST interval, bifurcated R waves in AVI, and T-wave inversion in V5 V6. BP 150/80 mml 1g. What type of heart rhythm disorder does the patient have?

A 65-year-old man was diagnosed with a myocardial infarction due to thrombosis of the anterior descending coronary artery. The thrombus was removed, blood circulation was restored, but left ventricular contractility remained low. What changes in cardiomyocytes are most likely responsible for this phenomenon?

A 56-year-old man was admitted to the intensive care unit with complaints of pressing retrosternal pain lasting more than three hours. Nitroglycerin did not relieve the pain. ECG showed ST segment elevation in leads II, III, and V. Blood test: leukocytes 9.5x10%/L, ESR 20 mm/hr. Which of the following markers is the most specific for this condition?

An elderly patient was admitted to the emergency room with complaints of difficulty breathing, weakness, and chest pain. Blood pressure is 190/100 mm Hg, respiratory rate is 22/min, heart rate is 100/min. According to the ECG, there is a complete left bundle branch block and ST segment elevation. Auscultation reveals muffled heart sounds with numerous additional murmurs. According to the echocardiogram: ejection fraction is 40%, high end diastolic volume, low stroke volume. Plasma glucose is 7.3 mmol/L. General clinical tests are within normal limits. For what clinical condition are these changes characteristic?

All patients with chronic cardiac failure have high sensitivity to an exercise stress. Name the reactivity type:

The unconscious patient was taken by an ambulance team to the hospital. Objectively: there are no reflexes, seizures occur periodically, breathing is intermittent. After a laboratory examination, hepatic coma was diagnosed. The accumulation of which metabolite is essential for the appearance of disorders of the central nervous system?

Patient N, 45 years old, is in the neurology department. Examination revealed scanning speech, horizontal nystagmus, an unsteady gait, and instability in the Romberg position. There is a lack of coordinated movements of the limb muscles. Persistent tremors and swaying of the trunk and limbs are observed. What could these disorders be related to?

In purulent-inflammatory diseases of the middle ear, in the absence of medical care, the purulent process can spread to the pharynx. Through which anatomical structure does the purulent process move from the tympanic cavity to the pharynx?

If rats are trained to find their way in a maze with numerous turns, then even after turning off their vision, the animal correctly finds all the turns. Which analyzer facilitates this orientation?

The peripheral part of the auditory analyzer of a 63-year-old woman who previously received high doses of quinine for malaria treatment is damaged. Identify the inner ear cells which damage is associated with this pathology.

At a psychiatrist’s appointment, patient N., 33 years old, complained of increased anxiety, sleep disturbances, and dyspeptic disorders, for which she was unsuccessfully treated by a gastroenterologist. Over the past six months, she has lost five kilograms. What is the leading pathogenetic factor underlying this mental health disorder in the patient?

In a 15-year-old adolescent, an examination revealed memory, speech, and thinking impairments. According to his mother, he performed very well in school until the 7th grade. From the 8th grade, his behavior changed—he became disobedient and started being rude. Over the past year, he has abused alcohol. Examination revealed signs of neuron damage in the cerebral cortex. Damage to which part of the brain has led to these neurological disorders?

A female student felt unwell and, after measuring her temperature in the left axillary fossa, saw a reading of 36.9°C, while in the right axillary fossa it was 36.7°C. The instructor explained that she has temperature asymmetry. Which higher subcortical center regulates the maintenance of this indicator within the normal range?

Patient A., 15 years old, consulted a doctor with complaints of severe itching and skin rashes in the area between fingers and wrists, diagnosed with scabies. This disease is caused by the scabies mite, which lives and reproduces on human skin. The epidermis is represented by:

During the examination of patient E., 18 years old, a lack of pigmentation on the hands was observed, appearing as distinct white (milky-toned) patches with clear borders. The diagnosis of vitiligo was confirmed. The causes of vitiligo include a deficiency in melanin production by melanocytes, leading to the development and progression of depigmentation. Name the embryonic origin of skin melanocytes.

A 40-year-old woman has developed a papillary formation on the skin of her hand. Name the morphological type of the tumor.

A 70-year-old woman has developed a black-red plaque like formation on the skin of her thigh. Name the morphological type of the tumor.

In an experiment, tissue ischemia was modeled. The study revealed cell swelling and nuclear pyknosis. What is the most likely mechanism of cell swelling?

In a fetus, functional insufficiency of cardiomyocytes was diagnosed via ultrasound. This may be related to damage to the sources of myocardial development. Cardiac muscle tissue develops from:

Which fontanel may remain open in a two-year-old child?

As a result of an occupational injury, patient complains of pain in the posterior thigh surface muscles during sudden and strong contraction. What functional characteristics are typical for the skeletal muscles of the musculoskeletal system?

What is the term for complete regeneration?

Patient S., 29 years old, came for a dressing change at the hospital on the 7th day after the injury. Diagnosis: wound of the right forearm. During the dressing procedure, wound reduction and pink granulation tissue were observed. Fibroblasts play a major role in the formation of young connective tissue. Organelles of fibroblasts responsible for the synthesis of protein components:

A 72-year-old woman underwent femoral bone densitometry. The T-score was found to be -2.5. A biochemical analysis revealed an elevated calcium level. Excessive production of which hormone has caused a metabolic disorder in the patient’s bone tissue?

It is known that one of the ways to develop bone tissue is indirect osteogenesis. Identify the cells of the inner layer of the perichondrium involved in the formation of the perichondral bone cuff during the development of tubular bones:

At a general practitioner’s appointment, a 53-year-old man complains of progressively increasing acute pain in the joint of the big toe on his right foot. The joint is swollen and reddened. Pain relief medications have almost no effect. The specific biochemical marker in this patient will be:

A medical examination of football players after a match showed an increase in heart rate to 110 beats per minute. How will arterial blood pressure change as the heart rate increases?

An ultrasound examination of the fetus of a pregnant woman with diabetes revealed a myocardial development abnormality. Name the embryonic origin of the myocardium:

As a result of an occupational injury, the patient suffered a laceration on the first finger of the hand, leading to damage to the artery located in the foveola radialis (anatomical snuffbox). Which artery was damaged?

During heart examination doctor found a deterioration of venous blood flow in the pool of the coronary sinus of the heart. Where is the coronary sinus of the heart located?

A patient sustained spleen damage with severe bleeding in a car accident. A splenectomy (spleen removal) was recommended. Which artery supplies blood to the spleen?

One of the common causes of impotence is prostate disease and impaired blood supply. Branches of which artery supply blood to the prostate gland?

A 52-year-old woman, whose work involves prolonged standing, consulted a surgeon with complaints of varicose veins in the lower legs and fatigue while walking. Nodular dilations of the superficial veins were visually detected on both lower legs. Which of the listed vessels has the lowest blood pressure?

A patient who suffered a myocardial infarction developed bradycardia with a heart rate of 40 beats per minute, accompanied by loss of consciousness and convulsions. To determine the nature of pathological changes in the heart, it is necessary to understand the structural-functional characteristics of the cardiovascular system in a healthy person. What determines the rhythmic nature of heart’s function?