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WorksheetsHealth and Disease: The Immune System
Total questions: 152
Worksheet time: 1hrs 16mins
According to the WHO, health is defined as:
The absence of disease only
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease
Good physical condition and fitness
Normal body temperature and blood pressure
Which of the following is NOT one of the three main dimensions of health according to WHO?
Physical health
Mental health
Economic health
Social health
Which factor affecting health includes genetics and age?
Lifestyle factors
Environmental factors
Biological factors
Healthcare system factors
Smoking and poor diet are examples of:
Biological factors
Lifestyle factors
Environmental factors
Healthcare system factors
Air pollution and water contamination are examples of:
Biological factors
Lifestyle factors
Environmental factors
Healthcare system factors
The study of the causes of diseases is called:
Pathology
Etiology
Diagnosis
Symptomatology
Subjective manifestations of disease that only the patient can feel are called:
Signs
Symptoms
Syndromes
Pathologies
Objective manifestations of disease that can be observed or measured are called:
Signs
Symptoms
Syndromes
Pathologies
The process of identifying a disease is called:
Prognosis
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Which type of disease can be transmitted from one person to another?
Non-infectious diseases
Infectious diseases
Chronic diseases
Genetic diseases
A disease that develops rapidly and lasts for a short time is called:
Chronic
Acute
Endemic
Epidemic
Diabetes and heart disease are examples of:
Infectious diseases
Acute diseases
Non-infectious diseases
Epidemic diseases
Which of these is a type of infectious disease?
Genetic disorders
Cancer
Tuberculosis
Cardiovascular diseases
Non living infectious agents that can only reproduce inside living cells are:
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites
Prions are infectious agents made of:
DNA only
RNA only
Misfolded proteins
Bacteria
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is caused by:
Bacteria
Viruses
Prions
Fungi
AIDS is caused by:
Bacteria
HIV virus
Fungi
Parasites
COVID-19 is caused by:
Influenza virus
SARS-CoV-2 virus
Bacteria
Fungi
Tuberculosis is caused by:
Virus
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites
Salmonellosis is caused by:
Virus
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites
Candidiasis is caused by:
Virus
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites
Athlete's foot is caused by:
Virus
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites
Malaria is caused by:
Virus
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites (Plasmodium)
Toxoplasmosis is caused by:
Virus
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites
The epidemiological chain consists of:
Treatment, host, diagnosis
Pathogen, reservoir, transmission
Cause, effect, treatment
Symptoms, signs, diagnosis
A reservoir in epidemiology is:
A water source
Where pathogens live and multiply
A type of medicine
A hospital isolation room
The respiratory tract is an example of:
Portal of entry only
Portal of exit only
Both portal of entry and exit
Neither portal of entry nor exit
When a disease is constantly present in a population, it is called:
Epidemic
Pandemic
Endemic
Sporadic
When a disease spreads rapidly through a large population across multiple countries, it is called:
Epidemic
Pandemic
Endemic
Sporadic
The time between infection and the appearance of symptoms is called:
Convalescence period
Incubation period
Recovery period
Transmission period
The skin is part of which immune system defense?
Innate immunity - primary barriers
Innate immunity - secondary barriers
Adaptive immunity
Acquired immunity
White blood cells (leukocytes) are part of:
Primary barriers
Secondary barriers
Tertiary barriers
External barriers
Which type of immunity provides immunological memory?
Innate immunity
Natural immunity
Acquired immunity
Passive immunity
B lymphocytes are responsible for:
Cell-mediated immunity
Humoral immunity
Innate immunity
Physical barriers
T lymphocytes are responsible for:
Humoral immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
Physical barriers
Chemical barriers
Antibodies are produced by:
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Which treatment involves replacing a diseased organ with a healthy one?
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Transplantation
Immunotherapy
Vaccines work by:
Killing pathogens directly
Stimulating the immune system to develop immunity
Replacing damaged cells
Blocking pain receptors
Which of these is NOT a healthy lifestyle habit?
Regular exercise
Balanced diet
Excessive alcohol consumption
Adequate sleep
Illegal drug abuse can lead to:
Improved immune function
Better mental health
Weakened immune system and health problems
Enhanced physical performance
Illegal drug abuse can lead to:
Improved immune function
Better mental health
Weakened immune system and health problems
Enhanced physical performance
The influenza virus primarily affects:
The digestive system
The respiratory system
The nervous system
The circulatory system
Anisakis infection is typically acquired by eating:
Contaminated water
Raw or undercooked fish
Unwashed vegetables
Contaminated meat
Trichinosis is caused by eating:
Raw fish
Contaminated water
Undercooked pork
Unwashed fruits
Memory cells are important because they:
Store genetic information
Remember previous infections for faster response
Produce hormones
Transport oxygen
Acquired immunity is acquired through:
Receiving antibodies from another person
Natural infection or vaccination
Taking antibiotics
Blood transfusion
Passive immunity is acquired through:
Vaccination
Natural infection
Receiving ready-made antibodies
Exercise
Which is the correct order of the inflammatory response?
Vasodilation → increased permeability → white blood cell recruitment
White blood cell recruitment → vasodilation → increased permeability
Increased permeability → white blood cell recruitment → vasodilation
Vasodilation → white blood cell recruitment → increased permeability
Which portal of entry is most common for respiratory infections?
Digestive tract
Skin wounds
Respiratory tract
Genitourinary tract
The convalescence period is:
The time before symptoms appear
The time when symptoms are most severe
The recovery period after illness
The time when the disease is most contagious
Biological factors affecting health include:
Your diet and exercise habits.
The pollution levels in your city.
Your genetic inheritance from your parents.
The quality of hospitals in your area.
Choosing to smoke cigarettes is an example of which factor affecting health?
Biological factor
Lifestyle factor
Environmental factor
Healthcare system factor
Air and water quality are examples of which type of factor affecting health?
Biological factors
Lifestyle factors
Environmental factors
Healthcare system factors
The availability and quality of hospitals and medical staff refer to:
Lifestyle factors
Environmental factors
Biological factors
Healthcare system factors
The scientific study of diseases is called:
Etiology
Pathology
Diagnosis
Treatment
The cause or origin of a disease is known as its:
Symptom
Sign
Etiology
Prognosis
A subjective indication of a disease felt by the patient, like pain or nausea, is a:
Sign
Symptom
Diagnosis
Treatment
An objective indication of a disease that can be observed by a doctor, like a rash or fever, is a:
Sign
Symptom
Etiology
Prognosis
Diseases caused by pathogens that can be transmitted from one person to another are:
Non-infectious diseases
Infectious diseases
Chronic diseases
Genetic diseases
Diseases that are not caused by pathogens and cannot be spread from person to person are:
Non-infectious diseases
Infectious diseases
Acute diseases
Epidemic diseases
A disease that develops rapidly and lasts for a short time, such as the common cold, is an example of:
A chronic disease
An acute disease
A non-infectious disease
A genetic disease
A disease that develops slowly and persists for a long period, often for a lifetime, such as diabetes, is:
An acute disease
An endemic disease
A chronic disease
A pandemic disease
Cardiovascular diseases, like heart attacks, are generally classified as:
Infectious diseases
Non-infectious diseases
Acute infectious diseases
Parasitic diseases
Which of the following are non-cellular pathogenic agents consisting only of protein?
Bacteria
Viruses
Prions
Fungi
Mad cow disease (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) is caused by:
A virus
A bacterium
A prion
A fungus
Microscopic, single-celled organisms that can cause diseases like tuberculosis or salmonellosis are:
Viruses
Prions
Bacteria
Fungi
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is caused by:
A bacterium
A virus (HIV)
A fungus
A prion
COVID-19 and influenza (the flu) are caused by:
Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
Parasites
Tuberculosis is a disease primarily affecting the lungs, caused by:
A virus
A bacterium
A fungus
A protozoan parasite
Salmonellosis, often causing food poisoning, is caused by:
A virus
A prion
A bacterium
A parasitic worm
Candidiasis (thrush) and athlete's foot are examples of diseases caused by:
Bacteria
Viruses
Prions
Fungi
Malaria is a serious disease transmitted by mosquitoes and caused by:
A virus
A bacterium
A protozoan parasite (Plasmodium)
A fungus
Toxoplasmosis can be acquired from cat faeces or undercooked meat and is caused by:
A parasitic worm
A bacterium
A protozoan parasite (Toxoplasma gondii)
A virus
Anisakiasis is a parasitic disease caused by consuming raw or undercooked fish contaminated with:
Bacteria
Nematode larvae (worms)
Viruses
Fungi
The sequence of events that allows an infectious agent to spread from one host to another is known as the:
Disease cycle
Epidemiological chain
Pathogen pathway
Immune response
The natural habitat where a pathogen normally lives and multiplies (e.g., humans, animals, environment) is called a:
Portal of entry
Portal of exit
Reservoir
Vector
The way a pathogen leaves an infected host (e.g., through coughing, faeces) is the:
Portal of entry
Portal of exit
Reservoir
Mode of transmission
The way a pathogen enters a new susceptible host (e.g., respiratory tract, broken skin) is the:
Portal of entry
Portal of exit
Reservoir
Source
Direct contact, airborne droplets, and contaminated water are examples of:
Portals of entry
Modes of transmission
Reservoirs
Pathogen types
A disease that is constantly present in a particular geographic region or population is:
Epidemic
Pandemic
Endemic
Sporadic
A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in a specific area is an:
Endemic
Epidemic
Pandemic
Incubation
An epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people, is a:
Endemic
Localized outbreak
Pandemic
Convalescence
The time between exposure to a pathogen and the appearance of the first symptoms is the:
Convalescence period
Incubation period
Acute phase
Recovery phase
The period of recovery after an illness is known as:
Incubation
Prodromal stage
Convalescence
Diagnosis
The body's first line of defense against pathogens, such as the skin and mucous membranes, are:
Secondary barriers
Acquired immunity
Primary barriers (innate immunity)
Cellular response
Inflammation, fever, and phagocytic cells are part of the:
Primary barriers
Secondary barriers (innate immunity)
Humoral immunity
Adaptive immunity
Immunity that is specific to a particular pathogen and develops after exposure or vaccination is:
Innate immunity
Non-specific immunity
Acquired (or adaptive) immunity
Passive natural immunity
Which type of acquired immunity involves B-lymphocytes and the production of antibodies?
Cellular immunity
Humoral immunity
Innate immunity
Inflammatory response
Which type of acquired immunity involves T-lymphocytes directly attacking infected cells or coordinating the immune response?
Humoral immunity
Cellular immunity
Antibody-mediated immunity
Primary barrier immunity
Which cells are responsible for producing antibodies?
T-helper lymphocytes
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes (plasma cells)
Phagocytes
A preparation that provides artificial active immunity to a particular disease by stimulating the immune system is a:
Antibiotic
Antiviral
Vaccine
Analgesic
The transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from one individual to another is a:
Vaccination
Transfusion
Transplant
Biopsy
Which of the following is a major negative consequence of illegal drug abuse?
Improved physical fitness
Enhanced mental clarity
Addiction and serious health problems
Stronger immune response
Regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and sufficient sleep are examples of:
Risk factors for disease
Healthy habits
Symptoms of illness
Pathogenic behaviors
Which of the following is NOT a primary barrier of the innate immune system?
Skin
Mucous membranes
Antibodies
Stomach acid
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), which of the following best defines “health”?
The absence of disease only
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
The ability to perform daily tasks without rest
A condition in which all bodily systems are functioning at maximum capacity
Which one describes the physical dimension of health?
Feeling content and enjoying life
Having good relationships with friends and family
Maintaining body functions and fitness levels
Experiencing personal fulfillment and purpose
What characterizes the mental (psychological) domain of health?
Regular participation in sports and exercise
Ability to cope with stress and emotional challenges
Eating a balanced diet
Living in a clean environment with minimal pollution
Which of these illustrates the social dimension of health?
Regularly washing hands to prevent infections
Having supportive relationships and a sense of belonging
Being free from genetic disorders
Maintaining a healthy blood pressure
Which of the following is considered a biological factor affecting health?
Diet high in saturated fats
Genetic predisposition to heart disease
Air pollution levels in the city
Availability of healthcare services
Which item is an example of a lifestyle factor influencing health?
Age and gender
Smoking tobacco regularly
Geographical location (e.g., living at high altitude)
Accessibility of hospitals and clinics
What is an environmental factor that can negatively affect health?
Sedentary lifestyle
High cholesterol levels
Air pollution from vehicle emissions
Lack of health insurance coverage
Which choice represents a health system factor that impacts individual health?
Uncontrollable genetic mutation
Poor dietary choices
Limited access to primary care physicians
Excessive exposure to UV radiation
In medical terminology, what does “pathology” refer to?
The study of how to prevent diseases
The study of the origin, nature, and course of diseases
A specific type of viral infection
The process of transmitting pathogens
What does “etiology” mean in the context of disease?
Treatment methods for a condition
The signs observed by a physician
The cause or origin of a disease
The recovery phase after an illness
Which of the following is a symptom rather than a sign?
Elevated heart rate measured by a doctor
Patient complains of persistent headache
Abnormal laboratory blood results
Swelling observed on an X-ray image
What is the primary goal of diagnosis?
To determine the cause and nature of a disease
To describe public health policies
To identify possible treatments for a healthy individual
To measure the prevalence of a disease in a population
In medical practice, what does “treatment” refer to?
The process of discovering new diseases
The methods used to cure or manage a disease
Identifying high-risk populations
Monitoring health trends over time
Which statement correctly distinguishes infectious from non-infectious diseases?
Infectious diseases are always chronic; non-infectious are always acute.
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens; non-infectious are not caused by pathogens.
Non-infectious diseases can be transmitted between people; infectious diseases cannot.
Both are always caused by genetic mutations.
What is the main difference between acute and chronic diseases?
Acute diseases are caused by bacteria; chronic diseases are caused by viruses.
Acute diseases have a rapid onset and short duration; chronic diseases develop slowly and last a long time.
Chronic diseases always result in death; acute diseases never do.
Acute diseases are non-infectious; chronic diseases are always infectious.
Which of the following is an example of a non-infectious genetic disease?
Tuberculosis
Cystic fibrosis
Influenza
Salmonellosis
Which of these is a non-infectious disease primarily related to nutritional imbalances?
Malaria
Diabetes mellitus type 2
Ringworm
COVID-19
Which non-infectious disease is most closely associated with cardiovascular risk factors?
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Anisakiasis
AIDS
Candidiasis
Which of these is not a type of pathogen that causes infectious diseases?
Fungus
Virus
Protozoan parasite
Antibody
What is an example of a prion-caused disease?
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (a spongiform encephalopathy)
Influenza
Toxoplasmosis
Athlete’s foot
Which disease is caused by a virus?
Tuberculosis
COVID-19
Salmonellosis
Candidiasis
Which disease is caused by a bacterium?
Malaria
HIV/AIDS
Tuberculosis
Ringworm
Salmonellosis is an example of an infection caused by:
A virus
A bacterium
A prion
A fungus
Which of the following is a fungal infection?
Toxoplasmosis
HIV/AIDS
Candidiasis
Influenza
Malaria is transmitted by a pathogen belonging to which category?
Virus
Bacterium
Protozoan parasite
Fungus
In the epidemiological chain, what does “reservoir” refer to?
The means by which a pathogen exits the host
The population at risk for infection
The environment or host where a pathogen lives and multiplies
The method of laboratory diagnosis
Which of the following is an example of a portal of entry for pathogens?
Skin abrasion
Antibiotic medication
Reservoir host
Convalescence period
What is a portal of exit in infectious disease transmission?
A diagnostic test used to confirm the pathogen
The route by which a pathogen leaves the host (e.g., respiratory droplets)
A location where vaccines are stored
A chronic stage of infection
Which of the following describes direct transmission of an infectious disease?
Infection through contaminated water only
Pathogen spread from person to person by physical contact or droplets
Disease transmitted by an intermediate vector only
Infection caused by genetic inheritance
A disease that is constantly present in a population at a predictable, relatively low level is called:
An epidemic
A pandemic
An endemic
A sporadic outbreak
Relatively low level is called:
An epidemic
A pandemic
An endemic
A sporadic outbreak
When the number of new cases of a disease in a community sharply exceeds what is expected, it is termed:
Endemic
Pandemic
Endurance
Epidemic
Which term describes a global outbreak of a disease?
Endemic
Pandemic
Sporadic
Convalescent
Which of the following is a primary barrier in the innate immune system?
T lymphocytes
Skin epithelium
Antibodies in the blood
Memory B cells
Which component represents a secondary barrier of innate immunity?
Mucus in the respiratory tract
B cell–mediated antibody production
Phagocytic action of macrophages
T cell recognition of infected cells
In acquired (adaptive) immunity, the humoral response primarily involves:
Activation of T killer cells
Release of histamine by mast cells
Production of antibodies by B lymphocytes
Physical barriers like skin
Which statement describes the cellular (cell-mediated) response of the adaptive immune system?
It uses antibodies produced by B cells to neutralize pathogens.
It involves T lymphocytes that destroy infected host cells.
It relies solely on physical barriers to prevent infection.
It is responsible for the production of mucous membranes.
Which pair of lymphocytes correctly matches their primary function?
B cells – cell-mediated killing; T cells – antibody production
B cells – antibody production; T cells – directly kill infected cells
B cells – phagocytosis; T cells – complement activation
B cells – produce histamine; T cells – produce mucus
What is the main purpose of vaccination?
To inject live pathogens into everyone in a population
To stimulate the body’s immune system to produce memory cells against a specific pathogen
To destroy toxins produced by bacteria in contaminated food
To cure chronic diseases by replacing damaged cells
Which of the following best defines an organ transplant?
Transfer of antibodies from one person to another
Surgical removal of a dead tissue region
Replacement of a diseased organ with a healthy organ from a donor
Administration of antibiotics to eliminate infection
Which type of medication is specifically used to treat bacterial infections?
Antifungal drugs
Antiviral drugs
Antibiotics
Antiparasitic agents
Which category of drug would be used to treat a viral infection like influenza?
Antibacterial
Antiviral
Antiemetic
Antifungal
Which medication class would be used to treat malaria?
Antifungal agents
Antiparasitic drugs
Antiviral agents
Antibiotics
Which of the following is a healthy dietary habit to promote good health?
Eating fast food every day
Consuming a variety of fruits and vegetables daily
Drinking only sugary sodas for hydration
Skipping breakfast regularly
Which practice is an example of a healthy habit that reduces the risk of infectious disease?
Touching your face without washing hands
Getting vaccinated according to national guidelines
Sharing personal items like toothbrushes
Avoiding medical check-ups when feeling unwell
Which of these statements about a healthy lifestyle is correct?
Sedentary behavior improves immune function.
Regular physical exercise helps maintain cardiovascular health.
Smoking cigarettes reduces the risk of lung infections.
Excessive alcohol consumption strengthens the immune response.
Which of the following is a mental aspect of health?
Strong bones and muscles
Having supportive friends
Feeling positive and able to cope
Access to healthcare
Which factor affecting health is an example of lifestyle?
Genetic predisposition to diabetes
Regular exercise
Air pollution levels
Availability of doctors
A biological factor influencing health could be:
Your income level
Your genetic makeup
Smoking habits
Quality of local hospitals
A doctor measuring a high temperature (38.5°C) observes a:
Sign
Symptom
Etiology
Prognosis
"Athlete's foot" is an infection caused by:
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi (dermatophytes)
Protozoa
Stomach acid is primarily a:
Physical barrier
Chemical barrier
Cellular defense
Inflammatory response
Cells that engulf and destroy pathogens are called:
Lymphocytes
Antibodies
Phagocytes (e.g., macrophages, neutrophils)
Platelets
The redness, heat, swelling, and pain at an infection site are signs of:
Specific immunity
Fever
Inflammation
Antibody production
. The type of immunity that develops after exposure to a specific pathogen is:
Innate immunity
Passive immunity
Adaptive (Acquired) immunity
Barrier immunity
The "humoral response" involves the production of:
Cytokines
Antibodies (by B lymphocytes)
Phagocytes
Memory T cells
Which lymphocyte type is responsible for antibody production?
T helper cells (CD4+)
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)
B cells
Natural Killer (NK) cells
