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WorksheetsQuiz on Hormones and Physiology
Total questions: 131
Worksheet time: 1hrs 16mins
The hormones of the anterior pituitary gland include:
LH, FSH, ACTH, PRL, ADH
ADH, Oxytocin, TSH, CRH, TRH
ADH, Vasopresin, PRL
ACTH, TSH, MSH, GH, FSH, LH
TSH, ACTH, CRH, PRL, GH
The preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system are characterized by:
Myelinated, short axons
Myelinated, long axons
Unmyelinated, short axons
Unmyelinated, long axons
Unmyelinated, equal length to postganglionic fibers
The chemical substances that strongly stimulate HCl secretion in the stomach are:
Gastrin, enterogastrin, secretin
Vagus nerve, gastrin, histamine, somatostatin
Vagus nerve, enterogastrin, histamine, gastrin
Gastrin, chymosin, enterogastrin, vagus nerve
Acetylcholine, histamine, gastrin, trypsin
The placenta secretes the following hormones:
HCG, Testosterone, estrogen
HCG, Estrogen, progesterone
HCG, inhibin, adrenaline
HCG, adrenaline, noradrenaline
The main cause of the descent of the testis into the scrotum in newborns is due to:
The effect of GnRH from the hypothalamus
The effect of GH from the anterior pituitary
The level of testosterone secreted during the fetal period in the 7th-9th month
The presence of HCG from the placenta
Vital capacity:
Is the maximum volume of air exhaled
Represents the maximum capability of a single breath
Increases with age and decreases with height
Represents the maximum capacity of the lungs
When exhaling normally:
The expiratory muscles contract, the thoracic cavity volume decreases
The pressure in the pleural cavity is lower, the alveolar pressure decreases
The inspiratory muscles relax, the thoracic cavity volume decreases, the alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure
The thoracic cavity pressure increases greater than atmospheric pressure
Na+ in the proximal convoluted tubule is reabsorbed according to:
The high electrochemical gradient of Na+ between the cell and the lumen
Facilitated diffusion along with glucose or amino acids at the cell apex
Secretion of NH3 dragging K+
Increased secretion of aldosterone
Diastolic blood pressure is the blood pressure:
Depends on the tension of the vessel wall
Depends mainly on blood volume
Normally has a value of 40-90 mmHg
Decreases when the elasticity of the vessel decreases
Ne
What is diastolic blood pressure?
Depends on the force of the vessel
Depends mainly on blood volume
Normally has a value of 40-90mmHg
Decreases when the elasticity of the vessel decreases
The pre-ganglionic sympathetic neuron secretes which neurotransmitter?
Adrenaline
Noadrenaline
Acetylcholine
N-acetylcholine
M-acetylcholine
A person is definitely considered to have a fever when their body temperature is:
At rest, the temperature in the armpit > 37.5°C
Immediately after heavy labor, the temperature in the forehead > 37.5°C
Immediately after eating, the temperature in the armpit > 37.5°C
When just coming in from the sun, the temperature in the forehead > 37.5°C
Both (1) and (3)
The basal metabolism is defined as:
The maximum energy production in a day
The energy needed to maintain normal life
The energy needed to maintain the body at rest
The energy needed for vital organ activities
The minimum energy for the body to survive under basal conditions
The place where nutrients are absorbed the most is:
Stomach and duodenum
The end of the duodenum and the beginning of the jejunum
Duodenum and ileum
All segments of the intestine NON
Jejunum and the beginning of the colon
Which factor determines the direction of gas movement in gas exchange in the alveoli and pulmonary capillary blood?
Solubility in water
Partial pressure difference
Temperature
Molecular weight and size of gas molecules
The main function of intestinal juice is:
Intestinal juice plays an important role in digestion in the small intestine
Enzymes in intestinal juice transform all nutrients
Enzymes in intestinal juice only partially transform nutrients
Enterokinase in intestinal juice activates chymotrypsinogen, trypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase
Enzymes in intestinal juice hydrolyze the remaining nutrients into simple substances
Characteristics of body temperature are:
All points inside and outside the body have the same temperature
Central temperature is relatively stable and affects cell metabolism
Skin temperature is higher
What are the characteristics of body temperature?
All points inside and outside the body have the same temperature
Central temperature is relatively stable and affects cell metabolism
Skin temperature is higher than core temperature due to exposure to light
Skin temperature is the same, while the temperature of organs varies by location
Body temperature is higher in the morning and lower in the afternoon
What chemical mediator does the post-ganglionic neuron of the parasympathetic system secrete?
Adrenaline
Noadrenaline
Catecholamine
N-acetylcholine
E-M-acetylcholine
What is the effect of the ovarian hormone estrogen, except for?
Regenerating the functional layer of the endometrium based on the basal layer during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle
Increasing uterine contractions
Increasing the secretion of viscous fluid in the cervix
Increasing protein synthesis in bones, uterus, and mammary glands
Increasing the activity of osteoblasts
Regarding heart sounds:
The interval between S1 and S2 corresponds to the ventricular systole phase
S1 sound is due to the opening of the arterial valve
The interval from S2 of this cycle to S1 of the next cycle is a short silence
S2 sound is due to the opening of the atrioventricular valve
In the distal convoluted tubule, water is reabsorbed thanks to:
Aldosterone hormone from the adrenal cortex
ADH hormone from the pituitary gland
The fluid reaching the distal convoluted tubule is isotonic
The fluid reaching the distal convoluted tubule is hypertonic
The urine flow through the distal convoluted tubule is 15ml/min
What is true about the function of the cerebellum?
Regulates muscle tone and maintains balance for the body
Regulates internal organ activity and coordinates involuntary movements
Regulates speech muscles and commands movements of the opposite side of the body
Regulates vegetative reflexes and adjusts movements accurately in terms of distance and direction
Both (1) and (4) are correct
What is the function of B lymphocytes?
There are 3 types of B lymphocytes
Can directly kill tumor cells by attacking them
Activate T lymphocytes
Humoral immunity function by secreting antibodies when activated
What is the inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
Dopamine
What is the function of humoral immunity by secreting antibodies when activated?
Cell activation of T lymphocytes
Humoral immunity by secreting antibodies when activated
What is the inhibitory neurotransmitter in the synapse?
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
Dopamine
Bradykinin
GABA and glycine
What happens to a premature infant born at 25 weeks gestation with acute respiratory distress syndrome?
Arterial PO2 100mmHg
Collapse of small alveoli
Increased lung compliance
Normal breathing rate
Which of the following is NOT an effect of male sex hormone (testosterone)?
Promotes growth and ossification of cartilage at the ends of long bones
Increases the size and strength of the pelvis
Decreases CHCS by 5-10% compared to females
Increases the number of red blood cells by about 20% in 1mm3 of blood
Slightly increases the reabsorption of Na ions in the distal tubule
What is a characteristic of anemia due to iron deficiency, except?
Red blood cells are smaller than normal
Hemoglobin is lower than normal
Serum iron is decreased
Red blood cell volume is larger than normal
What is the origin and function of proteins in the blood?
Albumin produced in the liver, creates most of the colloid osmotic pressure of blood and transports substances
Alpha, beta globulins produced by immune response cells
Gamma globulins produced in the liver, function to transport substances like lipids, ions, vitamins
Proteins from endocrine glands create half of the colloid osmotic pressure of blood
What does the speed of impulse conduction on nerve fibers depend on?
Length of the nerve fiber
Number of Na+ and K+ channels on the nerve fiber
Degree of myelination
Number of chemical intermediates
Thickness of the nerve fiber membrane
Which hormones are steroid in nature?
Aldosterone, estrogen, testosterone, cortisol
Adrenaline, noradrenaline, T3, T4
ADH, ACTH, FSH, LH
Aldosterone, estrogen, oxytocin, calcitonin
Glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, ADH
What is a reasonable explanation for the cause of anemia in a patient with atrophic gastritis (low HCl secretion) and anemia?
Due to low HCl and bicarbonate, digestion of food in the stomach is poor
Due to low HCl compared to pepsin, digestion in the intestine is affected
A reasonable explanation for the cause of anemia in this patient is:
Due to low HCl and bicarbonate, food digestion in the stomach is poor
Due to low HCl compared to pepsin, digestion in the intestine is poor
Due to low HCl and too much mucus, vitamin B12 absorption is poor
Due to low HCl and intrinsic factor, Fe and vitamin B12 absorption is poor
Due to low HCl and low pepsin, Fe and vitamin B12 digestion is poor
The role of the vasomotor center in maintaining arterial blood pressure is:
Reduce strong tension
Maintain vascular tension through the sympathetic system
Control blood pressure
Along with the heart acceleration center
In the distal convoluted tubule, which is not an effect of ADH on water reabsorption activity:
ADH acts through cyclic AMP to activate hyaluronidase
ADH inhibits the enzyme hyaluronidase
Through the active mechanism, ADH regulates
Thanks to ADH activating hyaluronidase to hydrolyze hyaluronic, expanding the membrane pores for water to pass through
Adrenoreceptors include the following main types:
Alpha receptor
Beta receptor
Alpha-, beta 1-, beta 2- receptor
Alpha-, beta 1- receptor
Alpha-, beta 2- receptor
Thermoreceptors have characteristics different from other types of sensory receptors (touch, hair loss) as follows:
There are 2 separate types of receptors
Located deeper than touch and hair loss receptors
Located shallower than touch and hair loss receptors
The sensation depends on the environmental temperature
No adaptability
In the proximal convoluted tubule, Na+ ions are primarily reabsorbed through the body:
Diffusing passively along with glucose and amino acids
Thanks to the Na+-K+-ATPase pump
Both actively and passively
Thanks to the high electrochemical gradient of Na+ between the lumen and the cell
Passively following the electrochemical gradient and water
The main factor affecting the glomerular filtration rate is:
Blood flow to the kidneys
Filtration coefficient Kf
Hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s capsule
Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries
Colloid osmotic pressure in plasma
The activity of pepsin in gastric juice has the characteristic:
(a)
What is the filtration coefficient Kf?
Glass pressure in Bowman capsule
Static pressure in the renal capillary
Colloid pressure in plasma
What is the characteristic of pepsin enzyme activity?
Hydrolyzes ester bonds within lipid
Hydrolyzes peptide bonds within caseinogen
Hydrolyzes peptide bonds of all food proteins
Is the most important digestive enzyme
Only works in pH < 5
What does the presynaptic membrane structure consist of?
Is the end of the myelinated axon
Is the end of the unmyelinated axon, many K+ channels
Has many Ca++ channels and specific receptors
Has many Na+, Ca++ channels and synaptic vesicles
Has many Na+, K+ channels and chemical mediators
What is the function of red blood cells?
Transport CO2 from tissues to lungs
Transport O2 from lungs to tissues
Transport nutrients, protect the body
Transport CO2 and O2, participate in blood viscosity, buffer blood pH
What is the effect of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla, except?
Increases heart rate, increases heart contractility
Increases maximum blood pressure
Decreases metabolism
Increases blood sugar
Relaxes smooth muscle
What disease will damage the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland cause?
Diabetes
Acromegaly
Gigantism
Dwarfism
Diabetes insipidus
What is minute ventilation?
The volume exhaled in one minute
The volume inhaled in one minute
The normal inhaled or exhaled air in one minute
The total volume exchanged with blood
At what stage does all blood return to the ventricle?
Atrial contraction
Atrial relaxation
Ventricular relaxation
Total diastole
What digestive enzymes for carbohydrates in the digestive tract include?
Amylase, lactase, mucbase, sacarase
Amylase, sacarase, lactase, maltase
Amylase, maltase, lipase, lactase
Amylase, lactase, maltase, glucokinase
Amylase, maltase, lactase, hexokinase
What is the effect of insulin from the pancreas?
Increases protein and carbohydrate synthesis in all tissues
Increases protein synthesis, decreases glucose usage in tissues
What is the effect of insulin from the pancreas?
Increase protein and glucose synthesis in all tissues
Increase protein synthesis, decrease glucose usage in tissues
Increase protein synthesis, increase glycogen breakdown in the liver raising blood sugar
Increase reserves in the liver and muscles, synthesize lipid reserves participating in blood sugar regulation
Increase liver glycogen synthesis and glucose breakdown in muscles, participating in blood sugar regulation
Which hormones are derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine?
T3, T4, adrenaline, noadrenaline
FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone
Testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol, cortisone
Insulin, glucagon, PRL, oxytocin
Oxytocin, vasopressin, GH, TSH
The excitatory or inhibitory activity of a chemical mediator at the synapse is determined by:
The function of the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane
The molecular composition of that chemical mediator
The shape of the synaptic vesicle containing it
The distance between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes
The flow of chloride ions entering the synapse
What is the effect of the hormone PTH?
Increase blood Ca++ and decrease blood phosphate
Decrease blood Ca++ and decrease blood phosphate
Increase blood Ca++ and increase urinary phosphate
Decrease blood Ca++ and decrease urinary phosphate
Decrease blood Ca++ and decrease phosphate in blood and urine
When we say the normal body temperature is 37°C, it means:
The average temperature of the skin regions on the body
The average of central temperature and skin temperature
The skin temperature, measured in the armpit
The central temperature, measured in the rectum
Most of the white blood cells in peripheral blood are:
Acidophilic leukocytes
Neutrophilic leukocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Basophilic leukocytes
The property of impulse conduction on nerve fibers is:
Bidirectional, continuous but speed decreases
Bidirectional, continuous and speed is constant
Bidirectional, continuous and speed increases
Bidirectional, continuous and does not spread
Unidirectional or bidirectional depending on the state of the nerve fiber
The motor control area of the cerebral cortex has the characteristic:
What are the characteristics of the motor command area of the cortex?
Command same side, inverted and prioritize delicate activity
Command same side, corresponding above and below and prioritize delicate activity
Cross command, corresponding above and below and prioritize delicate activity
Cross command, inverted and equal among regions
Cross command, inverted and prioritize delicate motor parts
What conditions lead to an increase/decrease in hematocrit compared to normal?
Blood loss leads to decreased hematocrit
Diarrhea, excessive vomiting leads to decreased hematocrit
Anemia, blood loss leads to decreased hematocrit, dehydration leads to increased hematocrit
Hematocrit decreases when living at high altitudes
What is the normal quantity of reticulocytes in peripheral blood?
Normally has a quantity of 3-5% of red blood cells
Normally has a quantity of 2-4% of red blood cells
Normally has a quantity of 2-3% of red blood cells
Increased reticulocyte count indicates increased erythropoiesis in the bone marrow and vice versa
What are the main components of gastric juice?
Gastrin, HCl, intrinsic factor, vitamin B12 and mucus
HCl, intrinsic factor, mucus, amylase enzyme
Pepsin enzyme, HCl, mucus, intrinsic factor
Histamine, intrinsic factor, pepsin enzyme and mucus
HCl, chymosin enzyme, intrinsic factor and maltase
What are the conscious motor command tracts from the cortex?
Pyramidal tract
Pyramidal tract, roof - thorn
Low tract, red - thorn
Pyramidal tract, pre-motor fibers
Pyramidal tract, knee fibers
What factors influence the normal heart rate?
Sympathetic system
Parasympathetic system
Both parasympathetic and sympathetic systems
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, with the parasympathetic system dominating
What are the characteristics of substance exchange at the Henle loop?
Ascending limb has high permeability to Na+ due to electrochemical gradient
Descending limb has high water permeability due to ADH action
Na+ concentration at the apex of the loop is highest
Aldosterone causes strong Na+ reabsorption at the apex
What is the effect of GH (Growth Hormone) from the anterior pituitary, EXCEPT:
Hormone GH (Growth Hormon) của tiền yên có tác dụng, NGOẠI TRỪ:
Kích thích mô sụn và xương phát triển
Kích thích sinh tổng hợp protein.
Tăng thoái hoá lipid tạo năng lượng
Tăng dự trữ glycogen ở tế bảo
Tăng vận chuyển glucose vào tế bào và làm giảm đường máu
Các chất dinh dưỡng được hấp thu ở ruột non nhiều nhất dưới dạng:
Amino acid, monossacarid, diglycerid và glycerol
Amino acid, monossacarid, grycerol, acid béo, monoglycerid
Discarid, dipeptid, glycenol, acid béo
Monosacarid, triglycerid, aminoacid, acid béo
Aminoacid, monosacarid, phospholipid, polypeptid
Cholinoreceptor gồm các loại chính sau:
Anpha cholinoreceptor
Beta cholinoreceptor
Anpha và beta cholin receptor
Cholinoreceptor M và N
Cholinoreceptor M
Đặc điểm và tác dụng của hormone nhau thai HCG, NGOẠI TRỪ:
Có tác dụng thay thế vai trò của LH để nuôi dưỡng hoảng thể trong 3 tháng đầu
Có cấu tạo giống ACTH, LH
Được bài tiết rất sớm tử ngày thứ 8 sau thụ thai và 7-9
Ức chế hoàng thể bài tiết 1 lượng lớn estrogen và progesteron
Kích thích tế bào leydig bài tiết testoterone cho đến lúc sinh
Hormone chính điều hoà sản sinh hồng cầu là:
Hormone sinh sản nam (testosterone)
Erythropoietin
Hormon tuyến giáp
Khởi điểm giai đoạn tâm trương toàn bộ diễn ra là:
Bắt đầu khi van động mạch đóng lại, và nghe thấy tiếng tim thứ hai
Bắt đầu khi van nhĩ thất mở ra, máu chảy từ tâm nhĩ xuống tâm thất
Bắt đầu khi van nhĩ thất mở và nghe thấy tiếng tim thứ hai
Là thời gian tâm thất giãn
Tế bào biểu mô của bọc Bowman
Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến nhịp tim là:
Tần số tim giảm theo tuổi
Tần số tim ở nam nhanh hơn nữ
Thân nhiệt tăng làm tăng nhịp tim, tác dụng qua hệ giao cảm
Vỏ não làm thay đổi tần số tim là do tác dụng trực tiếp lên tim
Phần cơ thể xuất chiếu ở phía trên và ở trong của vùng hồi sau trung tâm (hồi đỉnh lên) là:
(a)
Which part of the body projects above and inside the postcentral gyrus?
Upper limb
Lower limb
Abdomen
Genital organs
Face
Which of the following is not a structure of the filtration membrane?
Endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries
Basement membrane
The slit pores of the filtration membrane
Macula densa
Epithelial cells of Bowman’s capsule
Factors affecting the filtration process, EXCEPT:
Renal blood flow
Colloid osmotic pressure
Hormones PTH and cortisol
Constriction of afferent arterioles
Dilation of efferent arterioles
When sympathetic nervous system stimulation increases, it will cause:
Increased heart activity, increased intestinal motility, increased sweating, pupil constriction
Increased heart activity, decreased intestinal motility, increased sweating, pupil dilation
Decreased activity of the circulatory and digestive systems, decreased sweating, pupil dilation
Decreased activity of the circulatory and digestive systems, decreased sweating, pupil constriction
Increased bile secretion, bronchodilation, contraction of the ciliary muscle causing pupil dilation
Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by:
Increasing blood volume
Decreasing Na+ excretion in urine
Causing systemic vasoconstriction
Increasing Na+ levels in blood
In conditions of heat overload (environment temperature from 35°C and above), the most important heat dissipation pathway of the body is:
Conduction and radiation
Convection and evaporation
Radiation and convection
Evaporation and radiation
Evaporation
The most important effect of the ovarian hormone progesterone is:
Reducing contractions of the uterus (pregnancy hormone)
Stimulating secretion in the endometrium in the second half of the menstrual cycle
Secreting viscous mucus in the cervix
Stimulating the proliferation of mammary gland cells
Increasing body temperature in the second half of the menstrual cycle
Aldosterone has the greatest effect on:
Proximal tubule
Thin segment of the loop of Henle
Thick segment of the loop of Henle
Glomerulus
Collecting duct
The solution leaving the loop of Henle is a solution of:
Aldosterone has the greatest effect on:
Proximal tubule
Thin segment of Henle's loop
Thick ascending limb of Henle's loop
Glomerulus
Collecting duct
The solution leaving the loop of Henle is:
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Diluted solution
Relatively dilute
The location and characteristics of the thermoregulatory center are:
In the medulla oblongata and hypothalamus
Heat center in the spinal cord, cold center in the medulla
Heat center in the anterior half, cold center in the posterior half of the hypothalamus
When infected, the thermoregulatory center is activated
When cold, the thermoregulatory center is paralyzed
At the kidney tubule, the substances that are reabsorbed are:
Na+ is actively reabsorbed at the tubular border
Na+ in the distal tubule and collecting duct is reabsorbed more due to aldosterone
Water is mainly absorbed in the distal tubule
Proteins are mainly reabsorbed in the distal tubule
HCO3- is directly reabsorbed into the blood
When the arterial valve opens, the following phenomena occur:
The atrioventricular valves open, the ventricles relax, blood enters the arteries
The ventricles contract, blood enters the arteries, the atrioventricular valves open
The ventricles contract, blood enters the arteries, the atria contract
The atria contract, the ventricles contract, blood enters the arteries
The substances that are reabsorbed and secreted in the distal convoluted tubule are:
Na is reabsorbed by active transport and diffusion
25% Na+ is reabsorbed here
Ion H+ is excreted as H2CO3
K+ is secreted under the influence of aldosterone
On average, 200ml of solution passes through the distal convoluted tubule per minute
The hormone GH from the anterior pituitary has effects, EXCEPT:
Stimulates cartilage and bone growth
Stimulates protein synthesis
Increases lipid breakdown to produce energy
Increases glycogen storage in cells
Promotes the growth of flat bones
Cortisol from the adrenal cortex has effects, EXCEPT:
Anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, immune suppression
Increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion in the kidney
Increases lipid metabolism and increases the number of eosinophils
Increases protein breakdown
What is the effect of n, EXCEPT:
Anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, immunosuppressive
Increase Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion in the kidney tubules
Increase lipid metabolism and increase the number of eosinophils
Increase protein degradation and cause osteoporosis at high concentrations
Cause adrenal cortex failure when used in long-term treatment
The reason why the brainstem is said to have a vital role in the body is:
It is the pathway through which all sensory and motor nerve bundles pass
It has many nuclei of cranial nerves and the phrenic nerve
It has a reticular structure and a center for regulating muscle tone
It has the X nucleus, vestibular nucleus, and where the pyramidal tracts pass
It has respiratory and cardiovascular regulatory centers
Digestive enzymes for lipids include:
Lipase, cholesterol, acidase
Lipase, phosphorylase, esterase, diglyceridase
Amylase, lipase, cholesterase
Cholesterase, phospholipase, lipase
Glyceridase, lipase, enterokinase
Regulation of heart rate by humoral factors includes:
Calcium ions increase and decrease heart rate
Potassium ions increase heart rate
Norepinephrine, epinephrine increase heart rate
Thyroxine directly increases heart rate
Complete damage to the left frontal lobe in right-handed individuals will cause:
Left-sided paralysis, accompanied by loss of speech
Right-sided paralysis, accompanied by deafness
Right-sided paralysis, accompanied by loss of speech
Loss of movement and sensation in the upper half of the body
Loss of movement and sensation in the lower half of the body
Thyroid hormone (thyroxine) affects carbohydrate metabolism by:
Rapidly increasing glucose degradation in cells and decreasing insulin secretion
Increasing glycogen breakdown and increasing gluconeogenesis
Decreasing glucose absorption in the intestine and increasing glycogen breakdown
Increasing gluconeogenesis in the intestine and decreasing insulin
Increasing insulin secretion and decreasing absorption in the intestine
The negative pressure in the pleural cavity (lower than atmospheric pressure) is due to:
The elastic properties of lung tissue, lymphatic pumping in the pleural cavity, and the chest wall's ability to expand
The rigid chest wall, contracting respiratory muscles, and the elastic properties of lung tissue
The elastic properties of lung tissue
What is the reason for the pleural pressure?
Elasticity of lung parenchyma, lymphatic pump in the pleural cavity, elastic chest wall
Rigid chest wall, respiratory muscles contract, elasticity of lung parenchyma
Elasticity of lung parenchyma, rigid chest wall, lymphatic pump in the pleural cavity
Rigid chest wall does not contract according to lung contraction, elasticity of lung tissue, lymphatic pump in the cavity
What is cardiac output?
Result of heart activity
Left cardiac output is greater than right
The amount of blood both left and right heart pumps into the arteries in one minute
Cardiac output of Vietnamese people is about 6 liters/minute
At the brush border of the small intestinal mucosal cells:
Amino acids are absorbed by primary active transport
Short-chain fatty acids are absorbed by co-transport mechanism
Long-chain fatty acids (>10 carbons) are absorbed in micelles of bile salts
Monoglycerides are absorbed by diffusion with glycerol
Fructose is absorbed by simple diffusion
Which of the following is true when inhaling?
Pressure in the pleural cavity is positive
Volume in the lungs is less than functional residual capacity (FRC)
Alveolar pressure equals atmospheric pressure
Alveolar pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure
Pressure in the pleural cavity is negative compared to exhalation
The normal inhalation action is caused by:
Intercostal muscles and chest wall muscles contract and are important respiratory muscles
Normal inhalation muscles contract, the important respiratory muscle is the diaphragm
Internal intercostal muscles contract, it is a conscious action
Chest wall muscles contract, it is a passive action
When hemoglobin (Hb) transports oxygen:
Oxygen binds to Fe2+ of heme, each Hb molecule binds 1 oxygen molecule
Oxygen binds to Fe2+ of heme, each Hb molecule binds 4 oxygen molecules
Oxygen binds to globin of Hb, each Hb molecule binds 1 oxygen molecule
Oxygen binds to globulin of Hb, each Hb molecule binds 4 oxygen molecules
Most oxygen is transported in the blood in the form of:
Dissolved in plasma
Combined with plasma proteins
Chemically combined with heme in red blood cells
Most oxygen is transported in the blood in the form of:
Dissolved in plasma
Combined with plasma proteins
Chemically combined with heme in red blood cells
Dissolved in red blood cells
The function of granulocyte and monocyte white blood cells is:
Monocytes have the strongest phagocytic ability
Eosinophils increase during acute infections
Neutrophils have increased phagocytic ability during acute infections
Basophils have the ability to kill parasites
The digestive enzymes of pancreatic juice include:
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin, lipase
Rypin, chymotrypsin, nucleotidase, carboxypeptidase
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
Trypsin, chymosin, dipeptidase
The ovarian hormone progesterone has effects, EXCEPT:
Reduces uterine contractions (pregnancy hormone)
Stimulates secretion in the uterine lining in the second half of the menstrual cycle
Secretes thin mucus in the cervix
Stimulates the proliferation of breast gland cells
Increases body temperature in the second half of the menstrual cycle
The physical properties of blood include:
Blood temperature 37°C; pH: 7.15 – 7.25; viscosity 1.5 times that of water
Blood temperature 37.5°C; pH 7.25 – 7.35; viscosity 2.5 times that of water
Blood temperature 38°C; pH 7.35 – 7.45; viscosity 4.5 times that of water
Sample blood temperature 38°C; pH 7.35 – 7.45; viscosity 5.5 times that of water
The main factor regulating stroke volume is:
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Frank-Starling law
Arterial blood pH
The adrenal cortex stimulating hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary has effects, EXCEPT:
Stimulates cell proliferation in the zona glomerulosa and zona reticularis
Inhibits the synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortex hormones by inhibiting proteinkinase A
Rapidly increases learning and memory processes
Stimulates melanocyte production of melanin
The reflex regulating heart rate is:
Atrial reflex decreases heart rate
Eye-heart reflex, Goltz decreases heart rate
Cerebral cortex activity (emotion) decreases heart rate
Reflex
The reflex that regulates heart rate is:
Atrial reflex decreases heart rate
Eye-heart reflex, Goltz decreases heart rate
Cerebral cortex activity (emotion) decreases heart rate
Bainbridge reflex is a reflex through the parasympathetic system
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by:
Active transport
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
The mechanism of action of substances that cause HCl secretion from parietal cells (border cells) is:
Gastrin stimulates H2 receptors on the gastric mucosa, causing proton pump activity
Acetylcholine acts on M receptors causing proton pump activity
Histamine acts on H2 receptors, activating the proton pump in parietal cells
Histamine increases the excitability of the vagus nerve, releasing gastrin
Carbonic anhydrase enzyme increases H+ transfer into parietal cells
Thyroid hormone (thyroxin) has the effect of:
Slightly reducing blood sugar levels
Increasing cholesterol levels
Vasoconstriction in most tissues
Increasing heart rate and increasing the contractile force of the heart
Decreasing metabolic activity in most tissues of the body
Hormones that increase blood sugar include:
Thyroxin, GH, insulin
Insulin, glucagon, glucocorticoid
Glucocorticoid, adrenaline, noradrenaline
Insulin, GH, adrenaline
Insulin, adrenaline, noradrenaline
Arterial blood pressure reflects the force of blood flow to tissues:
Systolic blood pressure
Diastolic blood pressure
Pulse pressure
Mean arterial pressure
A male worker with VC of 75% of normal, Tiffeneau index of 80% is diagnosed with ventilation:
Obstructive ventilation disorder
Restrictive ventilation disorder
Mixed ventilation disorder
Normal ventilation
Pituitary gland failure in adults often presents with symptoms, EXCEPT:
Decreased secretion of metabolic hormones from the adrenal cortex
Increased secretion of sex hormones
Hypothyroidism
Weight gain due to lack of GH's lipolytic effect
The role of gastric intrinsic factor is:
Helps convert and absorb Fe ions
Helps absorb vitamin B12 in the intestine
What is the role of gastric intrinsic factor?
Helps convert and absorb Fe ions
Helps absorb vitamin B12 in the intestine
Helps absorb amino acids
Helps digest B vitamins in the intestine
Participates with HC1 to activate pepsinogen
How is glucose absorbed in the intestine?
Glucose is absorbed by passive transport
Fructose is absorbed by active transport
Galactose is absorbed by primary active transport
Glucose and galactose are absorbed by secondary active transport
Monosaccharides are actively absorbed thanks to bile salts
What happens when the presynaptic membrane depolarizes?
Synthesis of neurotransmitter
Degradation of neurotransmitter by specific enzymes
Ca++ enters the presynaptic membrane causing neurotransmitter to bind to specific receptors
Ca++ enters the presynaptic membrane causing synaptic vesicles to fuse and release neurotransmitter
Ca++ exits the presynaptic membrane causing vesicles to burst and release neurotransmitter
What are the main components of gastric juice?
HCl activates trypsin and pepsin
Pepsin breaks down about 10% of dietary protein into peptide fragments
Intrinsic factor increases absorption of B vitamins in the intestine
Chymosin breaks down a type of protein found in milk
Lipase hydrolyzes most lipids in food
What is the oxygen saturation level of blood?
Normally, blood leaving the lungs has an oxygen saturation level of 100%
The arterial oxygen saturation level (SaO2) is 98 - 99%
The arterial oxygen saturation level equals the peripheral oxygen saturation level (SpO2)
Blood exposed to low PO2 increases the oxygen saturation capacity of blood
Where is the motor control area of the cerebral cortex located?
Frontal lobe
Frontal and superior parietal lobes
Frontal and prefrontal lobes
Superior frontal gyrus (anterior central gyrus)
Superior parietal lobule and superior frontal gyrus
