Something that forms without human input

A man-made object

A type of manufactured product

A synthetic material

A man made product

A natural product found in nature

A product made only from plants

A product that occurs naturally in animals

Rubber can be replaced with polymers

Water can be replaced with glass

Salt can be replaced with sugar

Wood can be replaced with metal

It can provide conditions where natural resources can be enhanced for our needs

It reduces the need for any technological advancements

It eliminates the need for education in society

It prevents the use of renewable energy sources

Fertilisers mean we can produce a higher yield of crops

Burning crop residues to clear fields

Overgrazing by livestock

Excessive use of pesticides

A resource that will run out

A resource that is unlimited

A resource that is always renewable

A resource that increases over time

Reforms at a similar rate to, or faster than, we use them

Is only found underground

Can never be replaced

Is always man-made

Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Development that focuses only on economic growth regardless of environmental impact

Development that prioritizes present needs over future needs

Development that ignores social and environmental concerns

Water that is safe to drink

Water that is used for irrigation

Water that is used for industrial purposes

Water that is unsafe to drink

Water that doesn’t have high levels of dissolved salts or microbes

Water that is always colored

Water that contains a lot of sugar

Water that is only used for washing cars

Because it contains a mixture of ions and other dissolved substances

Because it is always distilled

Because it contains only pure H2O molecules

Because it is free from all impurities

Water that contains only H2O

Water that contains dissolved salts

Water that contains bacteria

Water that contains minerals

Choosing an appropriate source of fresh water (rainwater in lakes, rivers and reservoirs); Passing the water through filter beds – this removes big solids bits; Sterilising – to kill any harmful microbes

Mixing salt water with sand and heating it; Adding food coloring; Letting it sit in the sun for a week

Collecting water from the sea and using it directly; Adding sugar to improve taste; Filtering with paper towels

Using only rainwater collected from rooftops; Boiling for 1 minute; Adding lemon juice

Chlorine, ozone or ultraviolet light

Sand filtration and boiling only

Adding sugar and salt

Using only cold water

Desalination of salty water or sea water

By melting glaciers

By collecting rainwater only

By importing bottled water

Distillation or reverse osmosis

Filtration with sand only

Boiling without condensation

Adding salt to water

Heat a flask of salty water; The water boils to produce steam, leaving dissolved salts in the flask; The steam then condenses back to liquid

Add ice to salty water and filter it; The ice absorbs the salt, leaving pure water

Mix salty water with sand and filter it; The sand absorbs the salt, leaving pure water

Let salty water stand in sunlight; The salt evaporates, leaving pure water

They require large amounts of energy

They use very little water

They are simple and cheap processes

They do not require any equipment

Water that has been used in agriculture, industry or domestically and released into sewers

Fresh water from natural springs

Bottled drinking water

Rainwater collected in tanks

Organic matter and harmful microbes and chemicals

Clean water and oxygen

Minerals and vitamins

Sunlight and air

1. Screening and grit removal; 2. Sedimentations to produce sewage sludge and effluent; 3. Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge; 4. Aerobic biological treatment of effluent

1. Filtration and chlorination only; 2. Direct discharge into rivers; 3. Burning of sewage; 4. Use of only chemical disinfectants

1. Manual removal of waste; 2. Sun drying; 3. Incineration; 4. No biological treatment

1. Only sedimentation; 2. No screening; 3. No biological treatment; 4. Direct use as fertilizer

Ores without much copper in it

Ores with a high percentage of copper

Pure copper metal

Copper alloys

Phytomining, bioleaching

Electrolysis, smelting

Distillation, filtration

Crystallization, evaporation

Uses plants to absorb metal compounds. The plants are harvested and burned to produce ash that contains metal compounds

Uses bacteria to extract metals from ores

Uses electrolysis to extract metals from solutions

Uses high temperatures to melt and separate metals from ores

Uses bacteria to produce leachate solutions that contain metal compounds

Uses plants to absorb metals from the soil

Uses heat to extract metals from ores

Uses acid to dissolve metals from rocks

They undergo displacement using scrap iron, or electrolysis

They are simply washed with water

They are heated with carbon dioxide

They are left to dry in the sun

They can extract small amounts of copper from the Earth. It is less damaging to the environment because it reduces the amount of digging, moving and disposing of large amounts of rock.

They require more energy, making the process faster.

They increase the amount of waste produced during extraction.

They use more chemicals, which speeds up the extraction process.

It looks at every stage of a product’s life to assess the impact it would have on the environment

It is a financial analysis of a product’s market value over time

It measures only the energy consumption during a product’s use phase

It is a process to determine the shelf life of a product

Extracting and processing raw materials, Manufacturing and packaging, Use and operation during its lifetime, Disposal at the end of its useful life, including transport and distribution at each stage

Only the manufacturing stage is considered

Only the disposal stage is considered

Only the use and operation stage is considered

It’s difficult to allocate numerical values to the effect of some pollutants. LCAs can be biased, depending on who is doing the assessment. Selective LCAs can be used to only show some of the impacts of a product.

LCAs always provide completely accurate results for all products.

Life cycle assessments are only used for food products.

LCAs are never influenced by the person conducting the assessment.

Using less, reuse products and recycling materials

Burning more fossil fuels

Increasing single-use plastics

Ignoring recycling programs

Metals, glass, building materials, clay ceramics, plastics

Wood, paper, cotton, wool, silk

Water, air, sunlight, wind

Fruits, vegetables, grains, meat

Mining and extracting metals uses lots of energy whereas recycling uses less energy; Conserves finite resources

Recycling always produces new materials; Increases pollution

Recycling is more expensive than making new products; Uses more resources

Recycling reduces the quality of products; Increases landfill waste

By melting them and then casting them into the shape of the new product

By dissolving them in water and filtering the solution

By burning them to remove impurities

By mixing them with plastic to form alloys

It is separated by colour and chemical composition then crushed and melted to make different glass products

It is burned to produce energy for factories

It is mixed with plastic and paper to create new materials

It is buried in landfills to decompose naturally

The destruction of materials by chemical reaction with substances in the environment

The process of melting metals at high temperatures

The formation of alloys from pure metals

The physical breaking of materials due to mechanical stress

Rusting

Melting

Freezing

Evaporation

When iron reacts with oxygen and water to produce iron oxide

When copper reacts with carbon dioxide to produce copper carbonate

When aluminium reacts with nitrogen to produce aluminium nitride

When zinc reacts with sulfur to produce zinc sulfide

Oxygen AND water

Only oxygen

Only water

Sunlight and air

By applying a coating that acts as a barrier such as greasing, painting or electroplating

By exposing the metal to more moisture

By heating the metal regularly

By scratching the metal surface

It acts as barrier to stop oxygen and water getting to the iron

It increases the temperature of iron

It reacts with rust to remove it

It makes the iron magnetic

It uses electrolysis to reduce metal ions onto an iron electrode, which coats the iron with a layer of a different metal that won’t be corroded away

It is a process where iron is melted and mixed with other metals to prevent rusting

It involves painting a layer of metal onto iron using a brush

It is a method of heating iron to high temperatures to make it shiny

When moving parts are involved e.g. a bike chain

When storing dry grains

When painting a wall

When cleaning glass surfaces

A more reactive metal such as zinc or magnesium is placed on the iron. This metal then reacts instead of the iron.

The iron is painted with a special oil to prevent rusting.

Iron is heated to a high temperature to make it stronger.

A layer of plastic is wrapped around the iron to keep out air and water.

It reacts with oxygen to form aluminium oxide, which forms a protective layer over the aluminium.

It does not react with oxygen at all.

Aluminium is a noble metal and is unreactive.

It dissolves in water, preventing corrosion.

A mixture of different metals.

A pure metal element.

A type of non-metal compound.

A liquid solution of metals.

Copper and tin.

Copper and zinc.

Iron and carbon.

Aluminium and magnesium.

It’s used to make medals and statues.

It’s used to make paper.

It’s used to grow plants.

It’s used to cook food.

Copper and zinc.

Copper and tin.

Iron and carbon.

Aluminium and magnesium.

Used in water taps and door fitting.

Used for making glass windows.

Used as a food ingredient.

Used in textile manufacturing.

Silver, copper and zinc.

Iron, lead and tin.

Aluminium, nickel and cobalt.

Platinum, mercury and lithium.

In carats.

In grams.

In ounces.

In litres.

100% gold.

75% gold.

50% gold.

24% gold.

75% gold.

50% gold.

90% gold.

60% gold.

An alloy of iron, carbon and other metals.

A pure form of iron.

A type of plastic.

A natural mineral found in rocks.

Strong, brittle.

Soft, ductile.

Weak, malleable.

Flexible, non-magnetic.

Bridges.

Cooking utensils.

Electrical wiring.

Plastic bottles.

Softer and more easily shaped.

Very brittle and hard to weld.

Highly resistant to corrosion and rust.

Excellent electrical conductivity.

Car bodies.

Jewelry making.

Electrical wiring insulation.

Food packaging.

Stainless steel – hard and resistant to corrosion.

They are soft and easily corroded.

They are brittle and dissolve in water.

They are magnetic and melt at low temperatures.

Cutlery.

Fuel for cars.

Insulation material for houses.

Wood for furniture.

Lubricant for engines.

Low density.

High density.

Magnetic properties.

Brittle nature.

To make aircraft.

To make wooden furniture.

To make cotton clothes.

To make glass bottles.

Soda lime glass.

Borosilicate glass.

Lead glass.

Aluminosilicate glass.

By heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone until it melts. It dries as glass.

By mixing sand and water and letting it dry in the sun.

By compressing limestone and sodium carbonate under high pressure.

By freezing a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone.

From sand and boron trioxide.

From limestone and clay.

From quartz and sodium carbonate.

From sand and calcium oxide.

Borosilicate glass melts at higher temperatures than soda lime glass.

Borosilicate glass is more easily scratched than soda lime glass.

Borosilicate glass contains more sodium than soda lime glass.

Borosilicate glass is less resistant to thermal shock than soda lime glass.

Non-metal solids with high melting points that aren’t made from carbon-based compounds.

Metals with low melting points made from carbon-based compounds.

Organic compounds with high electrical conductivity.

Liquids that are good conductors of heat and electricity.

Ceramics made from clay, including pottery and bricks.

Metals that are mixed with clay to form alloys.

Glass objects made by melting sand and clay together.

Plastic materials that are shaped and then fired.

By shaping wet clay and then heating in a furnace.

By melting clay and pouring it into molds.

By compressing dry clay powder at room temperature.

By mixing clay with metal and cooling it rapidly.

A chain of many of the same monomers.

A type of metal alloy.

A single molecule of water.

A type of ionic compound.

The monomers they are made from and the conditions under which they are made.

The temperature at which they are stored.

The color of the polymer.

The amount of water present during storage.

Ethene.

Propene.

Butene.

Styrene.

A moderate temperature under high pressure with a catalyst.

A low temperature under low pressure with a catalyst.

A high temperature under low pressure with a catalyst.

A moderate temperature under low pressure with a catalyst.

Flexible

Brittle

Conductive

Magnetic

Plastic bags and bottles

Electrical wiring insulation

Car tyres

Window glass

A low temperature and pressure with a catalyst

A high temperature and pressure with a catalyst

A low temperature and high pressure without a catalyst

A high temperature and low pressure with a catalyst

It is rigid

It is flexible

It is transparent

It is a good conductor of electricity

Water tanks and drainpipes

Electrical wiring insulation

Car tyres

Window frames

Contains individual polymer chains entwined together with weak forces between the chains

Contains polymer chains joined by strong covalent bonds between the chains

Is a polymer that cannot be melted once formed

Is a polymer that conducts electricity

They have low melting points and can be remoulded

They have high melting points and cannot be remoulded

They conduct electricity well

They are always biodegradable

Contains monomers that can form cross-links between the polymer chains, holding the chains together in a solid structure

Can be melted and remoulded repeatedly without any change in properties

Is made up of only one type of monomer and cannot form cross-links

Is always flexible and soft at room temperature

They don’t soften when heated. They are hard, strong and rigid

They melt easily when heated and can be reshaped

They are soft, flexible and can be stretched easily

They dissolve in water and conduct electricity

Made of two materials, and a matrix or binder surrounding the fibres or fragments of other materials, binding them together

A pure substance made of only one type of atom

A material that conducts electricity very well

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

Reinforcement

Matrix

Binder

Solvent

Fibreglass, carbon fibre, concrete, wood

Iron, copper, gold, silver

Sand, salt, sugar, water

Aluminium, steel, brass, bronze

Consists of fibres of glass embedded in a matrix made of plastic

A type of metal alloy used in construction

A natural mineral found in rocks

A synthetic rubber used for insulation

Long chains of carbon atoms or carbon nanotubes bonded together

A type of metal alloy used in construction

A synthetic polymer made from petroleum

A natural fiber obtained from plants

Aggregate (sand and gravel), embedded in cement

A type of metal alloy used in construction

A natural mineral found in mountains

A synthetic plastic material used for insulation

A natural composite of cellulose fibres held together by an organic polymer matrix

A type of metal used in construction

A synthetic plastic material

A mineral found in rocks

A process used to manufacture ammonia

A process used to extract iron from its ore

A process used to produce sulfuric acid

A process used to refine crude oil

N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃

N₂ + 2H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃

N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ NH₃

2N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃

Nitrogen & hydrogen

Oxygen & carbon dioxide

Sulfur & oxygen

Chlorine & sodium

The air

The sea

The soil

Plants

Reacting methane with steam

Electrolysis of water

Burning hydrogen in air

Extracting from ammonia

Purified hydrogen and nitrogen are passed over a catalyst of iron at a high temperature (about 450°C) and a high pressure (about 200 atmospheres). The ammonia liquefies and is removed.

Hydrogen and oxygen are passed over a copper catalyst at room temperature and low pressure. The ammonia gas is collected directly.

Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are passed over a platinum catalyst at high temperature and low pressure. The ammonia is separated by filtration.

Hydrogen and nitrogen are passed over a nickel catalyst at low temperature and high pressure. The ammonia remains as a gas.

It’s a compromise between the speed of the reaction and how expensive it is to do

Because it produces the highest possible yield of ammonia instantly

Because lower temperatures are too dangerous to handle

Because higher pressures would make the process too slow

A fertiliser that contains nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium

A fertiliser that contains only nitrogen

A fertiliser that contains only potassium

A fertiliser that contains nitrogen and calcium

NPK is a formulation of various salts containing appropriate percentages of the elements

NPK is made by mixing pure nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium metals together

NPK is produced by dissolving rocks in water only

NPK is created by heating sand and water